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150000 years for primary structure, 380000 years for primary building, 300000 years for power supply and distribution, 350000 years for water supply and drainage, 420000 years for heating and ventilation, 390000 years for power generation, transmission and transformation, 430000 years for geotechnical engineering, In the past 420000 years,
the price without transferring social security is relatively cheap, which is about half of that of transferring social security.
(1) engineering geological mapping< (2) exploration and sampling< (3) in situ test and laboratory test
(4) on site inspection and monitoring
engineering geological mapping is the basic work of geotechnical engineering investigation, which is generally carried out in the early stage of investigation. The essence of this method is to observe and describe the geological phenomena on the ground, analyze their properties and laws, and infer the underground geological conditions by using the geological and engineering geological theories, so as to provide the basis for other exploration methods such as exploration and testing. In the site with complex topography and geological conditions, engineering geological mapping must be carried out; However, for the site with flat terrain, simple and narrow geological conditions, investigation can be used instead of engineering geological mapping. Engineering geological surveying and mapping is the most economical and effective method to understand the engineering geological conditions of the site. High quality surveying and mapping can accurately infer the underground geological conditions and effectively guide other survey methods
exploration work includes geophysical exploration, drilling and pit exploration. It is used to investigate underground geological conditions; It can also be used for in-situ testing and monitoring. The above exploration methods should be selected according to the purpose of investigation and the characteristics of rock and soil
geophysical prospecting is an indirect means of exploration, which is light, economical and rapid compared with drilling and pit exploration. It can timely solve the underground geological conditions that are difficult to infer and urgent to understand in engineering geological surveying and mapping, so it is often used in conjunction with surveying and mapping work. It can also be used as the first or auxiliary means of drilling and pit exploration. However, the interpretation of geophysical results often has multiple solutions, and the use of methods is limited by the terrain conditions, so the results need to be verified by exploration engineering
drilling and pit exploration, also known as exploration engineering, are direct exploration means, which can reliably understand the underground geological conditions, and are indispensable in geotechnical engineering investigation. Among them, drilling work is the most widely used, and different drilling methods can be selected according to stratum types and survey requirements. When it is difficult to find out the underground geological conditions by drilling method, the pit exploration method can be used. There are many types of pit exploration projects, which should be selected according to the investigation requirements. Generally, exploration projects need to use machinery and power equipment, which costs more manpower and material resources. Some exploration projects have a long construction period and are limited by many conditions. Therefore, when using this method, we should have an economic point of view. The layout of exploration projects should be based on the results of engineering geological mapping and geophysical exploration, and avoid blindness and randomness
the main purpose of in-situ test and laboratory test is to provide the required technical parameters for the analysis and evaluation of geotechnical engineering problems, including the physical property index, strength parameter, consolidation deformation characteristic parameter, permeability parameter, stress-strain time relationship parameter, etc. In situ testing is usually carried out by means of exploration engineering, and it is a main investigation method in the detailed investigation stage
compared with indoor test, in-situ test has its own advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of in-situ testing are: the specimens are not separated from the original environment, and are basically tested under in-situ stress conditions; The results show that the size of rock and soil measured is large, which can reflect the influence of macro structure on rock and soil properties; The test cycle is short and the efficiency is high; In particular, the engineering properties of rock and soil layers which are difficult to sample can still be evaluated by tests. The disadvantages are: the stress path is difficult to control ring the test; The boundary conditions are also complex; Some experiments cost a lot of manpower and material resources, so it is impossible to carry out a large number of experiments. The advantages of indoor test are: the test conditions are easy to control (the boundary conditions are clear, the stress-strain conditions can be controlled, etc.); A large number of samples can be taken. The main disadvantages are: the sample size is small, which can not reflect the influence of macro structure and heterogeneity on geotechnical properties, and the representativeness is poor; It is impossible to keep the sample in its original state, and it is difficult to obtain the sample in some rock and soil. Field inspection and monitoring is an important part of geotechnical engineering system, and a lot of work is carried out ring construction and operation; However, this work generally needs to be carried out in the advanced survey stage, so it is listed as a survey method. Its main purpose is to ensure the quality and safety of the project and improve the efficiency of the project
the meaning of on-site inspection includes the verification of previous geotechnical investigation results in the construction stage, as well as geotechnical construction supervision and quality control. On site monitoring mainly includes the monitoring of geotechnical response under construction and various loads, the monitoring of structures ring construction and operation, and the monitoring of environmental impact
based on the data obtained from inspection and monitoring, some engineering technical parameters can be obtained reversely, and the design can be modified in time to optimize it in terms of technology and economy. This work is mainly carried out ring the construction period, but for the projects with special requirements and some adverse geological phenomena that have an important impact on the project, it should be continued ring the completion and operation of the building
with the rapid development of science and technology, high and new technologies are constantly introced into the field of geotechnical engineering investigation. For example, the introction of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS), namely "3S" technology in comprehensive analysis of engineering geology, engineering geological mapping and monitoring of adverse geological phenomena; Application of GPR and CT in exploration.
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