Fast chain of mining pool and mining machine mining area
bitcoin is equivalent to digital gold. As a generally recognized equivalent, gold naturally has monetary properties and has been regarded as a kind of currency since ancient times. Bitcoin was born in 2009 and created by a person named Nakamoto. As the earliest digital currency, it was worthless at the beginning of creation. Until 2017, the highest transaction price of bitcoin exceeded 30000 RMB. The reasons why bitcoin became a valuable digital currency are as follows:
first of all, it is like gold, as a natural mineral, The total amount of bitcoin is limited. Bitcoin can not be over issued according to its own algorithm, so there will be no rapid devaluation of currency e to excessive currency issuance. The number of bitcoin is controlled to no more than 21 million e to the algorithm, so it can not be issued in large quantities, so its value is guaranteed
In 2009, bencong invented bitcoin, and set that there are only 21 million bitcoins. By participating in the proction of blocks and providing proof of work (POW), he can get the reward of bitcoin network. This process is mining
the concept of "mining" comes from the existing concepts in our real economic life, such as gold mining and silver mining. Because minerals are valuable, it drives people to pay labor to dig
another important point of bitcoin mining is that the miners who participate in mining recognize the value of bitcoin, and some of them are willing to spend money in the bitcoin market. Therefore, the mining of bitcoin is meaningful
extended data
currency characteristics of bitcoin
1, decentralized
bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency, and the whole network is composed of users without central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of bitcoin's security and freedom
2, bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin
3, exclusive ownership
controlling bitcoin requires a private key, which can be stored in any storage medium in isolation. No one can get it except the user himself
4, low transaction cost
bitcoin can be remitted free of charge, but in the end, about 1 bitfen transaction fee will be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution
5, no hidden cost
as a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome limit of quota and proceres. If you know the other party's bitcoin address, you can pay
6, cross platform mining
users can explore the computing power of different hardware on many platforms
how to mine a mine pool
the location of a mine pool is also very particular. It's not that a mine pool can be built anywhere, but it needs early-stage capital investment. A mine pool is to combine a single mining machine together. Because of the collection of many miners' computing power, the computing power of the mine pool accounts for a large proportion, and the probability of digging bitcoin is higher. The mine pool will distribute rewards according to the contribution value of each equipment
there are many mines all over the world, and the scale of each mine varies from big to small. Generally, small mines no longer have great advantages. Large mines have many miners for mining. For each miner, he can join any mine or join multiple mines at the same time, The first task of the mine pool is to distribute the income to the miners
(1) PPLNs method
this method gathers the shares g by all miners together. Whenever a certain amount of shares is accumulated (generally 30 million shares), the mine pool will allocate the profits of the previous stage to the miners according to the proportion of contribution
in this way, the income of miners depends entirely on the time needed to dig 30 million shares in the mine pool. If you are lucky, you can dig them in a short time, then the income of miners will be more, otherwise it will be less. In return, the pool charges a 3% tax
(2) PPS mode
for users, the income of this mode is relatively stable
the profit mainly depends on the miner's mining speed. As long as the mining speed is stable, the corresponding profit can be obtained, and the profit is real-time, that is, the mine pool will pay the profit for the miner while the miner is running
obviously, every time a block is calculated, the mine pool has paid for all the miners. If the block fails in the subsequent confirmation link, all the losses will be paid by the pool operator. Therefore, this method reces the risk of the miners, but transfers the risk to the pool operator
therefore, usually the ore pool can charge a handling fee to make up for the possible losses caused by these risks. In this mode, the tax of the ore pool is 7.5%
the above is about how to mine. The difficulty of mining has greatly increased, but the mining army is expanding. If the basic equipment does not meet the standard, it will be difficult to gain in the mining instry, because the value of the virtual currency may not be equal to the price of an equipment, and many miners are not just digging bitcoin, Instead, we choose other virtual currencies to mine.
At the end of March this year, bitmainland launched an ant miner X3 based on ASIC, which is mainly aimed at Monroe coin (XmR) and cryptonight algorithm dependent cryptocurrency. Monroe coin immediately issued a counter statement that it will change the core algorithm to fight against the invasion of ASIC computing power
what would be the result if it appeared in the world of digital cryptocurrency? That is, the wrong calculation results may be brought into the whole network without being discovered
More importantly, if a "calculator manufacturer" monopolizes the calculator market, it can also deliberately proce this kind of calculator with errors to change the mathematical rulesafter all, the "calculation" in the field of crypto digital currency is not as simple as 1 + 2 + 3. You can't compare paper currency with special currency by hand
the practical significance of computing power monopoly in mainland China
we have learned about attacks based on 51% computing power in various articles
but the reality is that although the global power of 78% was in Chinese mainland, fortunately, they were scattered in different pools and controlled by different people. p>
although all POW based cryptocurrencies have the risk of being attacked by 51%, few people can really launch attacks e to the dispersion of computing power
but what if the miners themselves don't want to attack, but the mining machinery manufacturers attack
still using the analogy just now, although each miner subjectively wants to do the problem checking independently, their calculator is manipulated remotely and gives consistent wrong answers. This may pose a great threat to digital cryptocurrency
however, the manufacturer with the absolute voice of mining machinery had such a problem in mainland China
in April 2017, the back door of antbled came out. Although this is described as a "vulnerability" in Chinese, antbled is more like a function that has been implemented and designed
anonymous people found that after an ant miner made by bitmainland was connected to the network, it would communicate with a domain name held by bitmainland on a regular basis and return the miner's serial number, MAC address and IP address to bitmainland's server. If the server of bitcontinent gives a negative signal, the miner will stop running
although bitcontinental responded that they could not shut down any mining machines that did not belong to them. However, the bitcoin core team has proved in experiments that this function has no verification. Anyone can shut down mining machines by forging DNS - but it also means that bitcoin mainland has the ability to shut down any sold mining machines
After, bitcontinent fixed this "loophole", but it caused heated discussion in the community. This has also set the tone that almost all pow blockchain communities are biased against mainland China
a few months later, under the leadership of bitcontinent, viabtc g out the first block and made a hard bifurcation with the blockchain of bitcoin. From then on, bitcoin BCH (bitcoin cash) appeared in the world
will the monopoly of mining machinery destroy the distributed system
facing this problem, we should have a clear answer now. That is, the monopoly of mining machinery will certainly affect the safe operation of pow digital cryptocurrency
the problem is not whether bitcontinental and its founder Wu Jihan are trustworthy, but that one of the values of any blockchain system is to operate safely without trust in any single company or indivial
even if the ASIC miner is not monopolized by bitmainland, the ASIC miner itself will increase the concentration of computing power
the ASIC used for mining has great requirements for ventilation, power and site, and has no use except for mining. At the same time, the calculation difficulty of the whole network is increased e to the powerful computing power
as a result, it is very difficult for external players to start mining in the next software on the computer as they did five years ago. And the recent centralized exchange is caused by frequent black incidents, which also proves that concentration in this unregulated market will definitely lead to insecurity
assuming that the bitcoin network runs on top of one million miners, no one can shut it down. And if the bitcoin network runs on 20 large mines, it's much easier to shut it down
and by the end of 2017, 78% of the effort was concentrated in mainland China, which led to a real possibility of Chinese mainland regulators' launching a deadly attack against the special currency. p>
moreover, most of the scenarios of using digital cryptocurrency are related to "decentralization". Once centralized, it means that these scenarios no longer exist. It turns a project that might have value into a pure waste of computing power
Then, what measures should we take in the face of this situationfirst of all, as the project side, it may be time to give up the pure POW mechanism. In fact, in many projects of issuing cryptocurrency, especially in asset securitization projects. Similar to the concept of stock in the real world, POS itself is more reasonable than pow
in the media that don't know about blockchain, we often hear such words as "bitcoin wastes a lot of computing power and has no value", which is reasonable to some extent. It is difficult for a POW based blockchain to bind the value of the project itself to the issued digital cryptocurrency - because the real value behind the price of the currency does not come from the project, but from the cost of maintaining computing power
and the hybrid mode of pow + POS is more like the future. In the hybrid mode, both coin holders and miners can participate in the major decisions of this community. If a decision is widely accepted, the blockchain will be soft forked to the latest state without excessive intervention of developers, and there will be almost no private resistance of miners or mining machines
secondly, as a retail miner, if you are still digging a pure POW mechanism currency, you should unconditionally support the bifurcation activities initiated by the community to resist the ASIC mining machine, even if it will lead to the failure of your mining machine
this may sound contradictory, but in the long run, it is better to promote the reform of the community and get more benefits in a currency controlled by the monopoly of computing power. Because in many conflicts between computing power and community in the past, the ultimate result is that the computing power owner will forcibly keep the old algorithm to hard fork the blockchain
just like Eth and etc, the classic Ethereum (etc), which belongs to the computing power master, has lost the support of developers and become an air coin with no vitality and impossible to develop applications
as a retail leek, you should be careful to trade the non mainstream digital currencies (except bitcoin) supported by bitmainland mining machinery, so as to avoid falling into a blockchain in which bitmainland controls the computing power completely
finally, if you are bitcontinent, what should you do
bitcontinent's goal is to become Intel, AMD and NVIDIA, make greater contributions to the whole computer instry, and become a great company, not just entangled in the immediate interests of mining
Wall Street financiers have long seen through the violence brought about by NVIDIA's video card mining. The rise and fall of the company's stock price has been consistent with the price of bitcoin, and even affected by the digital currency market. Citron, a well-known short seller, has recently been bearish on NVIDIA, arguing that the company has focused too much on providing services for digital currency miners rather than on serious businesses such as artificial intelligence, games and driverless driving
the mission of chip manufacturers is to provide more powerful chips to drive more intelligent services, and finally contribute to the real world, rather than become monopoly tycoons in the virtual world. When we no longer enter the gate of the virtual world, the only thing left is a deserted land
in an interview with US media last year, Wu Jihan disclosed that he would make an IPO with a market value of billions of dollars. As a company about to go public, bitmainland should not only be responsible to investors, but also accept investors' questions about the sustainability of its business. "If your mining machinery goes public, it will encounter a fork, what should you do?"
and this question, which needs to be asked after the listing, has already appeared: the current price of the split coin xmo after the Monroe team split is $7.50, while the current price of the real Monroe coin XmR is $194, and the split coin is completely abandoned by the Monroe community
before bitcontinent becomes the name of all blockchain communities, we can rely on the huge amount of capital accumulated in recent years to transform into an artificial intelligence chip company along the previous plan, rather than continue to develop a variety of digital currency mining machines to extract the last drop of oil before the ecological collapse
content source: phoenix.com
however, with the increasingly fierce competition in bookkeeping and the graal rise of dpos, ordinary computing power equipment has been unable to meet the needs of mining
it is necessary to purchase more professional mining machines or join large mines. Therefore, the threshold of mining is slightly higher
where there is demand, there is market
e to the increasing market demand for professional mining machinery, more and more chip enterprises increase investment in chip R & D, and start to develop mining machinery with higher computing power and lower energy consumption, so as to earn profits
when the currency price rose sharply in 2017, this kind of mining machinery was in short supply
as the level of computing power in the whole network is getting higher and higher, it is difficult for a single miner to seize the bookkeeping right and obtain bookkeeping rewards. Therefore, the way of combining a small amount of computing power and joint operation arises at the historic moment to improve the competitiveness of bookkeeping
the website established in this way is called "mine pool"
the profit model of the mine pool is to charge the handling charge. The more people participate in the mine pool, the higher the proportion of handling charge, the higher the income of the mine pool company
blockchain is the core supporting technology of digital cryptocurrency system represented by bitcoin. The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation based on decentralized credit in a distributed system without mutual trust by means of data encryption, time stamp, distributed consensus and economic incentive, so as to solve the common high cost, low cost and low cost of centralized institutions Low efficiency and data storage insecurity provide solutions
the application fields of blockchain include digital currency, token, finance, anti-counterfeiting traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. with the popularity of blockchain and bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered, which has a great impact on the domain name instry.
the purchase of bitcoin mining machine not only depends on the size of computing power, but also considers the efficiency of some mining machines, as well as the price of mining machines, the increasing difficulty of bitcoin mining and other factors
at present, the mainstream mining machines in the market are Avalon 3 generation mining machine and ant mining machine.