Can the U disk be used normally after the miner is started
Publish: 2021-05-09 18:27:34
1. To see where you live, the general public hospital will be better!
2. To put it simply, outsourcing means "external resource utilization", that is, to complete the original internal work by purchasing the services provided by a third party.
3. Hello, if you want to do gynecological comprehensive examination, of course, is to hang the number of gynecological clinic. To do gynecological examination, including gynecological color Doppler ultrasound, gynecological internal examination, check the cervix, vagina, leucorrhea, uterine size, activity, tenderness, bilateral adnexal mass, tenderness. Laboratory tests include routine leucorrhea test, cervical cytology and HPV virus test.
4. Yes, outsourcing is an effective means of risk aversion. The risk analysis of outsourcing:
1. The risk from the employer
a. the risk of outsourcing decision. Although outsourcing has many advantages, not all enterprises are suitable for outsourcing. Before deciding whether to outsource, scientific calculation and analysis are needed. If there are big mistakes and loopholes in the cost analysis, it is bound to cause outsourcing decision-making mistakes, and bring great risks
B. the risk of outsourcing service provider selection. Enterprises have great risks in the choice of outsourcing service providers. Due to the asymmetry of information, according to the view of game theory, there will be a phenomenon that the inferior will expel the superior. Therefore, the final choice of outsourcing service provider is often not the best choice. Outsourcing service provider is generally an independent legal entity. Through the cooperation of outsourcing business, there is a "principal-agent" relationship between enterprises and outsourcing service providers. In the case of asymmetric information, it is easy to cause insufficient control and affect the effect of contracting
2. Risks from subcontractors
a. the loss of subcontractors' personnel leads to the leakage of technology and information. When an enterprise entrusts its non core business to an external contractor for development or operation, the subcontractor may involve the enterprise's private information (such as trade secrets and internal information) that needs to be kept confidential in the process of project development. Due to the loss of personnel, the receiving party may inadvertently disclose the private information of the enterprise to the competitors, thus affecting the competitiveness of the enterprise, or procing other adverse consequences
B. the subcontractor may have moral hazard of "hidden behavior". Before the signing of the agreement, e to the information asymmetry, the information superior party (the receiving party) may deliberately hide information in order to obtain greater profits in the transaction, which brings risks to the information inferior party (the employer). For example, in order to achieve the purpose of contracting outsourcing projects, outsourcing service providers deliberately conceal some of their own shortcomings, such as poor equipment and technology
3. Risks arising from the transaction process of receiving and sending contractors
the coordination problem in outsourcing transaction means that there are certain risks in the communication between the two parties in the outsourcing process. Contractors and outsourcing enterprises are two independent economic entities. The differences in strategic objectives, management concepts and corporate culture between them often cause communication barriers and misunderstanding. At this time, if there is no common interest as the basis, no clear rights and responsibilities of the cooperation contract as constraints, mutual distrust, mutual blame, mutual blame between the enterprise and outsourcing team, then the effective cooperation will be difficult to continue, outsourcing execution and implementation costs will surge, and even lead to the eventual abortion of outsourcing
4. Risk from external environment
when the employer and the subcontractor are in different countries and offshore outsourcing exists, the risk of external environment on outsourcing should also be considered. For example, exchange rate risk, the risk of rising labor costs caused by RMB appreciation, and the risk of global economic turmoil
preventive measures for outsourcing risks
Dingtao will provide unique measures to avoid risks in the above outsourcing management process, so as to achieve a win-win goal for both the employer and the contractor
1. Cooperate with professional outsourcing service providers
the employer should first establish a contractor pool, rece the number of candidate contractors, and select suitable partners to deal with and get along with them. The selection of contractors should follow the following principles: the principle of moderation should be adopted, and the professional manufacturers who are too strong or too weak should not be selected. Too strong professional manufacturers, enterprises can not control, but also may be controlled by the other side, so that they fall into a very passive situation; And the weak professional manufacturers can not provide good services and procts, enterprises have to come back to take care of these weak professional manufacturers, which will affect the competitiveness of enterprises. The most important thing to choose a partner is the business ability, development strategy and business philosophy of the strategic partner. It is clear that the two sides are not a simple business relationship, but a community of interests. They should always maintain a good relationship with customers and subcontractors. They should not only ensure the control of the outsourcing process, but also effectively communicate with the subcontractors
2. The receiving and sending enterprises can try to establish a long-term and stable strategic partnership
by establishing a long-term and stable strategic partnership, the enterprises of both sides can not only avoid the moral hazard of "hidden behavior" of the receiving enterprises and the risk of contract breaking at will of the contracting enterprises, but also make the service outsourcing not only stay at the cost advantage of the contracting enterprises At the tactical level of market acquisition, service outsourcing can become an important strategy for both sides to gain competitive advantage, improve supply chain efficiency and seek long-term cooperation between enterprises
3. Make a contract as detailed and flexible as possible
make a contract as detailed and flexible as possible on the basis of full participation of both parties. It should include: a complete service level agreement (SLA), which defines the framework of performance, monitoring, measurement and reporting; Operation level agreement (OLA), or "rule book", is used to explain the operation rules that both parties should follow; The exit agreement specifies the circumstances under which the employment contract may be terminated and how to deal with the relevant welfare, salary, bonus, severance payment, etc
4. Establish a perfect supervision mechanism
ring the execution of the contract, the effective supervision of the contractor can further rece the risk from the contractor. The employer shall set up a supervision group composed of IT experts, financial experts and strategic experts, or employ a third-party supervision organization to supervise the contractor, find problems in time and take measures to rece risks. The supervision of docking contractors mainly includes service quality supervision, project progress supervision and project cost supervision
5. Establish a flexible incentive mechanism
the employer should set different levels according to the scope of service outsourcing and the proct quality provided by the subcontractor, so as to give different degrees of rewards. At the same time, if the subcontractor achieves technical improvement and breakthrough in some areas ring the completion of the project, and helps the employer to achieve business profits, the employer shall give the subcontractor additional rewards. Through these measures, contractors are encouraged to use new technologies and continuously improve service quality. At the same time, it can rece the loss of the Contractor's personnel and rece the risk of information leakage< The employer should fully understand the development of global economy and the development trend of the overall market, and actively deal with the risks caused by the external environment. For the unavoidable risks caused by force majeure, we should take active remedial measures to minimize the losses; For the risk of exchange rate changes, we should adopt appropriate exchange rate settlement methods to avoid such risks< At present, the enterprise outsourcing is in the ascendant, which has a huge role in promoting human proction and organization. How to manage the relationship between the contracting enterprise and the outsourcer, avoid the risk between them, and promote the outsourcing to go further, not only the academic circles but also the business circles should pay close attention to it. Dingtao believes that contract awarding enterprises should choose appropriate service providers according to their own outsourcing business needs, establish a good strategic partnership with service providers, and take effective supervision and incentive mechanisms for contractors in the whole contract awarding process, so as to rece risks as much as possible and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results.
1. The risk from the employer
a. the risk of outsourcing decision. Although outsourcing has many advantages, not all enterprises are suitable for outsourcing. Before deciding whether to outsource, scientific calculation and analysis are needed. If there are big mistakes and loopholes in the cost analysis, it is bound to cause outsourcing decision-making mistakes, and bring great risks
B. the risk of outsourcing service provider selection. Enterprises have great risks in the choice of outsourcing service providers. Due to the asymmetry of information, according to the view of game theory, there will be a phenomenon that the inferior will expel the superior. Therefore, the final choice of outsourcing service provider is often not the best choice. Outsourcing service provider is generally an independent legal entity. Through the cooperation of outsourcing business, there is a "principal-agent" relationship between enterprises and outsourcing service providers. In the case of asymmetric information, it is easy to cause insufficient control and affect the effect of contracting
2. Risks from subcontractors
a. the loss of subcontractors' personnel leads to the leakage of technology and information. When an enterprise entrusts its non core business to an external contractor for development or operation, the subcontractor may involve the enterprise's private information (such as trade secrets and internal information) that needs to be kept confidential in the process of project development. Due to the loss of personnel, the receiving party may inadvertently disclose the private information of the enterprise to the competitors, thus affecting the competitiveness of the enterprise, or procing other adverse consequences
B. the subcontractor may have moral hazard of "hidden behavior". Before the signing of the agreement, e to the information asymmetry, the information superior party (the receiving party) may deliberately hide information in order to obtain greater profits in the transaction, which brings risks to the information inferior party (the employer). For example, in order to achieve the purpose of contracting outsourcing projects, outsourcing service providers deliberately conceal some of their own shortcomings, such as poor equipment and technology
3. Risks arising from the transaction process of receiving and sending contractors
the coordination problem in outsourcing transaction means that there are certain risks in the communication between the two parties in the outsourcing process. Contractors and outsourcing enterprises are two independent economic entities. The differences in strategic objectives, management concepts and corporate culture between them often cause communication barriers and misunderstanding. At this time, if there is no common interest as the basis, no clear rights and responsibilities of the cooperation contract as constraints, mutual distrust, mutual blame, mutual blame between the enterprise and outsourcing team, then the effective cooperation will be difficult to continue, outsourcing execution and implementation costs will surge, and even lead to the eventual abortion of outsourcing
4. Risk from external environment
when the employer and the subcontractor are in different countries and offshore outsourcing exists, the risk of external environment on outsourcing should also be considered. For example, exchange rate risk, the risk of rising labor costs caused by RMB appreciation, and the risk of global economic turmoil
preventive measures for outsourcing risks
Dingtao will provide unique measures to avoid risks in the above outsourcing management process, so as to achieve a win-win goal for both the employer and the contractor
1. Cooperate with professional outsourcing service providers
the employer should first establish a contractor pool, rece the number of candidate contractors, and select suitable partners to deal with and get along with them. The selection of contractors should follow the following principles: the principle of moderation should be adopted, and the professional manufacturers who are too strong or too weak should not be selected. Too strong professional manufacturers, enterprises can not control, but also may be controlled by the other side, so that they fall into a very passive situation; And the weak professional manufacturers can not provide good services and procts, enterprises have to come back to take care of these weak professional manufacturers, which will affect the competitiveness of enterprises. The most important thing to choose a partner is the business ability, development strategy and business philosophy of the strategic partner. It is clear that the two sides are not a simple business relationship, but a community of interests. They should always maintain a good relationship with customers and subcontractors. They should not only ensure the control of the outsourcing process, but also effectively communicate with the subcontractors
2. The receiving and sending enterprises can try to establish a long-term and stable strategic partnership
by establishing a long-term and stable strategic partnership, the enterprises of both sides can not only avoid the moral hazard of "hidden behavior" of the receiving enterprises and the risk of contract breaking at will of the contracting enterprises, but also make the service outsourcing not only stay at the cost advantage of the contracting enterprises At the tactical level of market acquisition, service outsourcing can become an important strategy for both sides to gain competitive advantage, improve supply chain efficiency and seek long-term cooperation between enterprises
3. Make a contract as detailed and flexible as possible
make a contract as detailed and flexible as possible on the basis of full participation of both parties. It should include: a complete service level agreement (SLA), which defines the framework of performance, monitoring, measurement and reporting; Operation level agreement (OLA), or "rule book", is used to explain the operation rules that both parties should follow; The exit agreement specifies the circumstances under which the employment contract may be terminated and how to deal with the relevant welfare, salary, bonus, severance payment, etc
4. Establish a perfect supervision mechanism
ring the execution of the contract, the effective supervision of the contractor can further rece the risk from the contractor. The employer shall set up a supervision group composed of IT experts, financial experts and strategic experts, or employ a third-party supervision organization to supervise the contractor, find problems in time and take measures to rece risks. The supervision of docking contractors mainly includes service quality supervision, project progress supervision and project cost supervision
5. Establish a flexible incentive mechanism
the employer should set different levels according to the scope of service outsourcing and the proct quality provided by the subcontractor, so as to give different degrees of rewards. At the same time, if the subcontractor achieves technical improvement and breakthrough in some areas ring the completion of the project, and helps the employer to achieve business profits, the employer shall give the subcontractor additional rewards. Through these measures, contractors are encouraged to use new technologies and continuously improve service quality. At the same time, it can rece the loss of the Contractor's personnel and rece the risk of information leakage< The employer should fully understand the development of global economy and the development trend of the overall market, and actively deal with the risks caused by the external environment. For the unavoidable risks caused by force majeure, we should take active remedial measures to minimize the losses; For the risk of exchange rate changes, we should adopt appropriate exchange rate settlement methods to avoid such risks< At present, the enterprise outsourcing is in the ascendant, which has a huge role in promoting human proction and organization. How to manage the relationship between the contracting enterprise and the outsourcer, avoid the risk between them, and promote the outsourcing to go further, not only the academic circles but also the business circles should pay close attention to it. Dingtao believes that contract awarding enterprises should choose appropriate service providers according to their own outsourcing business needs, establish a good strategic partnership with service providers, and take effective supervision and incentive mechanisms for contractors in the whole contract awarding process, so as to rece risks as much as possible and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results.
5. First go to the hospital to hang a gynecological general number, and then you can tell the doctor that you want to do a gynecological routine examination. The doctor will usually ask you whether you want to do a B-ultrasound, check a leucorrhea routine, and so on. The doctor will give you suggestions, and then you can decide which items to do by yourself.
6. Outsourcing companies are not. To be more direct, people who publish such information are liars
first of all. You need to understand the nature of 58. He's just an information platform
58 all of the above advertising information release content does not belong to 58 itself, but is released by users all over the world. The above information content is not that a lot of real cheaters publish fraud information on it. Don't be fooled!! I'll tell you more about it. If you can type, you can publish all kinds of content, so there are a lot of cheaters!
first of all. You need to understand the nature of 58. He's just an information platform
58 all of the above advertising information release content does not belong to 58 itself, but is released by users all over the world. The above information content is not that a lot of real cheaters publish fraud information on it. Don't be fooled!! I'll tell you more about it. If you can type, you can publish all kinds of content, so there are a lot of cheaters!
7. Just hang gynecology department directly at the front desk. If you don't know anything, you can directly consult the medical guidance desk. Someone will explain to you. If you have a medical insurance card, please remember to bring it.
8. Software outsourcing is a kind of software requirement activity that an enterprise contracts all or part of the work in a software project to an enterprise providing outsourcing services in order to focus on the core competitiveness business and rece the cost of software project. Now business process outsourcing (BPO) has become a new development trend of outsourcing services, and will become the main content of outsourcing in the next few years. BPO includes human resources, procurement, accounting, customer center, logistics, R & D, marketing, factory operation and training, which can be further subdivided. Not only the IT instry needs BPO, but also every business of BPO can't do without the support of it business, which leads to it outsourcing opportunities
a software development project usually goes through several stages, such as requirement analysis, design, programming and testing. The design includes the overall design, system design (the overall architecture into a block system), detailed design of several links. After the detailed design, the software becomes a block of moles, and then it enters the programming. When it comes to the programming stage, software blue collar workers are left to work as mole coding. In India, they are usually employed by higher vocational graates who have been trained for one or two years
the final test of software is a complex process, including unit test (small mole test), system test (block to block connection integration), and overall function test. During this period, test programming engineers write test tools and formulate test rules, which is no less difficult than the formulation of system framework. Finally, the test engineer completes the test task
outsourcing software testing is expected to become a business growth point of small workshop software instry
If enterprises want to undertake international software outsourcing business stronger and bigger, they must be in line with the international software market, including English understanding and communication skills, technology, management, work methods and intellectual property rights. There are also quality assurance, credibility assurance, risk control ability and intellectual property protection. Obviously, the above conditions are not available for most domestic small workshop software enterprises. However, this does not necessarily mean that small workshop software companies will not have the opportunity to undertake software outsourcing services. Because of the software outsourcing project, software testing project is most suitable for the instry characteristics of small workshop software enterprises in China at this stage
software testing is the most important means to ensure the quality of software
using low-quality software may cause such and such problems in the process of operation, which may cause delay of work or loss of life and property for the user. Software testing is the most important means to protect software users from losses
what is software testing? IEEE definition in 1983 is: the process of using manual or automatic means to run or measure a system, the purpose of which is to check whether it meets the specified requirements or to find out the difference between the expected results and the actual results
modern software development engineering is to divide the whole software development process into several stages (see the figure below), and solve complex problems by stages. In this way, in the whole process of software development, we can put forward a number of clear monitoring points for each stage, which can be used as the inspection standard for the realization of goals in each stage, so as to improve the visibility of the development process and ensure the correctness of the development process
experience has proved that the quality of software is not only reflected in the correctness of the program, it is closely related to the system requirements analysis and software design before coding. Many errors in the use of software are not necessarily caused by programmers in the coding stage. On the contrary, they are caused in the programming and even in the requirement analysis. At this time, the error correction of software engineering must be traced back to the initial stage of software development. If so, it will increase the cost of software development
in order to ensure the quality of software, project management should focus on the whole software life cycle, especially the system analysis in the development phase. Therefore, the concept and implementation scope of software testing must include the review, evaluation and detection in the whole development stage
the current situation and future development trend of China's software outsourcing
first, China's undertaking of international software outsourcing is developing rapidly, but the development quality still needs to be improved
1. From the macro instrial level, the development speed is very fast
the growth rate is very fast. Although China, like India, began to undertake international software outsourcing projects since the 1980s, India has developed rapidly since the mid-1990s, while China did not begin to develop rapidly until around 2003. According to the latest report "China's software outsourcing market: introction to the top ten major software outsourcing companies" released by IDC (international data company), a consulting agency, in 2004, China's software outsourcing market grew at a rate of 49.9% and reached a market scale of 599 million US dollars. In the next five years, it will maintain a high growth rate of 50.9%, and the market size will reach US $4.696 billion by 2009
the export of software is mainly in Japan. At present, China's software outsourcing market is mainly concentrated in Asia. Among them, Japan is the main contracting market of China's software outsourcing services. In the total outsourcing service market of US $633 million, Japan's market demand has reached US $402 million, accounting for 63.5%, while the US, Hong Kong and European markets account for 13.7%, 10.3% and 3.3% respectively. Due to the management characteristics of Japanese enterprises, few of the final projects are contracted to China as a whole. Generally, the contracting is the sub mole decomposed from the system design and architecture analysis as the general contractor. The technology content is relatively low, and the nature of processing trade is obvious. This is also an important reason for the criticism of software outsourcing from all walks of life in China. However, what we have seen is that the backbone enterprises that first entered the Japanese market have begun to face the users together with the Japanese general contractors. They have started to intervene in projects, participate in design, undertake detailed design and development and testing work, and undertake follow-up services. The it based business process outsourcing for the Japanese market has also begun
software outsourcing enterprises are mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, Xi'an and other big cities. The common characteristics of these areas are good urban infrastructure construction and instrial supporting foundation, strong policy support from the local government, good market competition environment, a large number of foreign language proficient software talents, and strong innovation ability. Software enterprises have formed a group advantage here, and have formed a relatively complete software instry chain. In recent years, the support of the state in promoting software export has been strengthened. With the approval of the national development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of information instry, national software export bases in Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Tianjin, Dalian and Xi'an have been established to create favorable policy, talent, technology, capital, market and export conditions for them, give full play to the agglomeration effect and scale advantages, and form the international software enterprises in the national software export bases as the leader, Radiate the surrounding areas and drive the instrial pattern of national software export
2. From the micro level of enterprises, the quality of development needs to be improved
the scale of local software enterprises is still relatively small. Multinational software enterprises such as Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, etc. are developing rapidly e to their strong financial strength, and the scale of R & D personnel is about 3000-5000. But the local R & D software enterprises are generally less than 1000 people, it is difficult to carry out strategic long-term basic R & D projects. Even among the pure software outsourcing enterprises with rapid development of enterprise scale, there are a number of enterprises such as Zhongxun, Wensi, Boyan, etc., with about 3000 employees and exports of more than 10 million US dollars. However, compared with the large-scale outsourcing enterprises such as TCS and Infosys in India with more than 50000 employees and operation scale of 500 million US dollars, the scale of China's outsourcing enterprises is still relatively small, It is difficult to undertake large-scale software outsourcing projects
CMM, ISO and other kinds of certification have not really achieved the purpose of improving enterprise management ability. All kinds of certification is the basic guarantee for enterprises to provide the corresponding proct quality, and it is also the stepping stone for software enterprises to develop offshore outsourcing market. But at present, on the one hand, there are few software enterprises that have passed the high-level certification, on the other hand, even the software enterprises that have passed the high-level certification are difficult to be considered as enterprises that have the ability to manage large-scale software outsourcing projects. The reason is that many software outsourcing enterprises put the cart before the horse and blindly participate in various kinds of certification, rather than regard certification as an important means to improve the R & D and management ability of enterprises. The result is that even in the initial stage, the contracting enterprises will contract some projects based on high-level certification, but in the actual cooperation, they will graally realize the real ability of the enterprise and terminate the long-term cooperation< According to the survey of a large number of enterprises engaged in international software outsourcing, it can be concluded that there are four business models of enterprises undertaking international software outsourcing in China, and their main characteristics are as follows:
1. Software R & D institutions set up by multinational companies in China
(1) cost center type. What we value is the excellent R & D personnel and low labor cost in China, which can rece the cost on the basis of improving R & D efficiency and proct R & D quality
(2) it mainly undertakes the software development projects of the parent company, and generally does not undertake business in the local area, so the business technology level is relatively high. One of these enterprises is the software proct R & D projects contracted by the parent company. According to the internal level division mode of multinational companies, they are mainly engaged in the development and research of the company's core software procts. Many of the research projects are related to the future development direction of software, and are strategic measures to enhance the company's overall core competitiveness; One is that the parent company undertakes the software service orders of other overseas end customers in the form of general contractor, and contracts the specific R & D tasks in the orders to China. The typical example is the branch of Japanese software giant in China, and the technology demonstration effect is very obvious
(3) settlement is basically the internal pricing of multinational companies, and the economic benefits in tax and other aspects are not obvious, but indirect benefits can be obtained through personnel training and technology demonstration< (4) the number of employees is growing steadily, which is not as fast as that of software companies specializing in outsourcing
(5) the types of enterprises are complex, including service enterprises, manufacturing enterprises and more multinational software enterprises
as China has a large number of excellent and relatively low-cost software R & D personnel, it is very attractive to multinational companies in developed countries which lack talents. Generally speaking, the projects undertaken by such enterprises are of high technical content, and most of them enter the middle and upper class projects, which is of great help to the improvement of China's independent software R & D capability, and more in line with China's resource conditions and development orientation< (1) profit center type. The purpose is very clear, that is, market driven, in order to develop China's huge local software market, it is a pure profit center. Such enterprises contribute a lot to the tax revenue and employment of the national economy, and consume less resources, which is concive to the upgrading of China's instrial structure
(2) the competitiveness is relatively strong. First, it is mature
a software development project usually goes through several stages, such as requirement analysis, design, programming and testing. The design includes the overall design, system design (the overall architecture into a block system), detailed design of several links. After the detailed design, the software becomes a block of moles, and then it enters the programming. When it comes to the programming stage, software blue collar workers are left to work as mole coding. In India, they are usually employed by higher vocational graates who have been trained for one or two years
the final test of software is a complex process, including unit test (small mole test), system test (block to block connection integration), and overall function test. During this period, test programming engineers write test tools and formulate test rules, which is no less difficult than the formulation of system framework. Finally, the test engineer completes the test task
outsourcing software testing is expected to become a business growth point of small workshop software instry
If enterprises want to undertake international software outsourcing business stronger and bigger, they must be in line with the international software market, including English understanding and communication skills, technology, management, work methods and intellectual property rights. There are also quality assurance, credibility assurance, risk control ability and intellectual property protection. Obviously, the above conditions are not available for most domestic small workshop software enterprises. However, this does not necessarily mean that small workshop software companies will not have the opportunity to undertake software outsourcing services. Because of the software outsourcing project, software testing project is most suitable for the instry characteristics of small workshop software enterprises in China at this stage
software testing is the most important means to ensure the quality of software
using low-quality software may cause such and such problems in the process of operation, which may cause delay of work or loss of life and property for the user. Software testing is the most important means to protect software users from losses
what is software testing? IEEE definition in 1983 is: the process of using manual or automatic means to run or measure a system, the purpose of which is to check whether it meets the specified requirements or to find out the difference between the expected results and the actual results
modern software development engineering is to divide the whole software development process into several stages (see the figure below), and solve complex problems by stages. In this way, in the whole process of software development, we can put forward a number of clear monitoring points for each stage, which can be used as the inspection standard for the realization of goals in each stage, so as to improve the visibility of the development process and ensure the correctness of the development process
experience has proved that the quality of software is not only reflected in the correctness of the program, it is closely related to the system requirements analysis and software design before coding. Many errors in the use of software are not necessarily caused by programmers in the coding stage. On the contrary, they are caused in the programming and even in the requirement analysis. At this time, the error correction of software engineering must be traced back to the initial stage of software development. If so, it will increase the cost of software development
in order to ensure the quality of software, project management should focus on the whole software life cycle, especially the system analysis in the development phase. Therefore, the concept and implementation scope of software testing must include the review, evaluation and detection in the whole development stage
the current situation and future development trend of China's software outsourcing
first, China's undertaking of international software outsourcing is developing rapidly, but the development quality still needs to be improved
1. From the macro instrial level, the development speed is very fast
the growth rate is very fast. Although China, like India, began to undertake international software outsourcing projects since the 1980s, India has developed rapidly since the mid-1990s, while China did not begin to develop rapidly until around 2003. According to the latest report "China's software outsourcing market: introction to the top ten major software outsourcing companies" released by IDC (international data company), a consulting agency, in 2004, China's software outsourcing market grew at a rate of 49.9% and reached a market scale of 599 million US dollars. In the next five years, it will maintain a high growth rate of 50.9%, and the market size will reach US $4.696 billion by 2009
the export of software is mainly in Japan. At present, China's software outsourcing market is mainly concentrated in Asia. Among them, Japan is the main contracting market of China's software outsourcing services. In the total outsourcing service market of US $633 million, Japan's market demand has reached US $402 million, accounting for 63.5%, while the US, Hong Kong and European markets account for 13.7%, 10.3% and 3.3% respectively. Due to the management characteristics of Japanese enterprises, few of the final projects are contracted to China as a whole. Generally, the contracting is the sub mole decomposed from the system design and architecture analysis as the general contractor. The technology content is relatively low, and the nature of processing trade is obvious. This is also an important reason for the criticism of software outsourcing from all walks of life in China. However, what we have seen is that the backbone enterprises that first entered the Japanese market have begun to face the users together with the Japanese general contractors. They have started to intervene in projects, participate in design, undertake detailed design and development and testing work, and undertake follow-up services. The it based business process outsourcing for the Japanese market has also begun
software outsourcing enterprises are mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, Xi'an and other big cities. The common characteristics of these areas are good urban infrastructure construction and instrial supporting foundation, strong policy support from the local government, good market competition environment, a large number of foreign language proficient software talents, and strong innovation ability. Software enterprises have formed a group advantage here, and have formed a relatively complete software instry chain. In recent years, the support of the state in promoting software export has been strengthened. With the approval of the national development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of information instry, national software export bases in Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Tianjin, Dalian and Xi'an have been established to create favorable policy, talent, technology, capital, market and export conditions for them, give full play to the agglomeration effect and scale advantages, and form the international software enterprises in the national software export bases as the leader, Radiate the surrounding areas and drive the instrial pattern of national software export
2. From the micro level of enterprises, the quality of development needs to be improved
the scale of local software enterprises is still relatively small. Multinational software enterprises such as Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, etc. are developing rapidly e to their strong financial strength, and the scale of R & D personnel is about 3000-5000. But the local R & D software enterprises are generally less than 1000 people, it is difficult to carry out strategic long-term basic R & D projects. Even among the pure software outsourcing enterprises with rapid development of enterprise scale, there are a number of enterprises such as Zhongxun, Wensi, Boyan, etc., with about 3000 employees and exports of more than 10 million US dollars. However, compared with the large-scale outsourcing enterprises such as TCS and Infosys in India with more than 50000 employees and operation scale of 500 million US dollars, the scale of China's outsourcing enterprises is still relatively small, It is difficult to undertake large-scale software outsourcing projects
CMM, ISO and other kinds of certification have not really achieved the purpose of improving enterprise management ability. All kinds of certification is the basic guarantee for enterprises to provide the corresponding proct quality, and it is also the stepping stone for software enterprises to develop offshore outsourcing market. But at present, on the one hand, there are few software enterprises that have passed the high-level certification, on the other hand, even the software enterprises that have passed the high-level certification are difficult to be considered as enterprises that have the ability to manage large-scale software outsourcing projects. The reason is that many software outsourcing enterprises put the cart before the horse and blindly participate in various kinds of certification, rather than regard certification as an important means to improve the R & D and management ability of enterprises. The result is that even in the initial stage, the contracting enterprises will contract some projects based on high-level certification, but in the actual cooperation, they will graally realize the real ability of the enterprise and terminate the long-term cooperation< According to the survey of a large number of enterprises engaged in international software outsourcing, it can be concluded that there are four business models of enterprises undertaking international software outsourcing in China, and their main characteristics are as follows:
1. Software R & D institutions set up by multinational companies in China
(1) cost center type. What we value is the excellent R & D personnel and low labor cost in China, which can rece the cost on the basis of improving R & D efficiency and proct R & D quality
(2) it mainly undertakes the software development projects of the parent company, and generally does not undertake business in the local area, so the business technology level is relatively high. One of these enterprises is the software proct R & D projects contracted by the parent company. According to the internal level division mode of multinational companies, they are mainly engaged in the development and research of the company's core software procts. Many of the research projects are related to the future development direction of software, and are strategic measures to enhance the company's overall core competitiveness; One is that the parent company undertakes the software service orders of other overseas end customers in the form of general contractor, and contracts the specific R & D tasks in the orders to China. The typical example is the branch of Japanese software giant in China, and the technology demonstration effect is very obvious
(3) settlement is basically the internal pricing of multinational companies, and the economic benefits in tax and other aspects are not obvious, but indirect benefits can be obtained through personnel training and technology demonstration< (4) the number of employees is growing steadily, which is not as fast as that of software companies specializing in outsourcing
(5) the types of enterprises are complex, including service enterprises, manufacturing enterprises and more multinational software enterprises
as China has a large number of excellent and relatively low-cost software R & D personnel, it is very attractive to multinational companies in developed countries which lack talents. Generally speaking, the projects undertaken by such enterprises are of high technical content, and most of them enter the middle and upper class projects, which is of great help to the improvement of China's independent software R & D capability, and more in line with China's resource conditions and development orientation< (1) profit center type. The purpose is very clear, that is, market driven, in order to develop China's huge local software market, it is a pure profit center. Such enterprises contribute a lot to the tax revenue and employment of the national economy, and consume less resources, which is concive to the upgrading of China's instrial structure
(2) the competitiveness is relatively strong. First, it is mature
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