Summary of bank virtual currency

1.

1、 Common analysis of virtual currency (1) bitcoin solution is designed and created by Japanese programmer Nakamoto (alias) in 2009, and it is the most successful and controversial network currency at present. Bitcoin scheme is based on P2P network architecture, which has been operating in the world, and can be used for all kinds of virtual and real goods and services transactions

In theory, if the existence of network currency affects the demand for the central bank's liabilities, and then interferes with the central bank's open market operation, it will have an impact on a country's monetary policy and price stability. However, from a practical point of view, the premise of network currency affecting price stability includes the following three aspects:

(1) from the analysis of the impact on the amount of money, although it is difficult to analyze the extent to which the network currency scheme creates money in the case of lack of information

However,
however, most Internet money systems operate in prepaid mode, that is, issuing Internet money when the real money is exchanged in and withdrawing money when the real money is exchanged out. In the famous network currency scheme, the supply of money is stable and the supply is small, but we still need to be vigilant whether it can ensure that the money supply will maintain a stable level in the long run, and the impact of the change of exchange rate between network currency and real currency

(2) from the analysis of the impact on the speed of money circulation, the use of cash and money statistics, the impact of the technological innovation brought by the network currency scheme on the speed of money circulation is not clear

as an Internet instry, it largely depends on the number of active internet currency scheme users. If the network currency is widely accepted, it will have a substitution effect on the real currency of the central bank, thus recing the use of cash in transactions
in this case, the scale of the central bank's balance sheet will be reced, and its ability to influence short-term interest rates will also be weakened. The central bank will need to fight against risks through ways such as setting minimum reserves for cyber currencies. Substitution effect will aggravate the difficulty of monetary statistics and affect the relationship between monetary statistics and inflation, which is not concive to the realization of long-term price stability. In addition, the issuance of network currency outside the central bank and the expansion of virtual credit will have an impact on the central bank's interest rate decision in the economy and weaken the central bank's monetary control

(3) from the analysis of the interaction between network currency and real economy, network currency can act as a real commodity trading medium and have an impact on real GDP

The influence of network money on real money supply depends on two aspects: one is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; the other is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; The second is the crowding out effect of Internet money on real money, that is, with the increase of the total amount of Internet money, the amount of cash held by the public in real life decreases, resulting in the decrease of cash / deposit ratio and the increase of money multiplier. In reality, the network virtual currency scheme will not affect the price stability at this stage, and the money flow speed will not be significantly affected in the short and medium term. However, the interaction between network currency and real economy deserves attention

(2) financial stability risk when the virtual currency scheme operates outside the banking system, the most important factor of financial instability lies in its connection with the real economy, namely exchange rate and exchange market. Obviously, the closed network currency scheme and the one-way flow network currency scheme are not affected, so we should focus on the two-way flow network currency scheme. The value of two-way network currency depends on the level of money supply and demand in the exchange market. A big difference between network currency and real currency is that the network currency scheme is not based on the country or currency region, and the influence of virtual economy intensity, trade or proction capacity on its exchange rate is limited. The price of virtual money and its fluctuation depend on five factors:

(1) money supply and other actions taken by currency issuers. For example: to achieve a fixed or semi fixed exchange rate by intervening in the market

(2) the network currency scheme shows network externality, and its monetary value depends on the number of users and merchants. As the number of consumers and businesses increases, their monetary value will increase accordingly. In addition, the exchange rate of network currency with small transaction volume fluctuates more

(3) the virtual community with clear and transparent policies and advanced security measures is easier to boost confidence and the currency is stronger

(4) the reputation of network currency issuers in fulfilling their commitments. There is no "lender of last resort" in the virtual community, and the trust gained by the issuer is crucial to the exchange rate of internet currency

(5)
speculation on the future value of Internet money and cyber attacks on virtual communities. Due to the immaturity of the system, low trading, speculative activities and network attacks, the two-way network currency scheme is inherently unstable
qualitative. At present, the trading volume of these network currencies is small and the correlation with the real economy is low, so the stability of the financial system will not be affected. However, if Internet money becomes a substitute for traditional money in the future, it will bring instability to the financial system and even distort the relative prices of goods and services. The impact of network currency system on the financial system largely depends on the number of active users and the number of merchants who are willing to accept virtual currency for real transactions. In addition, virtual currency has only exchange value and no use value. Generally, network currency is not based on assets with intrinsic value and is not supported by central bank credit. At present, these network monetary systems are not allowed to lend
or borrow funds, so it can not pose a threat to the stability of the financial system, but we should pay close attention to its development. If there is any change in the future, it will undoubtedly have an impact on the financial system

(3) stability risk of payment system

in a specific virtual community, virtual currency payment activities have evolved into a "real" payment system, facing typical risks related to the payment system: credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risk. The nature, scale and ration of these risks are largely determined by the design of the system or the degree of lack of liquidity, so it is difficult for the network virtual currency scheme to avoid or control these risks. According to the core principles of payment system (CP) issued by the bank for International Settlements (BIS), the network virtual currency scheme does not conform to most of the contents of CP, and does not belong to the systemically important payment system. Therefore, it will not cause
or transmit shocks in the global financial system. At present, there is no systematic risk in the network currency system outside these virtual communities

2. Lack of corresponding supervision and protection mechanism

in the real economy, the central bank plays the role of lender of last resort and has no default risk, so it can take actions in the case of payment crisis or unpredictable liquidity shortage to avoid chain reaction. However, in the network virtual currency scheme
it is impossible to use network currency as settlement asset. Because network currency simply depends on the credibility of the issuer, it can not be widely accepted as a means of payment, so network currency can not be regarded as a safe currency. In addition, commercial banks are required to accept prudential supervision, which reces the possibility of default, and the security of money in commercial bank accounts is higher than that of network currency. A fundamental risk of network currency is that the settlement institution of network currency scheme is not subject to any supervision, no institution is responsible for its behavior, and there is no investor / depositor protection mechanism, which causes the user to bear all the risks

(4) risk of absence of supervision generally speaking, supervision lags behind the development of science and technology. The network virtual currency program was established in the late 1990s, but it was not until 2006 that some government agencies in the United States began to analyze these programs. Due to the lack of
supervision and the anonymity, invisibility and difficulty in tracking of its transactions, the network virtual currency scheme is very easy to be used by terrorist activities, fraud, money laundering and other illegal activities. At present, many government departments in many countries are considering whether to recognize or
legalize these virtual schemes and bring them into the scope of supervision, so as to support the innovation of currency and payment forms, protect the rights and interests of consumers and financial stability, and inhibit the use of virtual currency schemes to engage in criminal activities
at present, the uncertainty of the legal status of the virtual currency scheme may also bring challenges to the government authorities

(5) reputation risk of monetary authority the reputation of Monetary Authority (central bank) is the key factor to determine the effectiveness of monetary policy. The public's trust in fiat money is closely related to the image of the central bank, which pays close attention to its reputation. The ECB defines reputation risk as the risk of deterioration of reputation, credit or public image. As the network currency scheme is related to money and payment, it is generally believed that it belongs to the responsibility of the central bank, so we should be alert to the reputation risk it may bring to the central bank. However, in the case of small scale, the impact of the failure of the network currency scheme is limited, but its high volatility and instability also aggravate the possibility of failure and attract extensive media coverage. If the network currency is allowed to develop continuously without
regulation, the central bank may be considered as dereliction of ty and affect its reputation

(6) the risk of investors' loss
for exchange value, the public has a higher recognition of the investment value of network virtual currency, and it is investment based transactions that accelerate the formation of virtual currency market. Like other investment markets, participants in virtual money market will also face potential losses caused by market risk, credit risk and policy risk. Take bitcoin as an example: from 2009 to early 2010, bitcoin was worthless; In the summer of 2010, bitcoin trading began to enter the golden
period. As the supply was far less than the demand, the value of online trading began to rise. In early November, bitcoin was silent at 29 cents for many days, and then jumped to 36 cents; In February 2011, bitcoin continued to appreciate, and its exchange rate with us dollar
reached 1:1; In 2013, the price of bitcoin achieved a "Big Bang" growth, and hit US $1242 on November 29, 2013, surpassing the gold price of US $1241.98/ounce in the same period. Fierce price fluctuations make market participants face huge speculative risks. Unlike mature capital markets such as stocks and bonds, the depth of bitcoin market is insufficient, and it is mainly held in the hands of large investors with low degree of diversification. Bitcoin price is easily affected by large investors' buying and selling behavior, and also easily manipulated by speculators. At the same time, different countries have different attitudes towards bitcoin, Germany, the United States and other countries hold an open and supportive attitude, and Thailand, Brazil and other countries regard bitcoin related activities
as illegal. Every country's attitude and measures will have a significant impact on the price of bitcoin, especially in the short term

virtual currency is always inferior to real currency< br />

2. The Bank of China has not made any transition with the virtual currency, and the central bank's attitude towards the special currency is cautious and indifferent
at the end of 2013, the central bank and other five ministries and commissions jointly issued a bitcoin risk notice, in which bitcoin was clearly defined as a special Internet commodity. People can buy and sell bitcoin freely at their own risk, denying its monetary attribute, and no financial institution can participate in bitcoin related business. Bitcoin home has the full text<

Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the central bank, said that bitcoin is a tradable asset like a stamp, which is not issued by the central bank, and the central bank has no right to ban bitcoin.

3. The virtual currency we use on the Internet, such as q-coin or other game currency, is strictly virtual goods or intermediate goods. It is not money and does not have the purchasing power of legal tender. Bitcoin, which is more talked about in the market, is also different. It is a decentralized virtual currency realized by using blockchain technology, which is easy to facilitate money laundering. Therefore, the application of blockchain technology should not be copied. If the central bank issues digital currency, it should be a kind of centralized currency. The legal currency issued by the central bank, encrypted and supported by national credit, should meet the regulatory requirements
a few days ago, Indian Prime Minister modi announced the issuance of a new currency aimed at combating tax evasion and money laundering. In fact, if the central bank issues digital currency with perfect technology and mature mechanism, it will have better effect. Because the digital currency, in addition to anti-counterfeiting, with the help of blockchain technology, makes the capital data traceable and highly transparent. These features can also be used for macro data statistics and monitoring, which has positive significance for big data risk control
as for what bank digital currency is, the central bank requested at the meeting on January 20 this year that the research team of the people's Bank of China should actively absorb the important achievements and practical experience of digital currency research at home and abroad, continue to promote on the basis of preliminary work, establish a more effective organizational guarantee mechanism, and further clarify the strategic objectives of the central bank in issuing digital currency, Do a good job in tackling key technologies, study the multi scenario application of digital currency, and strive to launch the digital currency issued by the central bank as soon as possible.

4. Research on the innovation of China's commercial monetary economy and financial procts
analysis on the legal issues of financing monetary economy rights and interests protection in export insurance
the application of VaR in the credit risk management of commercial monetary economy
on RAROC, the core method of comprehensive risk management of monetary economy
the strategic choice of China's transnational operation of monetary economy
innovation of monetary economy business model based on value chain
Research on the development of urban commercial monetary economy after China's entry into WTO
empirical analysis on the competitiveness of rural commercial monetary economy in China
analysis on the competitiveness of urban commercial monetary economy in China
discussion on customer satisfaction of commercial monetary economy enterprises
measurement of human capital value of monetary economy and its contribution
on brand building of private business of commercial monetary economy in China Research on the causes and Countermeasures of non-performing assets of state-owned commercial monetary economy Research on the application of foreign capital in the performance management of China's commercial monetary economy
Research on the legal supervision system of foreign capital monetary economy
discussion on the public function of state-owned commercial monetary economy
Research on the development and Countermeasures of China's commercial monetary economy intermediary business
Research on the bottleneck and Countermeasures of China's monetary economy insurance development
Research on the influencing factors and Countermeasures of China's commercial monetary economy information disclosure Effect research
on the relationship between the government and the state-owned commercial monetary economy management
on the development of China's private monetary economy
on the construction of online monetary economy of China Merchants monetary economy
on the institutional change of commercial monetary economy
on the reconstruction of customer management of China's commercial monetary economy
the application of VAR model in the market risk management of China's commercial monetary economy />The theory of customer relationship management and the application of information technology in China's commercial monetary economy

5. The Bank of China has not made any transition with the virtual currency, and the central bank's attitude towards the special currency is cautious and indifferent
at the end of 2013, the central bank and other five ministries and commissions jointly issued a bitcoin risk notice, in which bitcoin was clearly defined as a special Internet commodity. People can buy and sell bitcoin freely at their own risk, denying its monetary attribute, and no finance can participate in bitcoin related business. Bitcoin home has the full text<

Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the central bank, said that bitcoin is a tradable asset like a stamp, which is not issued by the central bank, and the central bank has no right to ban bitcoin.

6. So far, they have not sparked any sparks. However, the central bank is planning to launch its own digital currency, but this kind of digital currency is different from bitcoin, Ruitai currency, vitality currency, Leyte currency and other digital cryptocurrencies
in the future, the digital currency launched by sovereign countries is just the digitalization of sovereign currency.

7. Where do you see the identity

8. There is no well-known bitcoin company in Xiamen, but there may be a bitcoin trading platform in Xiamen
domestic well-known platforms include bitcoin China, OK, fire coin, bitcoin trading network and China bitcoin
Shanzhai currency trading platform: jucoin, bitage, Xigu.