FPGA self made miner

1. FPGA is free, it seems that mining costs a lot of electricity, Taobao seems to sell information program before

2. The purpose of mining is to package the transaction block. If the package is successful, you will open a new package and get a 25 bitcoin reward, as well as the handling charge for the future transactions added to the package

then other miners will start to package the transaction generated by your new package until the next package comes out first

in the future, the mining capacity of bitcoin will be small or even zero. You still have transaction fees. The system will always need miners, and mining machines will still exist.

3.

1、 Mining principle

at the beginning, we could dig bitcoin with the computer CPU. The founder of bitcoin, Nakamoto Tsung, g out the world's first creation block with his computer CPU. However, the era of CPU mining has long passed, and now bitcoin mining is the era of ASIC mining and large-scale cluster mining

looking back on the mining history, bitcoin mining has gone through the following five times: CPU mining → GPU mining → FPGA mining → ASIC mining → large-scale cluster mining, The mining speed changes are as follows:

CPU (20mhash / s) → GPU (400mhash / s) → FPGA (25ghash / s) → ASIC (3.5tash / s) → large scale cluster mining (3.5tash / s * x)

mining speed, which is called computing power in professional terms, that is, the ability of computer to generate hash collisions per second. In other words, how many hash collisions can our miner do per second is the calculation force. Computing power is the ability to dig bitcoin. The higher the computing power, the more bitcoin you dig, the higher the return

in the world of bitcoin, a data block is recorded about every 10 minutes. All mining computers are trying to package the data block and submit it, and the person who successfully generates the data block will get a bitcoin reward. Initially, bitcoin rewards of 50 bitcoins could be generated about every 10 minutes. But the payment is halved every four years, and now the bitcoin network can generate 25 bitcoins every 10 minutes

to successfully generate data blocks, miners need to find the effective hash value. To get the correct hash value, there is no shortcut. You can only guess. The process of guessing is the process of computer random hash collision. If you guess correctly, you will get bitcoin

Mining method: from a miner to a large-scale mine, you need to prepare a miner, a computer that can connect to the Internet, an AUC, a raspberry pie, power supply and all kinds of connecting lines, etc. The connection order of various devices is network cable - & gt; Raspberry pie - & gt; Microusb cable - & gt; AUC-> 4Pin cable - & gt; Mining machine and power supply

< EM > Figure 3: Mine Map (scale of tens of thousands of mining machines) < / EM >

nowadays, the profit space of small and medium-sized absenteeism who take one mining machine home or deploy a small family workshop (dozens of mining machines) is very limited, and the mining instry is graally concentrating on enterprises and teams with low-cost power resources and professional deployment ability

there are many factors that affect the mining revenue, such as the performance and power consumption of mining machinery, the computing power and difficulty of the whole network, the deployment and operation and maintenance capacity of the mine, the availability of low-cost electricity resources, and the currency price and policy guidance, etc. At present, excellent mining enterprises have the ability of chip research and development, a lot of computing power, professional mine deployment and operation experience, etc. in the future, resources and computing power will be more and more concentrated in these mining enterprises

2. Mine pool

in addition to the above equipment, you also need a necessary tool - mine pool. The function of the mine pool is to gather a large amount of mineral computing power, increase your probability of getting bitcoin, and at the same time, distribute your future bitcoin income to your account in advance

the simple explanation is as follows: now the bitcoin network generates a block every 10 minutes, which contains 25 bitcoins. Suppose there are 1W people in the world participating in mining, then in these 10 minutes, only one lucky person has taken these 25 bitcoins, and the others have nothing. The principle of the mine pool is that everyone mines in teams and distributes according to the agreed distribution method, so that the income of the miners' bitcoin tends to be stable and the risks of the miners are reced. Let's take the most common PPS allocation method as an example. Suppose that your computing power is 10t, and the computing power of the whole mine pool is 100t. Your computing power accounts for 1 / 10 of the total computing power of the mine pool. Suppose that the mine pool can generate 10 bitcoins a day, then you can get 1 bitcoin a day

3. Cloud computing power

in reality, the supply of mining machines often exceeds the demand, and at the same time, the delivery of mining machines needs a long waiting period. Miner installation, commissioning, maintenance and other processes are very complex, which requires a lot of energy. Miners have to enre the noise and heat of miner. For miners, the biggest cost is not these, but the high electricity charges consumed by mining. The profit space of small and medium-sized miners is getting smaller and smaller, even negative

Mining income and risk mining income can be calculated by the following formula:

Mining income = generated bitcoin * currency price - mining machinery cost - electricity fee - custody fee

if you are just a small miner, generally you only need to dect mining machinery cost and electricity fee

Mining risks are as follows:

< UL >

at present, the number of bitcoin is less than 4.5 million. If we do not issue additional bitcoin, the price of bitcoin will fluctuate, and the price callback will lead to the extension of the payback cycle

mining difficulty improvement at present, our machines can meet the market demand

the risk of power outage

< UL >

< EM >
< / EM >

4. The mining machine of bitfish mine is a cluster mining machine with high computing power. The era of CPU mining has long passed, and GPU mining is not the mainstream. Now bitfish mine is an era of ASIC mining and large-scale cluster mining. Looking back on the mining history, bit mining has gone through the following five times: CPU mining, GPU mining, FPGA mining, ASIC mining, large-scale cluster mining, while the mining chips are updated, the mining speed changes are: CPU (20mbash / s), GPU (400mbash / s), FPGA (25ghash / s), ASIC (3.5tash / s), large-scale cluster mining (3.5tash / s * x), At present, bitfish is simulating quantum computing, but it is still a high computing power cluster miner.

5. In my opinion, if it reaches 10nm, the movement of the electron will have a great impact on the normal operation, which will greatly affect the yield of the proct. As far as I know, there is no good process to solve this kind of problem. Therefore, in the short run, it is better to consider expanding to three dimensions than to increase the plane density. It may be a practical method to forget the multi stack scheme proposed by which company in the front-end time.

6. If you can, it's not very cool, supporting tools should not be difficult to develop..

7.

if it is urban, it is usually handled in the government affairs center; If it is a township, it is usually handled at the police station where the registered residence is located.

processing conditions:
If a citizen requests to change his name with sufficient reasons (those who are deprived of political rights and subject to criminal punishment according to law and undergoing reecation through labor shall not change their name). The justifiable reasons for name change usually refer to: 1. The woman who has the surname of her husband removed her husband's surname, or changed her surname to her name; 2. Monks, Taoists, nuns, etc. return to the common customs and change their legal names to common names; 3. Names containing obscure characters that are not easily recognized by the public, etc. In principle, after getting the ID card, there is no justifiable reason not to change the name
materials to be submitted:
1. Approval form for application for correction of account change and written report of the applicant 2) household register (for collective households, the address page of the collective household register and the permanent residence registration card of the applicant) and resident identity card 3. For those who work in government agencies, organizations, schools, enterprises, institutions, etc., provide the certificate of approval for the change by the personnel department of their unit (if the approval form for the change of household registration items is added with the approval opinions and official seal, it shall be regarded as valid certificate) For those who enter the school (kindergarten), the school (kindergarten) approval certificate shall be provided (if the approval form of household registration project change correction application is added with the approval opinions and official seal, it shall be regarded as valid certificate) For those who are waiting for employment or farming, provide the certificate of approval for the change of their village (neighborhood) Committee (if the approval form for the change of household registration items is added with the approval opinions and the official seal, it will be regarded as valid certificate)
process:
1, accepted by the registered residence of the local police station. If the acceptance window is the police station, the approved materials shall be transferred to the local police station at the same time, and the applicant shall be informed of the approval results
2, the admissibility of the registered residence window is handled by the public security sub administration squadron's approval. p>

8.

goes to the local police station to handle the matter, and the registered residence section of the public security bureau is responsible for the examination. p> According to Article 18 of the household registration regulations, if a citizen changes his or her name, it shall be handled in accordance with the following provisions: (1) if a person under the age of 18 needs to change his or her name, he or she or her parents shall be responsible for the change. The adopter applies to the household registration authority for change of registration 2 When people over the age of 18 need to change their names, they should apply to the household registration authority for change of registration

materials to be prepared:

1 / my written application report (received by the police station)

2 / ID card and household registration book

3 / original supporting materials that can prove the reason for the change

4 / employees of the unit need to provide supporting materials for the approval of the change from the personnel department of the unit

5 / other supporting materials needed

< H2 > extended materials

detailed explanation of processing conditions and process:

1 / fill in name change application

under 18 years old, accompanied by parents or guardians, carry ID card and household register, and fill in the application report

over 18 years old, with ID card and household register, fill in the application report

2 / to the street or unit to issue a certificate, if it is a student to issue a certificate to the school, just to prove that it is a student of the school

3/ to registered residence registered residence office to apply for renaming, fill in the application form, need to add a household registration dedicated seal, the police sign, the director signature. P>

4/ sign the registered residence department at the county level (the district where the police station applies for signature to the higher authorities) should be implemented in accordance with local regulations. p>

5 / notarization: in accordance with the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, the change of name over the age of 16 requires notarization

6/ signed the registered residence of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, and did not take this step under the age of eighteen. P>

7/ returned to the registered residence office to print a new account book. P>

8/ provides new registered residence, identity card, 2 Photo Free (without hat, hair not covering face) 1 inch photo, to the household registration department to make a new identity card. p>

processing time limit:

the police station shall make a decision of approval or disapproval within 5 working days after receiving the application materials. If it needs to report to the Municipal Public Security Bureau, the Municipal Public Security Bureau shall make a decision of approval or disapproval within 5 working days after receiving the materials. The police station shall inform the applicant of the result within 2 days after receiving the decision of approval or disapproval from the superior public security organ

precautions:

1 / I want to express my intention to change my name

2 / the reason should be sufficient, and the name should not be different. The father's surname is Zhang, the mother's surname is Bai, and the boy is 23 years old. He applied to change his name to Ximen chuixue. The application failed

3 / I promise to bear the civil and legal liabilities caused by the name change

4 / those who have been deprived of political rights according to law and are undergoing criminal punishment and reecation through labor are not allowed to change their names

5 / after a citizen changes his name according to law, the original name will be used as "former name" for reference

6 / can only be changed once in one's life

other circumstances where the public security organ considers it necessary to change the surname. (1) the name or homophony of the name violates public order and good customs 2 Names or homonyms of names are easy to cause gender confusion, misunderstanding by others or hurt one's own feelings 3 Having a name containing obscure words 4 Changing the name of a baby to its scientific name 5 There are many plicate names or homonyms in the environment around the place where work, study and live, which is inconvenient to use 6 Other circumstances in which the public security organ considers it necessary to change the name

9. You can submit the name change application to the local police station.

10. The registered residence
handling conditions:
citizens require change of name, reason is sufficient (deprived of political rights and criminal punishment according to law, and no matter who is undergoing reecation through labor, no change of name). The justifiable reasons for name change usually refer to: 1. The woman who has the surname of her husband removed her husband's surname, or changed her surname to her name; 2. Monks, Taoists, nuns, etc. return to the common customs and change their legal names to common names; 3. Names containing obscure characters that are not easily recognized by the public, etc. In principle, after getting the ID card, there is no justifiable reason not to change the name
materials to be submitted:
1. Approval form for application for correction of account change and written report of the applicant 2) household register (for collective households, the address page of the collective household register and the permanent residence registration card of the applicant) and resident identity card 3. For those who work in government agencies, organizations, schools, enterprises, institutions, etc., provide the certificate of approval for the change by the personnel department of their unit (if the approval form for the change of household registration items is added with the approval opinions and official seal, it shall be regarded as valid certificate) For those who enter the school (kindergarten), the school (kindergarten) approval certificate shall be provided (if the approval form of household registration project change correction application is added with the approval opinions and official seal, it shall be regarded as valid certificate) For those who are waiting for employment or farming, provide the certificate of approval for the change of their village (neighborhood) Committee (if the approval form for the change of household registration items is added with the approval opinions and the official seal, it will be regarded as valid certificate) The original
processing flow:
1, accepted by the residence registration window of the local police station where the registered residence is located. If the acceptance window is the police station, the approved materials shall be transferred to the local police station at the same time, and the applicant shall be informed of the approval results
2, the admissibility of the household registration window, with the approval of the public security sub administration squadron, changes the proceres on the spot.