Political virtual currency in senior three
for example, the current electronic transfer is actually virtual currency
of course, paper money itself is a currency symbol, not a currency
the goods ratio is the general equivalent
nowadays, paper money or virtual currency are all transactions based on national credit or enterprise credit
in these economic activities, virtual currency acts as a measure of value and a means of circulation.
money is not a commodity, but a general equivalent for commodity exchange
e-money is a virtual currency with the same value as paper money.
in the third party's money, the currency implements the means of payment, not the loan consumption
No
banknotes do not have the function of storage means. Only when the value of paper money remains stable for a long time can people store paper money. The paper money has the function of storage means (in the bank), but does not have the function of storage means
The storage function of money is the function of money withdrawing from circulation and being preserved as the general representative of social wealth. As a means of storage, money can spontaneously regulate the amount of money in circulation. When the amount of money needed in circulation decreases, the surplus money will withdraw from circulation; When the amount of money needed in circulation increases, part of the stored money goes into circulation As a means of storage, money must be real and valuable gold and silver money. Only gold and silver coins or gold and silver strips can play the role of currency storage{rrrrrrr}
extended data:
function of currency:
1. Value scale
value scale is the most basic and important function of currency, that is, currency acts as a scale to express and measure the value of all other commodities. The quantity of commodity value depends on the length of social necessary labor time. Here, social necessary labor time is the internal measure of commodity value
However, under the condition of commodity economy, the amount of commodity value can not be expressed directly by labor time, but only by currency as the representative of value. It can be seen that money performs the function of value measure 2. Means of circulation
means of circulation refers to the function of money as a medium of exchange in commodity circulation. Before the emergence of money, commodity exchange was the direct exchange of goods, that is, commodity commodity. After the emergence of money, commodity exchange is carried out through money as a medium, namely commodity currency commodity. Here, money plays the role of medium in the exchange of two kinds of commodities and performs the function of circulation means
3. Means of storage
meaning: storing wealth (the symbol of wealth) is not money in concept, but must be gold and silver bars (such as metal bars, etc.) of sufficient value
Means of payment refers to the function of money when it is used to pay off debts. In commodity exchange, the sale of goods can be carried out on credit instead of cash, and cash can be paid after a certain period of time. The Seller becomes the creditor and the buyer becomes the debtor. After the agreed time limit, the buyer pays off the debt to the seller in currency. Here, money plays the role of means of payment 5. World currency
meaning: when money plays a role as a general equivalent in the world market, we call it world currency. As a world currency, it must have full value, be a precious metal block, and play its role according to its actual weight. In fact, it is gold and silver that play the role of world currency. Paper money cannot be used as world currency
function: purchase foreign goods in the world market and pay the balance of payments. The need for real money, as a representative of social wealth, is generated when countries transfer from one country to another
exchange rate and prices
from the perspective of imported consumer goods and raw materials, the decline of exchange rate will cause the domestic price of imported goods to rise. As for its impact on the general price index, it depends on the proportion of imported goods and raw materials in the gross national proct. On the contrary, with the appreciation of the local currency and other conditions unchanged, the price of imported goods may decrease, which can restrain the overall price level
it is suggested that you take a serious look at the following reference materials, hoping to be helpful to you
then money refers to goods separated from goods and fixed as general equivalent. The essence of money is the general equivalent
but it doesn't mean that money and general equivalents are the same. The relationship between them:
1
2. It can be directly exchanged with all other commodities to show the value of other commodities
differences
1; Money came into being after the second division of labor
2; It has a wide range; Currency has a narrow extension and scope, especially gold and silver
3. The general equivalent is not fixed in time, region and material texture; Money is fixed in these three aspects
if it's hard to understand, think like this: in ancient times, cloth, shells and so on were called general equivalents, and money was standardized to replace these general equivalents.
barter
the history of human use of money originated in the era of barter. In the primitive society, people used barter to exchange what they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency
metal currency
after years of natural elimination, in most societies, the goods used as currency are graally replaced by metal. The advantage of using metal currency is that it needs to be manufactured manually, cannot be obtained from a large amount of nature, and is easy to store. Gold, silver and copper, which are rare in quantity and difficult to smelt, have graally become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have used iron currency
in the early days, metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established. People in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia made coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery
gold and silver
in western countries, the main currency is gold and silver, and the subsidiary currency is made of copper and copper alloy. With the development of European Society and economy, the volume of commodity trade increased graally. In the 15th century, the developed Flanders and the northern Italian states appeared the panic of deflation. From the 16th century, a large amount of gold and silver from America flowed into Europe through Spain, which saved the European monetary system and created conditions for the capitalist economic development in Europe
paper money
with the further development of economy, metal money also shows the inconvenience of use. A lot of metal coins need to be used in large transactions, and their weight and volume are troublesome. According to incomplete statistics, since the use of gold as currency, more than 20000 tons of gold have been worn out in the mint, or in people's hands, money bags and clothing pockets. As a result, as a symbol of metal currency, paper money appeared. Jiaozi, the earliest paper currency in the world, appeared in Sichuan area of China ring the Song Dynasty
gold standard
the original paper money was based on gold, which could be freely exchanged with gold, and the two could circulate at the same time, and the circulation of paper money was relatively small. By the end of the 19th century, the capitalist economy had an unprecedented expansion and development, so paper money graally became the main currency in circulation, but they still had gold as the guarantee of issuance. This monetary system is called the "gold standard"
currency anti-counterfeiting
the problem of counterfeiting currency appears together with the monetary system. In the era of metal currency, the method of forgery was to mix copper, lead and other cheap metals into gold coins. At that time, the only way to deal with this kind of crime was to use severe punishment to intimidate forgers once found
banknotes are more likely to be forged. After the French Revolution, bond was issued as a substitute note, which was mortgaged by the confiscated church property. In order to destroy the French economy, the British government once forged this kind of currency (at the same time, private forgery of French paper money will be sentenced to death). This is also one of the earliest economic wars. During the Second World War, Germany used to forge a large number of British and American banknotes in concentration camps. The records of counterfeit banknotes by private or criminal organizations also emerge in an endless stream. In order to avoid forgery, many anti-counterfeiting measures have been adopted: special paper, offset embossing, watermark, magnetic ink, metal safety wire, UV fluorescent mark, color changing ink, front and back pattern printing (this technology is most eye-catching in French francs), etc. Australia, New Zealand and other countries have also issued plastic currency
modern currency
under the gold standard system, the exchange rate of currencies between countries implementing the gold standard is determined according to their respective ratio of gold content - Gold parity. The system is based on the free flow of gold. After the outbreak of the first World War, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany, Japan and other participating countries banned the export of gold, and the gold standard system has actually collapsed
after the first World War, the currencies of Germany, Austria and other countries depreciated significantly. Since then, there has not been a fixed exchange rate base between currencies. According to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944, the currencies of the member countries of the International Monetary Fund should be linked to gold or US dollars and exchanged at a fixed exchange rate. This agreement established the international monetary status of the US dollar, and the monetary system of various countries established by this agreement is called the Bretton Woods system. In August 1971, the US dollar stopped exchanging with gold freely, and the Bretton Woods system collapsed. From then on, it entered the era of symbolic currency. Since then, floating exchange rates have been adopted among countries. Some relatively stable currencies or currencies with appreciation potential, such as the Swiss franc, the West German mark and so on
the international organization for standards (ISO) specifies a three letter notation system to represent the currencies of countries. The code name of this standard is ISO 4217
in the currency exchange rate table, we can see the exchange rate changes among currencies in the world in recent years
Chinese currency
the monetary system of ancient China was based on copper coins. Earlier forms of money have not yet been found. The original copper coins were various in shape, including knife coins, cloth coins, ant nose coins and many other forms. After the first emperor of Qin unified China, he ordered the copper coins of the whole country to be based on the copper coins of Qin. Because the sand mold is used to cast the copper coin, the cast copper coin has a rough edge, so there is a square hole in the center, which can be polished and filed with wooden sticks in series. This special shape gives it many symbolic mystical explanations. Some people think that the circle of the copper coin represents "heaven" and the square hole in the center represents "Earth". Copper coins usually bear the year of the emperor
gold coins were rare in ancient China. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the state of Chu in the Yangtze River Valley in southern China used gold cakes and pieces. But in other regions and dynasties, gold was mainly used for decoration and preservation. In the second century BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty once issued White Deer Skin coins to reward nobles and military generals. In addition to copper coins, cotton, silk, rice and other living materials were used as the unit of currency (rather than the actual currency) to pay the salaries of bureaucrats and the army. After the Tang Dynasty, silver currency was graally widely circulated. Although the silver in the national treasury and the official silver Treasury is minted into ingots according to the uniform fineness and weight for storage, the silver in circulation is not minted coins, but in pieces. When it is used in the market, it has to go through the complicated proceres of calculating the fineness and weighing. Large pieces of silver ingots need to be cut with scissors, and small pieces of silver ingots need to be recast into larger ones by silversmiths. There are many reasons why China does not use silver coins, but the most important reason is that e to political instability, the official can not provide guarantee for the issued silver coins. At the same time, e to frequent wars, people often hoard silver, resulting in insufficient market circulation to support the silver standard currency system
e to the inconvenience of carrying a large number of copper coins, jiaozi's paper currency appeared in the highly developed Northern Song Dynasty. This is also one of the earliest banknotes in the world. But it is more like a bill of exchange than paper money in the modern sense. The Yuan Dynasty established by the Mongols used paper money and regarded it as one of the best ways to solve economic difficulties. Regardless of the actual amount of money in circulation and economic level, they issued a large number of banknotes without guarantee, resulting in the earliest inflation. The Yuan Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty established by the Han people. His founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was a conservative farmer. He believes that paper money is alien and should be discarded. But the Ming Dynasty itself also issued notes called "Daming treasure notes". This kind of paper money is seldom used among the people
in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a large amount of silver began to flow into China and became the same common metal currency as copper money. During the Qing Dynasty, silver had become the main currency unit of the country. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Mexican Silver began to circulate in large quantities in China. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu, China minted its own silver coins and set up a bank of accounts to issue regular paper money. In 1935, China implemented the legal currency system and formally abolished the silver standard. According to the Sino US Silver agreement of 1936, one yuan is equal to US $0.265
Chinese currency
China's currency is called RMB, which is issued by the people's Bank of China, the national bank. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the secondary currency is Jiao and Fen. One yuan is ten Jiao, and one Jiao is ten Jiao. Yuan, Jiao and Fen have paper money, yuan and Wu Jiao and Fen also have coins. There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 yuan for yuan, 1, 2 and 5 jiao for Jiao, and 1, 2 and 5 fen for Fen. The abbreviation of RMB is RMB ¥
foreign currency exchange
Evolution of ancient Chinese currency
1. The earliest currency: natural seashells
2. Metal currency: copper imitation seashells and Qian Kai (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to act as equivalents in the later period of the Yellow Emperor)
3 The currency of the Western Zhou Dynasty is still an important currency
the metal currency is widely used: a copper shell and copper block B money and cloth are transforming into metal currency in Guanluo Sanjin area
4. Currency of the spring and Autumn Period
dishonoured cloth: circulating in Guanluo Sanjin area, "Zhou, Zheng, Jin "Wei" is mainly flat point dishonoured cloth
Dao Hua (goods): circulated in the eastern Qi State, imitating a proction tool
ant nose money: copper imitation shell circulated in the southern Chu state
5. Round money: round money round hole, round money square hole ★ global hot news community
round money in Sanjin and Zhoubu coin District
Qin round money: in two units, one or two round holes have no outline, The circulation of gold in the Warring States period was based on Jin and Yi, and mainly on Nan Jin; The bronze coin, known as banliang, is as heavy as its text and is the next coin; The Pearl, jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin belong to the treasure of ornaments, not coins.
8. Coins of the Western Han Dynasty
three baht coins, four baht coins, five baht coins, leather coins, and white gold coins. 9. Coins of the Eastern Han Dynasty
iron coins: Gongsun Shu made iron coins in Sichuan in AD 30, the first time in history that iron was used as a coin material.
five baht coins: in AD 40, Emperor Guangwu proposed to restore the five baht coin from Ma Yuan
10. The currency of Wang Mang period
two years: Cuo, Qi, Daquan
six years: abolishing Cuo, Qi, wuzhu