矿机毕业论文英文文献翻译

1. 求 采矿方面的 英文文献及其中文翻译一篇

Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse technology Comparative Study

Digest：Introced the sewage and wastewater processing resources of the latest technologies and processes, analysis and comparison of the three kinds of process options to deal with coal mine waste water system investment and operating costs, and to explore the reverse osmosis water treatment technology in the coal mine waste water treatment application The technical and economic feasibility.Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse of the consolidated operating costs for the :2.185-2 .465 yuan / ton. One membrane of the processing costs as low as: 2.185 yuan / ton. Such prices on drought and water shortage in the Northwest region is very attractive. Of mine waste water recycling, not only can rece the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .

Key words: reverse osmosis electroplating wastewater recycling。

China's large population and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of freshwater resources, water resources and socio-economic development is not balanced; population growth has increased year after year the demand of water resources, instry's rapid development has become increasingly serious water pollution, thus creating a shortfall of water resources and water pollution are increasing.At present, China's prominent contradiction between water supply and demand, there are more than 300 cities short of water, of which there are 114 cities in serious water shortages. Water supply and demand in China in the 21st century the situation was very serious water crisis will become a question of resources in the most severe punishment of all issues. To resolve this problem, in addition to the scientific management of water resources and optimizing the assigned amount, the high-tech means to bring into full play the role of the use of water resources is also very crucial.
In recent years, China's annual volume of about 400-500 million sewage M3, treated emissions from only 15-25%, e to cross-flow of sewage everywhere, so that all our major sources of water proce different degrees of pollution, a serious deterioration of water environment 【4】 .Therefore, to enhance wastewater treatment, so that not only the discharge standards but also to a large number of reuse, very necessary, which improve the water environment to ease the shortage of water resources, saving precious water resources are very important. Urban and instrial sewage has been the depth of treatment can be used for agricultural irrigation, instrial proction, urban landscape, Urban Green, life miscellaneous, groundwater recharge, and additional surface water in such applications as 【8】.Traditional water treatment technology can eliminate some air pollutants, the COD, BOD and heavy financial and other indicators of reced pollutant emission standards, or miscellaneous safety standards, but can not completely eliminate the drainage contained in the solubility of trace contaminants. Reverse osmosis membrane technology to thoroughly remove these pollutants to achieve the strict sense of the wastewater reclamation. Traditional treatment processes and membrane technology integration can be sewage or waste water into a different water quality standards for reuse water, or make it loop back to use, this would ease the contradiction between supply and demand, but also rece pollution, but also promote the development of environmental protection instry 【6】.

Sewage Wastewater Reuse Technology and Application Overview

The serious deterioration of water environment quality and the rapid economic development, and urgently requires a corresponding resource of sewage waste water technology. In this field of membrane separation technology occupies an important position and role. Membrane separation, as a high-tech in the last 40 years to develop quickly into the instrialization of the process of energy-efficient separation technology.Than 40 years, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, pervaporation, membrane contact and membrane reactions have been developed in energy, electronics, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, light instry, food and beverage instry and the daily life and environmental protection Dengjun wide range of applications received, resulting in significant economic and social benefits. The needs of the community to make membrane technology promised born, but also the needs of society to promote the rapid development of membrane technology to membrane technology innovation, technological progress, improve, and become a unit operation, to become integrated in the process of the key 【9】.

1.Continuous membrane filtration technology

Hollow fiber membrane e to large surface area membrane moles of the loading density, so compact equipment; this film made by spinning, simple process, so proction costs are generally lower than the other films: In the absence of support layer may reverse cleaning, exceptional stain resistance of some good cleaning agent on the oxidative tolerance to the emergence of a good film made in large-scale sewage treatment works, the application of hollow fiber membrane has a unique advantage 【7】.
CMF technology is the core of the high anti-pollution film, as well as compatible with membrane cleaning technology, which enables non-stop cleaning membrane cleaning, and thus to achieve a continuous treatment of liquid non-stop to ensure a continuous and efficient operation of equipment.
CMF is currently mainly used in large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant raw water the depth of the secondary settling tank treatment and reuse, desalination, or large-scale reverse osmosis pretreatment system. Surface water ground water purification, beverages, etc. to clarify the turbidity.

2.Membrane bio-reactor

Membrane bio-reactor is membrane separation technology and bio-technology combined with new technology. Used in the field of sewage waste water treatment using membrane pieces for solid-liquid separation, sludge or impurities interception return to the bio-reactor, handling the drainage of water through the membrane to form a sewage treatment membrane bioreactor system, The role of membrane moles is equivalent to conventional biological wastewater treatment systems in the secondary sedimentation tank 【4】.
MBR used in the film are flat membrane, tubular membrane and hollow fiber membrane, is currently mainly based hollow fiber membrane.
The MBR wastewater treatment, raw water sources have reached a very high water guidelines. This method is not limited to domestic wastewater treatment, MBR technology is also widely used in dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater, meat processing, sewage water treatment systems. Another feature of MBR systems vary in size, the small device can be used for a family, large-scale installations daily processing capacity of up to tens of thousands of cubic meters.

3.Reverse Osmosis Technology

Reverse osmosis technology is the early 20th century, 60 developed a pressure-driven membrane separation technology. The technology is from seawater, brackish water desalination and developed, often referred to as "desalination technology." As the reverse osmosis technology has no phase change, component-based, process simple and convenient operation, accounting for small size, less investment, low energy consumption advantages to develop very rapidly. RO technology has been widely used in sea water, brackish water desalination, pure water, ultra-pure water preparation, chemical separation, concentration, purification, waste water resource and other fields. Projects throughout the electric power, electronics, chemicals, light instry, coal, environmental protection, medicine, food and other instries.
Water resource is incremental development of freshwater resources and the protection of the environment a al purpose. Inorganic series of wastewater treatment and seawater desalination of brackish water using the same equipment and have the more common process technology. RO can waste in copper, lead, mercury, nickel, antimony, beryllium, arsenic, chromium, selenium, ammonium, zinc ion removal addition to 90-99%.
At present, the reverse osmosis technology in urban wastewater treatment, a number of instrial waste water treatment application of the depth has been a high degree of attention, including water reuse, wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent from the depth of treatment, after primary treatment of instrial waste water depth of processing system to take high-quality fresh water. Many water-scarce countries in the Middle East, in the extensive use of reverse osmosis desalination technology, the introction of reverse osmosis technology technical processing secondary effluent, effluent quality up to TDS ≤ 80mg / L, the expansion of freshwater resources. Such as the Middle East, Australia, Singapore and other countries are examples of major projects in this area 【9】.

4.Integrated membrane process wastewater treatment methods

Integrated membrane process is ultrafiltration / microfiltration and reverse osmosis used in combination to form to meet the purpose of咱reuse wastewater treatment process.Ultrafiltration, microfiltration can be used as stand-alone high-level tertiary treatment method, is also an ideal pre-treatment process of reverse osmosis technology, anti-pollution ability, superior performance of ultrafiltration, microfiltration unit to replace the complex conventional treatment, and the water quality much higher than the three water indicators, not only can remove the sewage bacteria and suspended solids, the COD, BOD also have some effect but addition.In ultrafiltration, microfiltration after the use of reverse osmosis membranes, its traditional pre-wash cycle from 3-4 weeks to process more than six months, the membrane can prolong life for years to reach -6. Membrane integrated wastewater reclamation process has the system is stable, maintaining a small area of small, less use of chemicals, processes and operation of a simple and low cost.

Conclusion

Membrane Wastewater Treatment and Reuse of coal mine is technically entirely reliable, which has a successful experience.
With the rapid development of instry, water pollution, worsening water scarcity will become increasingly serious, instrial wastewater recycling will be referred to the agenda.
From the environmental perspective, recycling of waste water re-use of mine has a very important environmental significance.
Of mine waste water recycling, not only can rece the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .
Of membrane processes for coal mine wastewater and reuse, both technically and economically feasible, economic and environmental benefits are very significant.

References

Gang Shao. Membrane water treatment technology and engineering examples 【M】. Beijing: Chemical Instry Press, 2002.256 ~ 280.
Healy I, Binchois music. The water and use the net again. Beijing: China Building a Board Association, 1985.
【3】 Bella G. Liputaike. Environmental engineer with the book. Beijing: China Building Instry Society out of plates, 1987.
【4】 High from Kai. Membrane separation technology and water reuse 【m】 .2003 Beijing Water Forum papers .2003.9.
【5】 Feng Zhang, Xu Ping. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration membrane and its application in wastewater treatment 【M】. Membrane Science and Technology ,2003,23:234-236.
【6】 Mayao Guang, Ma Bolin. Wastewater utilization of agricultural resources. Beijing: Chemical Instry Press, 2002.45 ~ 78.
【7】 Yao Zhichun. Wastewater treatment and reuse. Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower 1999.: 56 ~ 60.
【8】 LEI Le-cheng, etc., sewage back with new technology and engineering design. Beijing: Chemical Engineering Press, .2002:453 ~ 461.
【9】 Zhang Bao cases. Reverse osmosis water treatment application technology 【M】. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2004.281 ~ 295.

煤矿矿井废水处理回用工艺比较研究

摘要：介绍了污水、废水处理资源化的最新技术和工艺，分析比较了三种工艺方案处理煤矿矿井废水的系统投资和运行成本，并探讨了反渗透水处理技术在煤矿矿井废水处理中应用的技术经济可行性.煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为：2.185-2.465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为：2.185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。对矿井废水进行回收再利用，不但可以减少废水排放量，又可以使废水资源化，应该说，它是一种水资源再生的希望方法，也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。

关键词：反渗透电镀废水处理回收利用

我国人口众多，淡水资源时空分布不均匀，水资源和社会经济发展不均衡；人口的不断增长又使水资源需求量逐年上升，工业的快速发展使水污染愈加严重，因此造成水资源缺短和水环境污染现象日趋严重。目前，我国水资源供需矛盾比较突出，全国有300多个城市缺水，其中有114个城市严重缺水。21世纪我国水资源供需形势非常严重，水资源危机将成为所有资源问题中最为严惩的问题。要解决这一难题，除水资源的科学治理和优化配量之外，充分发挥高新科技手段在水资源利用中的作用也是十分关键的。

近年来，我国每年排污水量约400-500亿M3，经处理后排放的仅15-25%，由于污水到处横流，使我国各大水源都产生不同程度的污染，水环境严重恶化【4】。所以，加强污水深度治理，使之不仅达标排放而且还可大量回用，非常必要，这对改善水环境、缓解水资源的不足，节约宝贵的水资源都是十分重要的。城市及工业污水经过深度处理后可用于农业浇灌、工业生产、城市景观、市政绿化、生活杂用、地下水回灌和补充地表水等方面的应用【8】。传统水处理技术能够消除部分污染物，将COD、BOD以及重金融等污染物指标降到安全排放标准或杂用标准，但无法完全消除排水中所含的微量溶解性污染物。采用反渗透膜技术可彻底去除这些污染物，实现严格意义下的污水再生。用传统处理工艺和膜技术集成，可将污水或废水变成不同水质标准的回用水，或使之循环回用，这样即缓解了供求矛盾，又减少了污染，还可促进环保产业的发展【6】。

污水废水资源化技术及应用简介

水环境质量的严重恶化和经济的高速发展，迫切要求有相应的污水废水资源化的技术。在这一领域中膜分离技术占有重要的位置和作用。膜分离作为一项高新技术在近40年来迅速发展成为产业化的高效节能分离技术过程。40多年，电渗析、反渗透、微滤、超滤、纳滤、渗透汽化，膜接触和膜反应过程相继发展起来，在能源、电子、石化、医药卫生、化工、轻工、食品、饮料行业和日常生活及环保领域等均获得广泛的应用，产生了显著的经济和社会效益。社会的需求使膜技术应允而生，也是社会的需求促使膜技术迅速发展，使膜技术不断创新、技术进步，完善，成为单元操作，成为集成过程中的关键【9】。

1.连续膜过滤技术

中空纤维膜由于比表面积大，膜组件的装填密度大，所以设备紧凑；这种膜因纺制而成，工艺简单，所以生产成本一般低于其它的膜：由于没有支撑层均可以反向清洗，非凡是一些耐污染性好，对氧化性清洗剂耐受性好的膜的出现，使得在大规模的污水处理工程中，中空纤维膜的应用有独特的优势【7】。

CMF技术的核心是高抗污染膜以及与之相配合的膜清洗技术，可以实现对膜的不停机清洗清洗，从而做到对料液不间断连续处理，保证设备的连续高效运行。

CMF目前主要用于大型城市污水处理厂二沉池生水的深度处理回用，海水淡化或大型反渗透系统的预处理。地表水地下水净化、饮料澄清除浊等。

2.膜生物反应器

膜生物反应器是膜分离技术和生物技术结合的新工艺。用在污水废水处理领域，利用膜件进行固液分离，截留的污泥或杂质回流至在生物反应器中，处理的清水透过膜排水，构成了污水处理的膜生物反应器系统，膜组件的作用相当于传统污水生物处理系统中的二沉池【4】。

MBR中使用的膜有平板膜、管式膜和中空纤维膜，目前主要以中空纤维膜为主。

生活污水经MBR处理后，生水水源已达到很高的水标准。此方法不仅限于处理生活污水，MBR技术也广泛地用于染色废水，洗毛废水、肉类加工污水等水处理系统。MBR系统的另一个特点是规模可大可小，小装置可用于一个家庭，大型装置日处理量可达数万立方米。

3.反渗透技术

反渗透技术是20世纪60年代初发展起来的以压力为驱动力的膜分离技术。该技术是从海水、苦咸水淡化而发展起来的，通常称为“淡化技术”。由于反渗透技术具有无相变，组件化、流程简单，操作方便，占面积小、投资少，耗能低等优点，发展十分迅速。RO技术已广泛用于海水、苦咸水淡化，纯水、超纯水制备，化工分离、浓缩、提纯，废水资源化等领域。工程遍布电力、电子、化工、轻工、煤炭、环保、医药、食品等行业。

废水资源化是有开发增量淡水资源与保护环境双重目的。无机系列废水处理与海水苦咸水淡化采用同类装并具有较多共性工艺技术。RO可使废液中的铜、铅、汞、镍、锑、铍、砷、铬、硒、铵、锌等离子脱除除90-99%。

目前，反渗透技术在城市污水深度处理，一些工业废水深度处理方面的应用受到了高度重视，包括中水回用，污水处理厂二级出水的深度处理，经初级处理后的工业废水深度处理制取优质淡水。中东不少缺水国家，在大量采用反渗透海水淡化技术的同时，引入反渗透技技术处理二级污水，出水水质可达TDS≤80mg/L，扩大了淡水资源。如中东地区、澳大利亚、新加坡等国都有这方面的大型工程实例【9】。

4.集成膜过程污水深度处理方法

集成膜过程是将超滤/微滤与反渗透结合使用，形成能够满足各咱回用目的的污水深度处理工艺。超滤、微滤可以作为独立的高级三级处理方法，也是反渗透过程理想的预处理工艺，抗污染能力强、性能优越的超滤、微滤单元代替了复杂的传统处理工艺，而且出水品质远高于三级出水指标，不但完全可以去除污水中的细菌和悬浮物，对COD、BOD也有一定的却除效果。在超滤、微滤之后使用的反渗透膜，其清洗周期由采用传统预处理工艺的3-4周增加到半年以上，膜寿命可延长到达-6年。膜集成污水再生工艺具有系统稳定、维护少、占地小、化学品用量少、流程简单和运行费用低等优点。

结论

煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为：2.185-2.465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为：2.185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。
用膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用在技术上是完全可靠的，国内外都有成功经验。

随着工业的快速发展，水资源的污染日益严重，缺水现象会越来越严重，工业废水的回收利用将会提到议事日程。

从环境保护方面讲，对矿井废水进行回收再利用具有非常重要的环境意义。

对矿井废水进行回收再利用，不但可以减少废水排放量，又可以使废水资源化，应该说，它是一种水资源再生的希望方法，也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。

膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用，不但在技术上和经济上都是可行的，经济和环境效益都非常显著。

参考文献

邵刚.膜法水处理技术及工程实例【M】.北京：化学工业出版社，2002.256~280.

希利I，舒瓦乐.水的再净与利用.北京：中国建筑出板社，1985.

【3】贝拉G.利普泰克.环境工程师用册.北京：中国建筑工业出板社，1987.

【4】高从锴.膜分离技术与水资源再利用【m】.2003北京水务论坛论文.2003.9.

【5】张烽，徐平.反渗透、纳滤膜及其在废水处理中的应用【M】.膜科学与技术，2003，23：234-236.

【6】马耀光，马柏林.废水的农业资源化利用.北京：化学工业出版社，2002.45~78.

【7】姚志春.污水净化再利用.甘肃水利水电1999.：56~60.

【8】雷乐成等，污水回用新技术及工程设计.北京：化学工程出版社.2002：453~461.

【9】张葆宗.反渗透水处理应用技术【M】.北京：中国电力出版社，2004.281~295.

2. 毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思有什么要求

毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求：

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。

译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。

主要标准

翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。

忠实

是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。

通顺

是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。

实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。

世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、F.W.纽曼、J.B.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、Fr.R.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学网络全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。

3. 大家毕业论文中的英文文献翻译怎么弄的

多看一些毕业论文题材，然后借签加创新，祝你pass顺利

4. 毕业论文外文翻译中这几个英文的参考文献翻译成中文格式的参考文献

1],m
.的冬天,Besenhard
J.O.卷Spahr期,页-,国立Adv.新星'k第10期(1998年):725
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.
Yanagi
Terada
Arai
Yoshikawa,k
.
.太:那么,N。《Arai电源(100)。[3].
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Guer请

5. 英文参考文献翻译成中文 毕业论文参考文献求助

你这个问题好解决。

6. 毕业论文中的外文翻译可以在什么网站找到非常感谢！

毕业论文中的外文翻译可以到学校图书馆电子资源库，利用图书馆资源查找。也可以提取论文关键词在网页搜索框中搜索，从你的论文题目提取，注意参考文献不需要完全和你的标题一致，有时候搜索不到外文的时候，记得放大你的关键词范围。
但是网站翻译出来的正文毕竟不是非常准确，需要人工润色一下，建议一段一段复制在翻译框对照。一般鼠标放在单词上或者选中单词都会出来翻译。
不过这两种方法还是不够完善，有时候会不够准确，因此推荐找正规专业的翻译公司，像国际科学编辑就是一家不错的翻译公司，国际科学编辑是最早在中国开展语言编辑服务并提供本地化支持的国际公司。20年来成功的为众多中国科技工作者发表论文提供语言支持。国际科学编辑拥有200位全职编辑，500名位兼职编辑，每篇文章润色都必须经过2轮润色和校对，确保语言没有问题。

7. 求助一篇毕业论文文献翻译部分的英文文献原文~~~

Sino-Japan Trade Relations
The bilateral trade between China and Japan amounted to US$236 billion in 2007, reflecting an increase of 20.6 percent compared with the previous year, 33 times over the trade volume at the beginning of the reform and opening up. This vast volume and fast growth took place amid China’s accession into the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 and increased trade disputes between the two countries, not to mention recurrent foreign exchange rate fluctuations in international currency markets and somehow intensified fears in Japan of China’s enhanced competitiveness.
Given this background, it is of interest to speculate on what future prospects will be for the two neighbors’ economic relations, and in particular, what has been special in their bilateral economic relations as well as what challenges lie ahead for them.
I. Characteristics of Sino-Japanese Trade
Bilateral diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Japan were normalized in 1972, shortly after the United States President Richard Nixon visited Beijing but well before the normalization of U.S.-China relations in 1979. During the year immediately prior to Sino-Japanese diplomatic normalization, the two countries’ bilateral trade stood at about 900 million dollars, approximately 4 percent of China’s total external trade at the time. Normalization was quickly followed by a sharp rise in China’s imports of Japanese goods, first mainly of textile goods and various machinery tools, and later of household electronics, cars and light trucks, etc.

Sino-Japanese relations made considerable progress in the 1980s. Only a few years after China’s reform and opening in 1978, Japanese brands of TV sets and cars flooded into Chinese markets, and ordinary Chinese consumers began to taste the procts of western materialism. Surges in Chinese imports of Japanese goods, through various means and channels of trade, led China to accumulate serious trade deficits and to draw on her official foreign exchange reserves. This ultimately resulted in substantial Chinese currency devaluations throughout the 1980s.
The growth of China’s external trade dipped in 1989-1990 perhaps mainly e to various non-economic reasons, but the bilateral trade with Japan continued to expand at a steady rate. In 1993 Japan surpassed Hong Kong to become Chinese Mainland’s largest trade partner, by official Chinese statistics, and it has remained so ever since. Overall, between 1990 and 2002, the growth of bilateral trade between China and Japan in dollar terms averaged 16.3 percent per annum, exceeding that of China’s total external trade over the same period (15 percent). From 2000 to 2007, annual foreign trade volume increased by 16 percent.
The fact that the growth in bilateral trade between China and Japan since the early 1990s has been rapid and more or less steady (except briefly for 1997-98), appears somehow unusual or even puzzling. First, ring many of the years of the period, the Japanese economy and Japan’s overall external trade had slowed down significantly compared to the 1980s. Second, as the Asian financial crisis hit many of the economies and their intraregional trade hard, bilateral trade between China and Japan suffered only a slight setback, if any, ring the turbulent two years of 1997-98. Third, when the Japanese yen witnessed significant depreciations vis-à-vis the US dollar whilst Chinese Yuan continued steady peg to the US dollar ring 1998 and 2000, China’s Japanese imports/exports seemed not to have been reactive to the changes in the foreign exchange rates. In the case of 1998, China’s exports to Japan did decrease by a moderate amount (a 7 percent fall), which was nonetheless proportionally smaller than the overall falling level in Japan’s imports (an 11.4 percent fall). In the case of 2000, China’s exports to Japan actually increased by a large amount, unscathed by any unfavorable moves in the currency markets. However, as long as the further appreciation of Chinese Yuan to US dollar, the pressure on exporting instry in China becomes more serious than ever before.
These “unusuals” seem to suggest that there have been fundamental, structural driving forces behind the growth in the bilateral trade between China and Japan. Had Sino-Japanese economic relations been similar to other ordinary bilateral economic relations, a rather slower growth in the bilateral trade could have been expected instead. Moreover, even if (from a Chinese point of view) China’s economy and trade have achieved a high growth record, it remains to be wondered why China’s trade with Japan grew faster than her trade with the entire outside world since the early 1990s.

II. The Sino-Japanese “Special Relationship”
Right now, China has surpassed U.S. to be the largest trade partner to Japan, and Japan means the third largest trade partner to China as well. At mean time, Japan is the largest importing origin country and the fourth largest exporting market of China.
It should be kept in mind as always that both at the beginning of our reform and opening and presently after three decades of development, China was and still is in a catching-up process in relation to the developed world where Japan has long belonged. Over this period, both China and Japan have undergone a number of fundamental economic structural changes, and these have affected their trade and economic relations. What will be of interest to us here are the common or enring factors that have been effective within the dynamics of interaction between demand and supply on each side of the two countries’ economic relations.
We will look first at China’s demand for Japanese procts and then at Japan’s demand for Chinese procts.
With a growing economy and an increasingly diversified trade partnership network throughout the 1990s, China’s demand for Japanese procts had graally moved into relatively high quality consumer goods and internationally price-competitive instrial goods. It is well-known that a breed of new domestic Chinese procers of electronics has emerged and has expanded their share in China’s domestic markets, resulting in a fall in the market shares that used to be enjoyed by certain Japanese brands. Yet Japanese manufacturers as a whole have been successful in investing in Research and Development, moving on to upscale markets, thus maintaining their competitiveness in the world manufacturing market as well as in China’s domestic market. On the other hand, the role of Japanese direct investment in China and Japan’s financial aid to China in promoting bilateral trade should also be noted.
Throughout the 1990s Japan’s direct investment had been virtually invariably more than 10 percent of China’s FDI inflow in annual terms, though there had been some marked falls between 1997 and 2000. Moreover, Japanese direct investment in China has been relatively concentrated in manufacturing, which is believed to have a stronger effect in generating trade linkages between the two countries than otherwise.
Japan had been investing in China ring the early 1990s, and trade decreased ring the late 1990s, but resurged at the millennium. The resurgence might have been because of the prospect of China becoming a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO). “By 2001 China’s international trade was the sixth-largest in the world” and over the next several years it is expected to be just under Japan, the fourth largest. Up to December, 2007, the real invest from Japan to China accumulated to US$61.56 billion. Japan turns to the second largest investing origins to China.
Japan’s financial aid to China (first begun with the diplomatic normalization in the 1970s), mainly through government-to-government channels, has totaled some US$20 billion in the form of lending on favorable terms, together with some additional US$2 billion mainly in the form of technical assistance. Japan is the largest provider of financial aid to China. The role of this financial aid has been significantly positive and multifaceted in China’s development process, and it has certainly helped the growth of bilateral trade.

Since 1995 Japan has been taking a very proactive role in using WTO law to challenge its dominant trade partners, the United States. But its emphasis on a rule-based approach is not only relegated to the United States. In fact, it promises also to spill over into trade disputes with key partners in Asia where, for historical, reasons Japan has had trouble taking confrontational stances. This is particularly true for the case for China, which is widely perceived as the rising economic power that poses a direct challenge to Japan across a number of critical and sensitive economic issues. This paper focuses specifically on the interplay between WTO law and politics as Japan seeks to deal with China across a number of trade issues and disputes.

Sino-Japanese trade relations boast great growth potential and the two sides should make more efforts to push economic cooperation in more fields.
China and Japan have made much headway in terms of bilateral trade in the past 30 years, when their bilateral trade volume expanded, with more types of goods traded, and they have played an increasingly important role in each other's trade development.
Japan is China's third largest trade partner and the fourth largest export destination while China replaced the US in July to become the No 1 export destination of Japan. The volume of bilateral trade jumped to $236 billion last year from a meager $4.8 billion in 1978, a 48-fold increase. During this time, China had a trade deficit with Japan for most of the years.
However, Sino-Japanese trade growth still lags behind that of China's overall trade. In 1978, Sino-Japanese trade accounted for 23.4 percent of China's total trade while last year it had shrunk to less than 11 percent. Unwelcome as it is, it also shows that bilateral trade still has great potential to expand further.
Japan has supported China's economic development through yen loans and grants. By the end of last year, Japan had committed to a total of $30 billion to China for financing 255 projects.
Another $1.27 billion has been earmarked in grants to help China's social causes, such as ecation and poverty rection.
As Chinese President Hu Jintao said in a speech ring his visit to the Waseda University in May: "The Japanese government has played a positive role in China's modernization drive by making Japanese yen loans in support of China's infrastructure construction, environmental protection, energy development and scientific and technological advancement."
Japan also benefits from its yen loans for China. Through the yen loans, it can ensure imports of Chinese resources, provide more opportunities for its enterprises to export to and invest in the Chinese market. Japanese enterprises, for example, have had much more investment in such places as the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and areas surrounding Bohai Sea. They used to invest mainly in Dalian, Liaoning province.
As Sino-Japan economic cooperation deepens, the market has replaced government as the major driving force for bilateral trade and investment growth. The yen loans have been earmarked for projects in more fields, such as environment since 1996, and Chinese enterprises have expanded investment in Japan, with some listed in the Japanese stock market.
With those achievements, the two countries need to strengthen cooperation in sectors of mutual concern, such as energy saving and environment. Japanese enterprises are not very active in technological transfers owing to IPR concerns. They have transferred mainly low-end technologies to China.
As the Chinese government is enhancing IPR protection, it is advisable for Japanese enterprises to enter China to have the "first-mover" advantage in future cooperation. Meanwhile, the prices of technological transfers are often too high for Chinese firms to afford, which is also a hurdle for technology trade between the two countries.
The two sides should also enhance cooperation between Japanese small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and Chinese businesses through such moves as establishing a "Japan SME Park". The China Association of International Trade is now setting up a system to help procts of Japanese SMEs to enter the Chinese market.

it is of interest to speculate on what future prospects will be for the two neighbors’ economic relations, and in particular, what has been special in their bilateral economic relations as well as what challenges lie ahead for them.

Had Sino-Japanese economic relations been similar to other ordinary bilateral economic relations, a rather slower growth in the bilateral trade could have been expected instead. Moreover, even if (from a Chinese point of view) China’s economy and trade have achieved a high growth record, it remains to be wondered why China’s trade with Japan grew faster than her trade with the entire outside world since the early 1990s.
这是我以前写论文时候找的材料，你按照题目找找吧，希望能有点用