Virtual currency and macro economy
Publish: 2021-04-29 01:57:52
1. This question can be used as a topic to write a complete report. As far as the simple question of network knowledge is concerned, it can be divided into two aspects. The first aspect is the exchange of RMB into virtual currency. Subjective judgment is that it can. If there is no impact, Tencent will not be so easy to make huge profits. If we analyze GDP, it will not pose a threat to the real economy in a short time. The second aspect is the exchange of virtual currency into RMB, which is an extremely serious issue. Then from the micro perspective, in the future, the virtual economy will develop faster, and the network will not only be a platform for the promotion of the real economy, but also become a perfect self-protection economy. In other words, the threat and impact will be great, which can not be avoided. Macroscopically, it is a microcosm of society. The long economic reform will pave the way for future economic collision.
2. This question can be used as a topic to write a complete report. As far as the simple question of network knowledge is concerned, it can be divided into two aspects. The first aspect is the exchange of RMB into virtual currency. Subjective judgment is that it can. If there is no impact, Tencent will not be so easy to make huge profits. If we analyze GDP, it will not pose a threat to the real economy in a short time. The second aspect is the exchange of virtual currency into RMB, which is an extremely serious issue. Then from the micro perspective, in the future, the virtual economy will develop faster, and the network will not only be a platform for real economy promotion, but also become a perfect self-protection economy. In other words, the threat and impact will be great and more unavoidable. Macroscopically, it is a microcosm of society. The long economic reform will pave the way for future economic collision.
3.
1. The essence of interpretation is different:
virtual currency: virtual currency refers to non real currency
currency: currency (CCY) is the medium of purchasing goods and preserving wealth. It is the contract between the owner of property and the market about the right of exchange. In essence, it is the agreement between the owners
2. Different types:
virtual currency: game currency, special currency, etc.
currency: coin, paper currency, deposit currency, etc.
extended data:
formation of virtual currency market:
Internet leads to the emergence of a new market, which is a virtual market based on cyberspace. The Internet provides a lot of communication places for consumers, and also provides business market for enterprises. Enterprises must change from proct centered to service centered to customer centered
with the development of computer artificial intelligence technology and database technology, enterprises can conveniently collect customers' information, understand customers' needs in time, change business strategies and grasp economic arteries in real time
4. Understanding of the concept of virtual currency
(1) virtual currency based on entity
since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper currency, and all countries in the world are actually paper currency. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency. In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issue of paper money caused by making up the fiscal deficit as deficit money, and believed that the issue of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflation. Zhang chunjia's research in "Introction to virtual currency" also proves that paper money without precious metal and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of money is called virtual currency
(2) virtual currency based on virtual
virtual currency is a new type of currency emerging at a certain stage of network social and economic development to meet the security and convenience needs of users. It represents the development direction of future currency existence form. It comes from the Internet, and acts as a general equivalent in the network society completely or partially. Virtual currency is a real currency with the basic attributes of currency, but it is virtual and depends on the network virtual environment. Virtual currency is born without borders, which makes it more liquid than traditional currency in the world. Virtual world corresponds to the real world. Through the exchange relationship between virtual currency and traditional currency, under certain conditions, specific virtual currency can buy physical goods, and traditional currency can also buy specific virtual goods< Second, the characteristics of virtual currency
1. Value: users get utility value by consuming the procts and services provided by operators. Virtual currency has value by providing exchange to meet the utility of consumers. The quantity of virtual currency measures the value of general goods. The issue essence of virtual currency is credit issue, which is the creditor's right of the holder to the issuer. To a certain extent, the value of this kind of claim is the right of claim
2. Virtual environment dependence. The existence of virtual currency is based on the virtual economic environment provided by the issuers and the sustainable operation of the issuers themselves. Otherwise, virtual currency has no significance.
3. Short sighted currency. As the highest price in the process of commodity exchange, the form of currency value can be regarded as the real currency. Because of the limitation of circulation scope, virtual currency can not be used as the general equivalent of all commodities; But in a certain range, it has the function of monetary value scale and circulation means. Therefore, it can be considered that virtual currency is similar to the form of money value, and it is a primary form of money, which is similar to money< The issue and circulation of virtual money is limited, but it will enlarge the money supply through the money multiplier effect, and affect the difficulty and accuracy of macroeconomic regulation and control. The issuers of virtual money need to report their circulation and circulation to the central bank, and obey the unified management of the central bank at any time
5. Virtual currency, which is issued by non-financial entities outside the financial system, aims to obtain business opportunities and competitive advantages. It is a market behavior and will inevitably lead to competition among issuers. This kind of competition will proce unfair competition behavior or obtain competitive advantage through rent-seeking, which determines the need to regulate the market behavior of the market subject according to the laws and regulations
6. Virtuality: as a kind of approximate currency, virtual currency is virtual existence if it only exists in the virtual world and can purchase the virtual property in it; If it is linked with sovereign currency, it can exist in the real world and purchase real assets, then it is a virtual thing of sovereign currency. Virtual currency is actually a series of data files existing in the computer system. It has the meaning of virtual currency only after the issuers explain the system. Therefore, the existence form of virtual currency is virtual< In general, virtual currency can purchase the procts and services provided by the issuers, and it can also be exchanged with the issuers outside the scope of issuance at a certain rate to purchase the procts of the alliance. For procts outside the alliance, virtual currency has no value significance; Similarly, when virtual currency is only authorized to buy different procts in different sales cycles, the use of virtual currency has limited application in time and scope, unlike sovereign currency, which can be completely freely exchanged
8. Separability: virtual currency has no physical form and is a digital storage information. Unlike traditional paper currency, it needs to consider the balance relationship between the circulation of main currency and subsidiary currency and the proportion of various currency values. It can be split infinitely. For example, although the total number of dark coins is only 2300, each bitcoin can be split into eight directions of ten< Although virtual currency exists in the virtual world, the process of new technological revolution has closely linked the virtual world with reality, and the virtual world has become an important part of people's spiritual life. It can promote the development of real economy, for example, a large number of entertainment application projects provide people with rich spiritual wealth and real wealth, and more and more people invest in virtual currency, which represents a trend, and the more successful ones are bitcoin, Leyte coin and the new domestic King coin; On the contrary, money laundering, gambling and network theft in the virtual world will have a negative effect on the real economy.
(1) virtual currency based on entity
since ancient times, all "money" made of paper is called paper currency, and all countries in the world are actually paper currency. In Marx's time, paper money was only a symbol of metal money. The actual gold content of paper money was equal to the nominal gold content. When the nominal gold content was greater than the actual gold content, the price index of metal money would increase because of too many paper money. When it exceeded a certain limit, inflation would occur. Marx called these over issued bank notes without gold as guarantee virtual currency. In Keynesian era, paper money was the symbol of GDP. He defined the issue of paper money caused by making up the fiscal deficit as deficit money, and believed that the issue of paper deficit money could promote the development of proction to a certain extent, but only cause half inflation. Zhang chunjia's research in "Introction to virtual currency" also proves that paper money without precious metal and GDP guarantee will cause price rise, and this kind of money is called virtual currency
(2) virtual currency based on virtual
virtual currency is a new type of currency emerging at a certain stage of network social and economic development to meet the security and convenience needs of users. It represents the development direction of future currency existence form. It comes from the Internet, and acts as a general equivalent in the network society completely or partially. Virtual currency is a real currency with the basic attributes of currency, but it is virtual and depends on the network virtual environment. Virtual currency is born without borders, which makes it more liquid than traditional currency in the world. Virtual world corresponds to the real world. Through the exchange relationship between virtual currency and traditional currency, under certain conditions, specific virtual currency can buy physical goods, and traditional currency can also buy specific virtual goods< Second, the characteristics of virtual currency
1. Value: users get utility value by consuming the procts and services provided by operators. Virtual currency has value by providing exchange to meet the utility of consumers. The quantity of virtual currency measures the value of general goods. The issue essence of virtual currency is credit issue, which is the creditor's right of the holder to the issuer. To a certain extent, the value of this kind of claim is the right of claim
2. Virtual environment dependence. The existence of virtual currency is based on the virtual economic environment provided by the issuers and the sustainable operation of the issuers themselves. Otherwise, virtual currency has no significance.
3. Short sighted currency. As the highest price in the process of commodity exchange, the form of currency value can be regarded as the real currency. Because of the limitation of circulation scope, virtual currency can not be used as the general equivalent of all commodities; But in a certain range, it has the function of monetary value scale and circulation means. Therefore, it can be considered that virtual currency is similar to the form of money value, and it is a primary form of money, which is similar to money< The issue and circulation of virtual money is limited, but it will enlarge the money supply through the money multiplier effect, and affect the difficulty and accuracy of macroeconomic regulation and control. The issuers of virtual money need to report their circulation and circulation to the central bank, and obey the unified management of the central bank at any time
5. Virtual currency, which is issued by non-financial entities outside the financial system, aims to obtain business opportunities and competitive advantages. It is a market behavior and will inevitably lead to competition among issuers. This kind of competition will proce unfair competition behavior or obtain competitive advantage through rent-seeking, which determines the need to regulate the market behavior of the market subject according to the laws and regulations
6. Virtuality: as a kind of approximate currency, virtual currency is virtual existence if it only exists in the virtual world and can purchase the virtual property in it; If it is linked with sovereign currency, it can exist in the real world and purchase real assets, then it is a virtual thing of sovereign currency. Virtual currency is actually a series of data files existing in the computer system. It has the meaning of virtual currency only after the issuers explain the system. Therefore, the existence form of virtual currency is virtual< In general, virtual currency can purchase the procts and services provided by the issuers, and it can also be exchanged with the issuers outside the scope of issuance at a certain rate to purchase the procts of the alliance. For procts outside the alliance, virtual currency has no value significance; Similarly, when virtual currency is only authorized to buy different procts in different sales cycles, the use of virtual currency has limited application in time and scope, unlike sovereign currency, which can be completely freely exchanged
8. Separability: virtual currency has no physical form and is a digital storage information. Unlike traditional paper currency, it needs to consider the balance relationship between the circulation of main currency and subsidiary currency and the proportion of various currency values. It can be split infinitely. For example, although the total number of dark coins is only 2300, each bitcoin can be split into eight directions of ten< Although virtual currency exists in the virtual world, the process of new technological revolution has closely linked the virtual world with reality, and the virtual world has become an important part of people's spiritual life. It can promote the development of real economy, for example, a large number of entertainment application projects provide people with rich spiritual wealth and real wealth, and more and more people invest in virtual currency, which represents a trend, and the more successful ones are bitcoin, Leyte coin and the new domestic King coin; On the contrary, money laundering, gambling and network theft in the virtual world will have a negative effect on the real economy.
5. Hello friend, digital currency is not recommended
6. We know that the market is like a & quot; Invisible hand;, However, when rivers are polluted and mountains are cut down, when the ecated need schools and travelers need roads, when people in remote and poor mountainous areas have difficulties in living, and when the unemployed and laid-off people may not be able to open the pot, the market will not be able to cope; Invisible hand & quot; It can not solve the problem of economic crisis; The visible hand;, The goal of the government's economic regulation is to balance the total supply and demand of the country. The government uses three major policies to regulate the economy: fiscal policy, monetary policy and foreign economic policy, When the economy is too cold, the government will; Step on the gas;, Stimulate consumption, increase investment, increase exports, let the economy rebound; When the economy overheats, the government will; BRAKE & quot; Limit consumption, rece investment, put the overheated economy down
7. Macroeconomics is the study of a country's economic aggregate, total demand and total supply, total national income and its composition of money and finance in western economics. It is suggested that fiscal policy, monetary policy and exchange rate policy should be used to control and solve the problem of inflation.
8. Deposit reserve rate, rediscount rate policy and open market operation are called the "three magic weapons" of the central bank's financial macro-control
1. Deposit reserve refers to the deposit in the central bank prepared by financial institutions to ensure the withdrawal of deposits and the clearing of funds. The proportion of deposit reserve required by the central bank in its total deposits is the deposit reserve ratio. Since 2011, the central bank has raised the deposit reserve ratio once a month for four times in a row, which is rare in history. On June 14, 2011, the central bank announced a 0.5 percentage point increase in the deposit reserve ratio. This is also the sixth time that the central bank has raised the deposit reserve ratio this year. In December 2011, the central bank lowered the deposit reserve ratio for the first time in three years; In February 2012, the deposit reserve ratio was lowered again. Since February 5, 2015, the central bank has again lowered the RMB deposit reserve ratio of financial institutions by 0.5 percentage points[ 1] On April 20, 2015, the central bank again lowered the RMB deposit reserve ratio by 1 percentage point
2. Rediscount policy is a kind of financial policy that the central bank intervenes and influences the market interest rate and the supply and demand of money market by formulating or adjusting rediscount interest rate, so as to regulate the money supply in the market
rediscount policy is the earliest monetary policy tool owned by the central bank. In many modern countries, central banks take rediscount as a major monetary policy tool to control credit. Rediscount means that commercial banks or other financial institutions transfer the unmatured bills to the central bank. For the central bank, rediscount is to buy bills held by commercial banks, flow out real money and expand money supply. For commercial banks, rediscount is to sell discounted bills to solve the temporary shortage of funds. The whole rediscount process is actually the process of bill trading and capital transfer between commercial banks and the central bank
3. Open market operation (open market business) is the main monetary policy tool for the central bank to handle the base currency and regulate the market liquidity. Through the central bank and designated dealers to carry out securities and foreign exchange transactions, the goal of monetary policy regulation can be achieved. Since the people's Bank of China started open market business in the early 1990s, it has used different operation tools in different periods. On April 28, 2003, the people's Bank of China issued the sixth "open market business announcement" of that year, which decided to suspend the positive repo operation on Tuesdays and Thursdays from April 29. After that, the people's Bank of China will tender and issue central bank bills to the primary dealers of open market business through the bond issuance system of the people's Bank of China
open market operations is the main monetary policy tool for the central bank to handle the base currency and regulate the market liquidity. The central bank concts securities and foreign exchange transactions with designated dealers to achieve the goal of monetary policy regulation.
1. Deposit reserve refers to the deposit in the central bank prepared by financial institutions to ensure the withdrawal of deposits and the clearing of funds. The proportion of deposit reserve required by the central bank in its total deposits is the deposit reserve ratio. Since 2011, the central bank has raised the deposit reserve ratio once a month for four times in a row, which is rare in history. On June 14, 2011, the central bank announced a 0.5 percentage point increase in the deposit reserve ratio. This is also the sixth time that the central bank has raised the deposit reserve ratio this year. In December 2011, the central bank lowered the deposit reserve ratio for the first time in three years; In February 2012, the deposit reserve ratio was lowered again. Since February 5, 2015, the central bank has again lowered the RMB deposit reserve ratio of financial institutions by 0.5 percentage points[ 1] On April 20, 2015, the central bank again lowered the RMB deposit reserve ratio by 1 percentage point
2. Rediscount policy is a kind of financial policy that the central bank intervenes and influences the market interest rate and the supply and demand of money market by formulating or adjusting rediscount interest rate, so as to regulate the money supply in the market
rediscount policy is the earliest monetary policy tool owned by the central bank. In many modern countries, central banks take rediscount as a major monetary policy tool to control credit. Rediscount means that commercial banks or other financial institutions transfer the unmatured bills to the central bank. For the central bank, rediscount is to buy bills held by commercial banks, flow out real money and expand money supply. For commercial banks, rediscount is to sell discounted bills to solve the temporary shortage of funds. The whole rediscount process is actually the process of bill trading and capital transfer between commercial banks and the central bank
3. Open market operation (open market business) is the main monetary policy tool for the central bank to handle the base currency and regulate the market liquidity. Through the central bank and designated dealers to carry out securities and foreign exchange transactions, the goal of monetary policy regulation can be achieved. Since the people's Bank of China started open market business in the early 1990s, it has used different operation tools in different periods. On April 28, 2003, the people's Bank of China issued the sixth "open market business announcement" of that year, which decided to suspend the positive repo operation on Tuesdays and Thursdays from April 29. After that, the people's Bank of China will tender and issue central bank bills to the primary dealers of open market business through the bond issuance system of the people's Bank of China
open market operations is the main monetary policy tool for the central bank to handle the base currency and regulate the market liquidity. The central bank concts securities and foreign exchange transactions with designated dealers to achieve the goal of monetary policy regulation.
9. It's the opposite of what you think
1. The premise is that the relationship between supply and demand of foreign exchange under "current account" remains unchanged, and the currency of the country is freely convertible under the capital account.
when the interest rate rises relative to other countries, foreign currency holders tend to change into the local currency of the country to obtain higher interest income, which may lead to the rise of the exchange rate. This is called "arbitrage trading", which stops when the rise of the exchange rate completely offsets the interest rate difference
2. Without the free exchange of currency under capital account, arbitrage can not be realized smoothly, and its impact on exchange rate is indirect and complex. For example, this is the case in China, where the domestic interest rate falls and the money supply expands. According to the result of arbitrage demand, the exchange rate should fall, but the exchange rate is still rising. This is because arbitrage trading is regulated and restrained. More importantly, in addition to the interest rate factor, the exchange rate is more affected by the supply and demand of foreign exchange under "current account" (such as the import and export of goods and services)
when the foreign demand for China's exports is strong, the demand for RMB is also large. Even if China's interest rate is lowered, the positive growth of demand can still be maintained. Therefore, generally speaking, interest rate is directly related to the supply of domestic money, but not to the change of exchange rate
for "current account" and "capital account", please refer to the explanation of "balance of payments".
1. The premise is that the relationship between supply and demand of foreign exchange under "current account" remains unchanged, and the currency of the country is freely convertible under the capital account.
when the interest rate rises relative to other countries, foreign currency holders tend to change into the local currency of the country to obtain higher interest income, which may lead to the rise of the exchange rate. This is called "arbitrage trading", which stops when the rise of the exchange rate completely offsets the interest rate difference
2. Without the free exchange of currency under capital account, arbitrage can not be realized smoothly, and its impact on exchange rate is indirect and complex. For example, this is the case in China, where the domestic interest rate falls and the money supply expands. According to the result of arbitrage demand, the exchange rate should fall, but the exchange rate is still rising. This is because arbitrage trading is regulated and restrained. More importantly, in addition to the interest rate factor, the exchange rate is more affected by the supply and demand of foreign exchange under "current account" (such as the import and export of goods and services)
when the foreign demand for China's exports is strong, the demand for RMB is also large. Even if China's interest rate is lowered, the positive growth of demand can still be maintained. Therefore, generally speaking, interest rate is directly related to the supply of domestic money, but not to the change of exchange rate
for "current account" and "capital account", please refer to the explanation of "balance of payments".
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