Plato's future miner
Publish: 2021-05-11 16:02:16
1. Plato (Greek: Π) λ&# 940; των， English: Plato (about 427-347 BC) is not only the ancient Greek philosophy, but also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture
his original name was aristokles, but later his name was changed to Plato because of his strong body and broad forehead (platus means "flat and broad" in Greek). Fourth in the family. Plato was nicknamed by his PE teacher
he was born in Athens. After his parents were famous families, he received a complete ecation from childhood. In his early years, he loved literature, wrote poems and tragedies, and was interested in politics. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death, which made him completely disappointed with the existing system of government. The death of his teacher dealt a heavy blow to Plato. Because of his teacher's unfair experience, he opposed democratic politics and believed that a person should do what was consistent with his identity. Farmers were only in charge of farming, craftsmen were only in charge of working, and merchants were only in charge of business, Civilians cannot participate in state affairs. Socrates' death deepened his prejudice against the civilian system of government. He said: we need to find a skilled person to make a pair of shoes. When we get sick, we need to hire a good doctor. Isn't it ridiculous that we should hand over the important task of running the country to anyone< After the teacher died, Plato didn't want to stay in Athens. From the age of 28 to 40, he traveled abroad, successively to Egypt, Italy, Sicily and other places. While he inspected, he publicized his political ideas. In 388 B.C., he went to the ancient city of Syrah in Sicily, trying to persuade the rulers to establish an ideal country managed by philosophers, but his goal was not achieved. Unfortunately, he was sold as a slave on his way back, and his friends spent a lot of money to redeem him< In 387 BC, Plato returned to Athens and founded his own school near a garden and sports ground set up to commemorate the Greek hero akademu in the northwest corner of the city_-- The Academy. The name of the school is related to its address, which is related to the legendary Greek hero academus, so it is named after it. This is the earliest institution of higher learning in the west, and hence the name of the academic institution of later generations. It is the predecessor of the University developed in the West in the middle ages. The School Park existed for more than 900 years, until it was closed by Justinian in 529 ad. The school was greatly influenced by Pythagoras. Its curriculum was similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras School, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics
in 367 BC, Plato went on a tour again, and the school had been established for more than 20 years. He went to Sicily twice in an attempt to realize his political ambition and put his ideas into practice. However, he was forced to exile and returned to Athens in 360 BC to continue teaching and writing in the school garden. Until 347 BC, Plato died at the age of 80
Plato was a student of Socrates and Aristotle was a student of Plato. They had a profound influence on ancient Greece and later Western thought and civilization
Plato's main works
Plato was quick witted, widely studied and wrote a lot. More than 40 works and 13 letters have been handed down in his name. Plato's main philosophical thoughts are recorded in the form of dialogue. In Plato's dialogue, there are many conversations in the name of Socrates, so it is difficult to distinguish which is Socrates' thought and which is Plato's thought. After generations of scholars' painstaking research, 24 of them and 4 letters were identified as authentic, There are mainly:
I Epicurus, the plea of Socrates, Cleopatra, Phaedo
II Cleopatra, Theaetetus, the wise man, statesman
III Parmenides, Philips, feast, federo
IV Archibald I, Archibald I, Archibald I Plato's fictions are also of great academic significance, The following works are considered to be the works of later generations:
Minos, eryxias, theages, cleitophon, lovers
most of Plato's works are written in dialogue style, with distinctive characters, vivid scenes, beautiful language and meticulous argumentation, The content is rich and profound, reaching a high degree of unity of philosophy and literature, logic and rhetoric, which is of great significance and value not only in philosophy but also in literature
the translators of Chinese translation mainly include Yan Qun, Chen Kang, Wang Xiaochao, etc. At present, Plato's complete works (four volume edition), published by people's Publishing House and translated by Wang Xiaochao, is widely used< In Plato's opinion, if any philosophy wants to be universal, it must include a theory about nature and universe. Plato tried to grasp the eternal truth about the indivial and nature, so he developed a natural philosophy suitable for and subordinate to his political and theological views< According to Plato, the tangible things in nature are flowing, but the "form" or "idea" that constitutes them is eternal. Plato pointed out that when we say "horse", we do not mean any horse, but any kind of horse. The meaning of "horse" itself is independent of all kinds of horses ("tangible"), it does not exist in space and time, so it is eternal. However, a specific, tangible horse that exists in the sensory world is "mobile" and will die and rot. This can be used as a preliminary explanation of Plato's "idealism"< According to Plato, we can't have a real understanding of the changing and flowing things. We only have opinions or opinions about them. The only thing we can really understand is the "form" or "idea" that we can use our reason to understand. Therefore, Plato thinks that knowledge is fixed and certain, and there can be no wrong knowledge. But the opinion may be wrong
Plato's cave metaphor in Plato's the Republic, there is a famous cave metaphor to explain the idealism: there are a group of prisoners in a cave, their hands and feet are bound, their bodies can't turn, they can only turn their back to the cave. There was a white wall in front of them, and a fire was burning behind them. On the white wall, they saw the shadows of themselves and the things behind them to the fire. Because they could not see anything else, the prisoners would think that the shadows were the real things. Finally, a man broke free from the shackles, and groped out the hole. He saw the real thing for the first time. He went back to the cave and tried to explain to others that the shadows were just illusory things and showed them the way to light. But to the prisoners, the man seemed more stupid than before, and declared to him that there was nothing in the world but the shadow on the wall
Plato uses this story to tell us that "form" is actually the object under the sunlight, and what our sensory world can feel is just the shadow on the white wall. Our nature is dark and monotonous compared with the distinct rational world. Those who do not understand philosophy can only see the shadows, while philosophers can see the external things in the sunshine of truth
Plato's Republic also depicts an ideal Utopian picture to us. Plato believes that the state should be ruled by philosophers. In Plato's Utopia, citizens are divided into three classes: defenders, soldiers and ordinary people. The defenders are a few elites who manage the country. They can be inherited, but the outstanding children of other classes can also be trained as defenders, and the descendants of defenders may also be reced to the class of ordinary people. The task of the defenders is to supervise the formulation and implementation of the code. To achieve this goal, Plato has a complete set of theories. His Utopia requires everyone to have their own special functions in the society to meet the needs of the whole society. But in this country, women and men have the same rights, there is complete sexual equality. The government can lie in the public interest. Everyone should do his part and not disturb others. Today, Plato's Utopia is a terrible totalitarian country. But "the Republic is actually the view of scientists who manage the country in the right way", Plato himself did not try to realize the state machine in the Republic< In the law, Plato pointed out that "constitutional state" is the best country after the Republic. He also points out in the book that women and men should receive the same respect and training< Plato tried to make astronomy a branch of mathematics. "Astronomy, like geometry, can be studied by asking and solving problems, not by the celestial sphere," he said Plato believed that the beginning of the universe was a chaos without distinction. The opening up of this chaos is the result of the activities of a supernatural God. According to Plato, the universe changes from chaos to order, and the most important feature is that the creator makes a rational plan for the world; The mechanical process of putting the scheme into practice is a natural event
Plato's cosmology is basically a mathematical cosmology. He imagined that there were two right triangles at the beginning of the universe, one half of a square and the other half of an equilateral triangle. From these triangles, four kinds of regular polyhedrons are reasonably generated, which form particles of four elements. Fire particles are tetrahedron, air particles are octahedron, water particles are icosahedron, and soil particles are cube. The fifth regular polyhedron is a dodecahedron formed by regular pentagons, which is the fifth element of celestial matter, called ether. The whole universe is a sphere, because the sphere is symmetrical and perfect, and any point on the sphere is the same. The universe is also living and moving, with one soul filling all the space. The motion of the universe is a kind of circular motion, because circular motion is the most perfect, it does not need hands or feet to push. The number of each of the four elements in the universe is as follows: the ratio of fire to air is equal to the ratio of air to water and the ratio of water to earth. Everything can be named by a number, which represents the proportion of the elements in it< Plato's view of ecation is the first in the history of western ecation to put forward and establish a complete idea of preschool ecation
his original name was aristokles, but later his name was changed to Plato because of his strong body and broad forehead (platus means "flat and broad" in Greek). Fourth in the family. Plato was nicknamed by his PE teacher
he was born in Athens. After his parents were famous families, he received a complete ecation from childhood. In his early years, he loved literature, wrote poems and tragedies, and was interested in politics. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death, which made him completely disappointed with the existing system of government. The death of his teacher dealt a heavy blow to Plato. Because of his teacher's unfair experience, he opposed democratic politics and believed that a person should do what was consistent with his identity. Farmers were only in charge of farming, craftsmen were only in charge of working, and merchants were only in charge of business, Civilians cannot participate in state affairs. Socrates' death deepened his prejudice against the civilian system of government. He said: we need to find a skilled person to make a pair of shoes. When we get sick, we need to hire a good doctor. Isn't it ridiculous that we should hand over the important task of running the country to anyone< After the teacher died, Plato didn't want to stay in Athens. From the age of 28 to 40, he traveled abroad, successively to Egypt, Italy, Sicily and other places. While he inspected, he publicized his political ideas. In 388 B.C., he went to the ancient city of Syrah in Sicily, trying to persuade the rulers to establish an ideal country managed by philosophers, but his goal was not achieved. Unfortunately, he was sold as a slave on his way back, and his friends spent a lot of money to redeem him< In 387 BC, Plato returned to Athens and founded his own school near a garden and sports ground set up to commemorate the Greek hero akademu in the northwest corner of the city_-- The Academy. The name of the school is related to its address, which is related to the legendary Greek hero academus, so it is named after it. This is the earliest institution of higher learning in the west, and hence the name of the academic institution of later generations. It is the predecessor of the University developed in the West in the middle ages. The School Park existed for more than 900 years, until it was closed by Justinian in 529 ad. The school was greatly influenced by Pythagoras. Its curriculum was similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras School, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics
in 367 BC, Plato went on a tour again, and the school had been established for more than 20 years. He went to Sicily twice in an attempt to realize his political ambition and put his ideas into practice. However, he was forced to exile and returned to Athens in 360 BC to continue teaching and writing in the school garden. Until 347 BC, Plato died at the age of 80
Plato was a student of Socrates and Aristotle was a student of Plato. They had a profound influence on ancient Greece and later Western thought and civilization
Plato's main works
Plato was quick witted, widely studied and wrote a lot. More than 40 works and 13 letters have been handed down in his name. Plato's main philosophical thoughts are recorded in the form of dialogue. In Plato's dialogue, there are many conversations in the name of Socrates, so it is difficult to distinguish which is Socrates' thought and which is Plato's thought. After generations of scholars' painstaking research, 24 of them and 4 letters were identified as authentic, There are mainly:
I Epicurus, the plea of Socrates, Cleopatra, Phaedo
II Cleopatra, Theaetetus, the wise man, statesman
III Parmenides, Philips, feast, federo
IV Archibald I, Archibald I, Archibald I Plato's fictions are also of great academic significance, The following works are considered to be the works of later generations:
Minos, eryxias, theages, cleitophon, lovers
most of Plato's works are written in dialogue style, with distinctive characters, vivid scenes, beautiful language and meticulous argumentation, The content is rich and profound, reaching a high degree of unity of philosophy and literature, logic and rhetoric, which is of great significance and value not only in philosophy but also in literature
the translators of Chinese translation mainly include Yan Qun, Chen Kang, Wang Xiaochao, etc. At present, Plato's complete works (four volume edition), published by people's Publishing House and translated by Wang Xiaochao, is widely used< In Plato's opinion, if any philosophy wants to be universal, it must include a theory about nature and universe. Plato tried to grasp the eternal truth about the indivial and nature, so he developed a natural philosophy suitable for and subordinate to his political and theological views< According to Plato, the tangible things in nature are flowing, but the "form" or "idea" that constitutes them is eternal. Plato pointed out that when we say "horse", we do not mean any horse, but any kind of horse. The meaning of "horse" itself is independent of all kinds of horses ("tangible"), it does not exist in space and time, so it is eternal. However, a specific, tangible horse that exists in the sensory world is "mobile" and will die and rot. This can be used as a preliminary explanation of Plato's "idealism"< According to Plato, we can't have a real understanding of the changing and flowing things. We only have opinions or opinions about them. The only thing we can really understand is the "form" or "idea" that we can use our reason to understand. Therefore, Plato thinks that knowledge is fixed and certain, and there can be no wrong knowledge. But the opinion may be wrong
Plato's cave metaphor in Plato's the Republic, there is a famous cave metaphor to explain the idealism: there are a group of prisoners in a cave, their hands and feet are bound, their bodies can't turn, they can only turn their back to the cave. There was a white wall in front of them, and a fire was burning behind them. On the white wall, they saw the shadows of themselves and the things behind them to the fire. Because they could not see anything else, the prisoners would think that the shadows were the real things. Finally, a man broke free from the shackles, and groped out the hole. He saw the real thing for the first time. He went back to the cave and tried to explain to others that the shadows were just illusory things and showed them the way to light. But to the prisoners, the man seemed more stupid than before, and declared to him that there was nothing in the world but the shadow on the wall
Plato uses this story to tell us that "form" is actually the object under the sunlight, and what our sensory world can feel is just the shadow on the white wall. Our nature is dark and monotonous compared with the distinct rational world. Those who do not understand philosophy can only see the shadows, while philosophers can see the external things in the sunshine of truth
Plato's Republic also depicts an ideal Utopian picture to us. Plato believes that the state should be ruled by philosophers. In Plato's Utopia, citizens are divided into three classes: defenders, soldiers and ordinary people. The defenders are a few elites who manage the country. They can be inherited, but the outstanding children of other classes can also be trained as defenders, and the descendants of defenders may also be reced to the class of ordinary people. The task of the defenders is to supervise the formulation and implementation of the code. To achieve this goal, Plato has a complete set of theories. His Utopia requires everyone to have their own special functions in the society to meet the needs of the whole society. But in this country, women and men have the same rights, there is complete sexual equality. The government can lie in the public interest. Everyone should do his part and not disturb others. Today, Plato's Utopia is a terrible totalitarian country. But "the Republic is actually the view of scientists who manage the country in the right way", Plato himself did not try to realize the state machine in the Republic< In the law, Plato pointed out that "constitutional state" is the best country after the Republic. He also points out in the book that women and men should receive the same respect and training< Plato tried to make astronomy a branch of mathematics. "Astronomy, like geometry, can be studied by asking and solving problems, not by the celestial sphere," he said Plato believed that the beginning of the universe was a chaos without distinction. The opening up of this chaos is the result of the activities of a supernatural God. According to Plato, the universe changes from chaos to order, and the most important feature is that the creator makes a rational plan for the world; The mechanical process of putting the scheme into practice is a natural event
Plato's cosmology is basically a mathematical cosmology. He imagined that there were two right triangles at the beginning of the universe, one half of a square and the other half of an equilateral triangle. From these triangles, four kinds of regular polyhedrons are reasonably generated, which form particles of four elements. Fire particles are tetrahedron, air particles are octahedron, water particles are icosahedron, and soil particles are cube. The fifth regular polyhedron is a dodecahedron formed by regular pentagons, which is the fifth element of celestial matter, called ether. The whole universe is a sphere, because the sphere is symmetrical and perfect, and any point on the sphere is the same. The universe is also living and moving, with one soul filling all the space. The motion of the universe is a kind of circular motion, because circular motion is the most perfect, it does not need hands or feet to push. The number of each of the four elements in the universe is as follows: the ratio of fire to air is equal to the ratio of air to water and the ratio of water to earth. Everything can be named by a number, which represents the proportion of the elements in it< Plato's view of ecation is the first in the history of western ecation to put forward and establish a complete idea of preschool ecation
2. 1、 The ecstasy of prophecy refers to the ecstatic state that the prophets fall into when they prophesy the future; 2、 The madness of religion refers to the madness of those people who are predestined by the blood debts of their ancestors in order to make atonement and avoid disaster and pray for God; 3、 Poetic madness refers to the madness of the poet in his creation because he is attached by the God of poetry; 4、 In Plato's opinion, the madness of reason is essentially a kind of recollection -- the recollection of the world of ideas or the real ontology. Compared with the first three kinds of madness, the fourth kind of madness is the highest, the best and the truly sacred madness in terms of its nature and origin, the madman himself or the object of madness, because only it can completely get rid of the fetters of the phenomenal world and concentrate on the idea of good and beauty.
3. Plato divided the world into two parts. One is the material world, which is the world we live in; The other is the world of ideas, which Plato regards as a more realistic world than the world we live in. In fact, the so-called ideal world is actually our inner feelings. Although we can perceive things in the outside world through our senses, what is inside us makes us feel more real than what is outside. When we see a thing (such as a computer), we will form an idea about the computer in our mind. After that, whether we see the computer or not, the idea of the computer will exist in our mind for a long time. Therefore, when the computer disappears (such as explodes), we also have its image in our mind, so we think that the computer actually exists all the time, but our feelings deceive us, the real world is not real, only the world of ideas is the most real. This is how Plato views the world of ideas, because the real world is changing, and ideas can exist forever. Therefore, the idea is not expressed, but a sense of self. Plato called it "what the eyes of the soul see". This is actually a mysticism, mystifying people's thoughts. Idea is the idea of things formed in our mind. It is only because this idea exists in our mind that we can imagine it at will that it becomes mysterious. Therefore, Plato's thought is just a little mysticism, idea is thought, nothing special. If we can't see Plato's expression of mystifying ideas, we will fall into Platonism, that is, mysterious romantic fantasy. There is no ideal world, what exists is our own thoughts, that's all.
4. Plato
is also translated as Pareto
Pinyin: B ó l ā t ú
English Translation: Plato
Greek: Π λ&# 940; των
(about 427-347 BC)
ancient Greek philosophers are also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture<
[introction]
the origin of Plato's name: Why did Plato change his name from aristololes to Plato? Looking back to its origin, aristolos has been strong since he was a child, with a broad chest and broad shoulders. So the PE teacher named him "Plato", which means "broad" in Greek. Later, Plato's name was extended, popular today
Plato was born in the aristocracy of Athens and studied Socrates in his youth. After his death, he traveled all over the world and engaged in political activities in Egypt, Asia Minor and southern Italy in an attempt to realize his noble political ideal. In 387 BC, he fled back to Athens after the failure of the activity and set up a school park near a gymnasium called the Academy. After that, he taught for 40 years until his death. His teaching thoughts are mainly concentrated in the Republic and the law
Plato is the founder of Western objective idealism, whose philosophical system is broad and profound, and has a great influence on his teaching thought. Plato thinks that the world is composed of "ideal world" and "phenomenon world". The world of ideas is a real existence, eternal, and the real world touched by human senses is just a weak shadow of the world of ideas, which is composed of phenomena, and each phenomenon shows the characteristics of temporary changes e to time and space and other factors. From this point of view, Plato put forward a kind of epistemology of idealism and recollection, and took it as the philosophical basis of his teaching theory< In Plato's opinion, all human knowledge comes from talent and exists in human soul in a potential way. Therefore, cognition is not the feeling of the material world, but the recollection of the ideal world. The purpose of teaching is to recover human's inherent knowledge. The teaching process is & quot; Recollection & quot; The process of the concept. In teaching, Plato attached great importance to the general and general understanding, especially to the cultivation of students' thinking ability. He believed that concept and truth were the procts of pure thinking. At the same time, he thinks that students can recall the world of ideas through the shadow of the world of ideas in the world of phenomena, and recognize the stimulating role of feeling in cognition. He emphasized in particular the role of early ecation and the environment for children. The author thinks that the things children come into contact with in their childhood have a permanent influence on them. The teaching process should arouse students' memories through the emotional inspiration of specific things, and reproce the inherent concept knowledge in the soul through self-examination and thinking. In this regard, Plato's teaching knowledge is a kind of transcendentalism
Plato's teaching system is a pyramid. In order to develop rationality, he set up a comprehensive and rich curriculum system. Based on the psychological characteristics of students, he divided several age stages and taught different teaching subjects. Children aged 0-3 are taken care of in the nursery. 3-6-year-old children in the playground for stories, games, singing and other activities. After the age of six, children enter primary schools for elementary courses. In terms of teaching content, Plato accepted the Athenian ecational thought of the harmonious development of exercising with gymnastics and edifying the soul with music. He arranged simple reading, writing, calculating and singing for children, and attached great importance to gymnastics and other sports training. The 17-20-year-old youth were promoted to the national "everby" to receive military ecation, and combined with military needs to learn cultural subjects, mainly including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. He is 20-30 years old. After 10 years of science ecation, he has been strictly selected and focused on the development of young people's thinking ability and continued learning; Four subjects;, Understand the connection between natural sciences. After 30 years old, after further selection, he studied philosophy for 5 years. So far, Plato's relatively complete pyramid shaped teaching system has been formed
according to his teaching purpose, he absorbed and developed the "three arts" of the wise and the military physical ecation curriculum of Sparta. He also summed up the practical teaching experience of Athens and put forward the "four subjects" (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) for the first time in the history of ecation, which later became the backbone and source of the curriculum system of ancient Greece, It dominated secondary and higher ecation in Europe for 1500 years< In Plato's opinion, every subject has its own unique function, which can promote the development of personality. Before the age of 17, the extensive and comprehensive subject content is to cultivate the general literacy of citizens. For future philosophers, the above-mentioned subjects are essential knowledge preparation for Learning Dialectics. Grammar and rhetoric are the basis of philosophy; Arithmetic is to train people's ability of analysis and Thinking: learning geometry and astronomy is very important for navigation, marching, observing climate and exploring the universe; Learning music is to cultivate the courage and noble moral sentiment of soldiers. At the same time, he also attaches great importance to the selection and purification of various teaching materials, such as language, stories, myths, epics, etc., so as to make them meet the moral requirements and promote children's mental development< As far as teaching methods are concerned, Plato follows Socrates' question and answer method and regards the process of recalling existing knowledge as a process of teaching and inspiration. He opposed the use of compulsory means to instill knowledge, advocated the form of question and answer, put forward questions, expose contradictions, and then analyze, summarize, synthesize, judge, and finally come to a conclusion
rational training is the main feature of Plato's teaching thought. In the teaching process, Plato always takes the development of students' thinking ability as the ultimate goal. In the Republic, he used the words "reflection" and "contemplation" many times. He thought that only by means of reflection and contemplation can the knowledge of reason be really understood and understood, so as to draw inferences from one instance. The function of feeling is limited to the understanding of phenomena, and can not be used as a tool to obtain ideas. Therefore, teachers must guide students to concentrate their minds, combine learning with thinking, from one idea to another, and finally to the idea. Teachers should be good at enlightening, enlightening, and incing students to enter this realm, so that they can get "rational joy" after "hard thinking". This is similar to Socrates' midwifery
Plato's teaching thought involves almost all the important methods in the field of teaching. He was the first to define the basic division of psychology and make it closely linked with teaching. He inherited and developed Sparta's teaching theory of dividing teaching stages according to age characteristics. In terms of teaching content, form, method and means, he summed up and adopted the experience of Athens and put forward a comprehensive and harmonious curriculum system. He attached great importance to the development of students' thinking ability in teaching and emphasized the exploration of the essence of things, which gave great influence and Enlightenment to later ecators< However, Plato exaggerated the significance of rational development in teaching. His teaching process of learning through recollection and meditation reflects his idealistic tendency in understanding knowledge. In particular, his idea of absolutizing and isolating reason, which made sense and reason oppose each other, became the theoretical basis of the dogmatism teaching method of the Scholasticism in the middle ages.
is also translated as Pareto
Pinyin: B ó l ā t ú
English Translation: Plato
Greek: Π λ&# 940; των
(about 427-347 BC)
ancient Greek philosophers are also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture<
[introction]
the origin of Plato's name: Why did Plato change his name from aristololes to Plato? Looking back to its origin, aristolos has been strong since he was a child, with a broad chest and broad shoulders. So the PE teacher named him "Plato", which means "broad" in Greek. Later, Plato's name was extended, popular today
Plato was born in the aristocracy of Athens and studied Socrates in his youth. After his death, he traveled all over the world and engaged in political activities in Egypt, Asia Minor and southern Italy in an attempt to realize his noble political ideal. In 387 BC, he fled back to Athens after the failure of the activity and set up a school park near a gymnasium called the Academy. After that, he taught for 40 years until his death. His teaching thoughts are mainly concentrated in the Republic and the law
Plato is the founder of Western objective idealism, whose philosophical system is broad and profound, and has a great influence on his teaching thought. Plato thinks that the world is composed of "ideal world" and "phenomenon world". The world of ideas is a real existence, eternal, and the real world touched by human senses is just a weak shadow of the world of ideas, which is composed of phenomena, and each phenomenon shows the characteristics of temporary changes e to time and space and other factors. From this point of view, Plato put forward a kind of epistemology of idealism and recollection, and took it as the philosophical basis of his teaching theory< In Plato's opinion, all human knowledge comes from talent and exists in human soul in a potential way. Therefore, cognition is not the feeling of the material world, but the recollection of the ideal world. The purpose of teaching is to recover human's inherent knowledge. The teaching process is & quot; Recollection & quot; The process of the concept. In teaching, Plato attached great importance to the general and general understanding, especially to the cultivation of students' thinking ability. He believed that concept and truth were the procts of pure thinking. At the same time, he thinks that students can recall the world of ideas through the shadow of the world of ideas in the world of phenomena, and recognize the stimulating role of feeling in cognition. He emphasized in particular the role of early ecation and the environment for children. The author thinks that the things children come into contact with in their childhood have a permanent influence on them. The teaching process should arouse students' memories through the emotional inspiration of specific things, and reproce the inherent concept knowledge in the soul through self-examination and thinking. In this regard, Plato's teaching knowledge is a kind of transcendentalism
Plato's teaching system is a pyramid. In order to develop rationality, he set up a comprehensive and rich curriculum system. Based on the psychological characteristics of students, he divided several age stages and taught different teaching subjects. Children aged 0-3 are taken care of in the nursery. 3-6-year-old children in the playground for stories, games, singing and other activities. After the age of six, children enter primary schools for elementary courses. In terms of teaching content, Plato accepted the Athenian ecational thought of the harmonious development of exercising with gymnastics and edifying the soul with music. He arranged simple reading, writing, calculating and singing for children, and attached great importance to gymnastics and other sports training. The 17-20-year-old youth were promoted to the national "everby" to receive military ecation, and combined with military needs to learn cultural subjects, mainly including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. He is 20-30 years old. After 10 years of science ecation, he has been strictly selected and focused on the development of young people's thinking ability and continued learning; Four subjects;, Understand the connection between natural sciences. After 30 years old, after further selection, he studied philosophy for 5 years. So far, Plato's relatively complete pyramid shaped teaching system has been formed
according to his teaching purpose, he absorbed and developed the "three arts" of the wise and the military physical ecation curriculum of Sparta. He also summed up the practical teaching experience of Athens and put forward the "four subjects" (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) for the first time in the history of ecation, which later became the backbone and source of the curriculum system of ancient Greece, It dominated secondary and higher ecation in Europe for 1500 years< In Plato's opinion, every subject has its own unique function, which can promote the development of personality. Before the age of 17, the extensive and comprehensive subject content is to cultivate the general literacy of citizens. For future philosophers, the above-mentioned subjects are essential knowledge preparation for Learning Dialectics. Grammar and rhetoric are the basis of philosophy; Arithmetic is to train people's ability of analysis and Thinking: learning geometry and astronomy is very important for navigation, marching, observing climate and exploring the universe; Learning music is to cultivate the courage and noble moral sentiment of soldiers. At the same time, he also attaches great importance to the selection and purification of various teaching materials, such as language, stories, myths, epics, etc., so as to make them meet the moral requirements and promote children's mental development< As far as teaching methods are concerned, Plato follows Socrates' question and answer method and regards the process of recalling existing knowledge as a process of teaching and inspiration. He opposed the use of compulsory means to instill knowledge, advocated the form of question and answer, put forward questions, expose contradictions, and then analyze, summarize, synthesize, judge, and finally come to a conclusion
rational training is the main feature of Plato's teaching thought. In the teaching process, Plato always takes the development of students' thinking ability as the ultimate goal. In the Republic, he used the words "reflection" and "contemplation" many times. He thought that only by means of reflection and contemplation can the knowledge of reason be really understood and understood, so as to draw inferences from one instance. The function of feeling is limited to the understanding of phenomena, and can not be used as a tool to obtain ideas. Therefore, teachers must guide students to concentrate their minds, combine learning with thinking, from one idea to another, and finally to the idea. Teachers should be good at enlightening, enlightening, and incing students to enter this realm, so that they can get "rational joy" after "hard thinking". This is similar to Socrates' midwifery
Plato's teaching thought involves almost all the important methods in the field of teaching. He was the first to define the basic division of psychology and make it closely linked with teaching. He inherited and developed Sparta's teaching theory of dividing teaching stages according to age characteristics. In terms of teaching content, form, method and means, he summed up and adopted the experience of Athens and put forward a comprehensive and harmonious curriculum system. He attached great importance to the development of students' thinking ability in teaching and emphasized the exploration of the essence of things, which gave great influence and Enlightenment to later ecators< However, Plato exaggerated the significance of rational development in teaching. His teaching process of learning through recollection and meditation reflects his idealistic tendency in understanding knowledge. In particular, his idea of absolutizing and isolating reason, which made sense and reason oppose each other, became the theoretical basis of the dogmatism teaching method of the Scholasticism in the middle ages.
5. Plato
is also translated as Pareto
Pinyin: B ó l ā t ú
English Translation: Plato
Greek: Πλ&# 940; των
(about 427-347 BC)
ancient Greek philosopher is also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture. He, together with his teacher Socrates and student Aristotle, is known as the three great philosophers of ancient Greece<
[introction]
the origin of Plato's name: Why did Plato change his name to "Plato" after his original name aristolos? Looking back to its origin, aristolos has been strong since he was a child, with a broad chest and broad shoulders. So the PE teacher named him "Plato", which means "broad" in Greek. Later, Plato's name was extended, popular today
Plato was born in the aristocracy of Athens and studied Socrates in his youth. After his death, he traveled all over the world and engaged in political activities in Egypt, Asia Minor and southern Italy in an attempt to realize his noble political ideal. In 387 BC, he fled back to Athens after the failure of the activity and set up a school park near a gymnasium called the Academy. After that, he taught for 40 years until his death. His teaching thoughts are mainly concentrated in the Republic and the law
Plato is the founder of Western objective idealism, whose philosophical system is broad and profound, and has a great influence on his teaching thought. Plato thinks that the world is composed of "ideal world" and "phenomenon world". The world of ideas is a real existence, eternal, and the real world touched by human senses is just a weak shadow of the world of ideas, which is composed of phenomena, and each phenomenon shows the characteristics of temporary changes e to time and space and other factors. From this point of view, Plato put forward a kind of epistemology of idealism and recollection, and took it as the philosophical basis of his teaching theory< In Plato's opinion, all human knowledge comes from talent and exists in human soul in a potential way. Therefore, cognition is not the feeling of the material world, but the recollection of the ideal world. The purpose of teaching is to recover human's inherent knowledge. The teaching process is & quot; Recollection & quot; The process of the concept. In teaching, Plato attached great importance to the general and general understanding, especially to the cultivation of students' thinking ability. He believed that concept and truth were the procts of pure thinking. At the same time, he thinks that students can recall the world of ideas through the shadow of the world of ideas in the world of phenomena, and recognize the stimulating role of feeling in cognition. He emphasized in particular the role of early ecation and the environment for children. The author thinks that the things children come into contact with in their childhood have a permanent influence on them. The teaching process should arouse students' memories through the emotional inspiration of specific things, and reproce the inherent concept knowledge in the soul through self-examination and thinking. In this regard, Plato's teaching knowledge is a kind of transcendentalism
Plato's teaching system is a pyramid. In order to develop rationality, he set up a comprehensive and rich curriculum system. Based on the psychological characteristics of students, he divided several age stages and taught different teaching subjects. Children aged 0-3 are taken care of in the nursery. 3-6-year-old children in the playground for stories, games, singing and other activities. After the age of six, children enter primary schools for elementary courses. In terms of teaching content, Plato accepted the Athenian ecational thought of the harmonious development of exercising with gymnastics and edifying the soul with music. He arranged simple reading, writing, calculating and singing for children, and attached great importance to gymnastics and other sports training. The 17-20-year-old youth were promoted to the national "everby" to receive military ecation, and combined with military needs to learn cultural subjects, mainly including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. He is 20-30 years old. After 10 years of science ecation, he has been strictly selected and focused on the development of young people's thinking ability and continued learning; Four subjects;, Understand the connection between natural sciences. After 30 years old, after further selection, he studied philosophy for 5 years. So far, Plato's relatively complete pyramid shaped teaching system has been formed
according to his teaching purpose, he absorbed and developed the "three arts" of the wise and the military physical ecation curriculum of Sparta. He also summed up the practical teaching experience of Athens and put forward the "four subjects" (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) for the first time in the history of ecation, which later became the backbone and source of the curriculum system of ancient Greece, It dominated secondary and higher ecation in Europe for 1500 years< In Plato's opinion, every subject has its own unique function, which can promote the development of personality. Before the age of 17, the extensive and comprehensive subject content is to cultivate the general literacy of citizens. For future philosophers, the above-mentioned subjects are essential knowledge preparation for Learning Dialectics. Grammar and rhetoric are the basis of philosophy; Arithmetic is to train people's ability of analysis and Thinking: learning geometry and astronomy is very important for navigation, marching, observing climate and exploring the universe; Learning music is to cultivate the courage and noble moral sentiment of soldiers. At the same time, he also attaches great importance to the selection and purification of various teaching materials, such as language, stories, myths, epics, etc., so as to make them meet the moral requirements and promote children's mental development< As far as teaching methods are concerned, Plato follows Socrates' question and answer method and regards the process of recalling existing knowledge as a process of teaching and inspiration. He opposed the use of compulsory means to instill knowledge, advocated the form of question and answer, put forward questions, expose contradictions, and then analyze, summarize, synthesize, judge, and finally come to a conclusion
rational training is the main feature of Plato's teaching thought. In the teaching process, Plato always takes the development of students' thinking ability as the ultimate goal. In the Republic, he used the words "reflection" and "contemplation" many times. He thought that only by means of reflection and contemplation can the knowledge of reason be really understood and understood, so as to draw inferences from one instance. The function of feeling is limited to the understanding of phenomena, and can not be used as a tool to obtain ideas. Therefore, teachers must guide students to concentrate their minds, combine learning with thinking, from one idea to another, and finally to the idea. Teachers should be good at enlightenment
is also translated as Pareto
Pinyin: B ó l ā t ú
English Translation: Plato
Greek: Πλ&# 940; των
(about 427-347 BC)
ancient Greek philosopher is also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture. He, together with his teacher Socrates and student Aristotle, is known as the three great philosophers of ancient Greece<
[introction]
the origin of Plato's name: Why did Plato change his name to "Plato" after his original name aristolos? Looking back to its origin, aristolos has been strong since he was a child, with a broad chest and broad shoulders. So the PE teacher named him "Plato", which means "broad" in Greek. Later, Plato's name was extended, popular today
Plato was born in the aristocracy of Athens and studied Socrates in his youth. After his death, he traveled all over the world and engaged in political activities in Egypt, Asia Minor and southern Italy in an attempt to realize his noble political ideal. In 387 BC, he fled back to Athens after the failure of the activity and set up a school park near a gymnasium called the Academy. After that, he taught for 40 years until his death. His teaching thoughts are mainly concentrated in the Republic and the law
Plato is the founder of Western objective idealism, whose philosophical system is broad and profound, and has a great influence on his teaching thought. Plato thinks that the world is composed of "ideal world" and "phenomenon world". The world of ideas is a real existence, eternal, and the real world touched by human senses is just a weak shadow of the world of ideas, which is composed of phenomena, and each phenomenon shows the characteristics of temporary changes e to time and space and other factors. From this point of view, Plato put forward a kind of epistemology of idealism and recollection, and took it as the philosophical basis of his teaching theory< In Plato's opinion, all human knowledge comes from talent and exists in human soul in a potential way. Therefore, cognition is not the feeling of the material world, but the recollection of the ideal world. The purpose of teaching is to recover human's inherent knowledge. The teaching process is & quot; Recollection & quot; The process of the concept. In teaching, Plato attached great importance to the general and general understanding, especially to the cultivation of students' thinking ability. He believed that concept and truth were the procts of pure thinking. At the same time, he thinks that students can recall the world of ideas through the shadow of the world of ideas in the world of phenomena, and recognize the stimulating role of feeling in cognition. He emphasized in particular the role of early ecation and the environment for children. The author thinks that the things children come into contact with in their childhood have a permanent influence on them. The teaching process should arouse students' memories through the emotional inspiration of specific things, and reproce the inherent concept knowledge in the soul through self-examination and thinking. In this regard, Plato's teaching knowledge is a kind of transcendentalism
Plato's teaching system is a pyramid. In order to develop rationality, he set up a comprehensive and rich curriculum system. Based on the psychological characteristics of students, he divided several age stages and taught different teaching subjects. Children aged 0-3 are taken care of in the nursery. 3-6-year-old children in the playground for stories, games, singing and other activities. After the age of six, children enter primary schools for elementary courses. In terms of teaching content, Plato accepted the Athenian ecational thought of the harmonious development of exercising with gymnastics and edifying the soul with music. He arranged simple reading, writing, calculating and singing for children, and attached great importance to gymnastics and other sports training. The 17-20-year-old youth were promoted to the national "everby" to receive military ecation, and combined with military needs to learn cultural subjects, mainly including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. He is 20-30 years old. After 10 years of science ecation, he has been strictly selected and focused on the development of young people's thinking ability and continued learning; Four subjects;, Understand the connection between natural sciences. After 30 years old, after further selection, he studied philosophy for 5 years. So far, Plato's relatively complete pyramid shaped teaching system has been formed
according to his teaching purpose, he absorbed and developed the "three arts" of the wise and the military physical ecation curriculum of Sparta. He also summed up the practical teaching experience of Athens and put forward the "four subjects" (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) for the first time in the history of ecation, which later became the backbone and source of the curriculum system of ancient Greece, It dominated secondary and higher ecation in Europe for 1500 years< In Plato's opinion, every subject has its own unique function, which can promote the development of personality. Before the age of 17, the extensive and comprehensive subject content is to cultivate the general literacy of citizens. For future philosophers, the above-mentioned subjects are essential knowledge preparation for Learning Dialectics. Grammar and rhetoric are the basis of philosophy; Arithmetic is to train people's ability of analysis and Thinking: learning geometry and astronomy is very important for navigation, marching, observing climate and exploring the universe; Learning music is to cultivate the courage and noble moral sentiment of soldiers. At the same time, he also attaches great importance to the selection and purification of various teaching materials, such as language, stories, myths, epics, etc., so as to make them meet the moral requirements and promote children's mental development< As far as teaching methods are concerned, Plato follows Socrates' question and answer method and regards the process of recalling existing knowledge as a process of teaching and inspiration. He opposed the use of compulsory means to instill knowledge, advocated the form of question and answer, put forward questions, expose contradictions, and then analyze, summarize, synthesize, judge, and finally come to a conclusion
rational training is the main feature of Plato's teaching thought. In the teaching process, Plato always takes the development of students' thinking ability as the ultimate goal. In the Republic, he used the words "reflection" and "contemplation" many times. He thought that only by means of reflection and contemplation can the knowledge of reason be really understood and understood, so as to draw inferences from one instance. The function of feeling is limited to the understanding of phenomena, and can not be used as a tool to obtain ideas. Therefore, teachers must guide students to concentrate their minds, combine learning with thinking, from one idea to another, and finally to the idea. Teachers should be good at enlightenment
6. Plato (Greek: Π) λ&# 940; των， English: Plato (about 427-347 BC) is not only the ancient Greek philosophy, but also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture
his original name was aristokles, but later his name was changed to Plato because of his strong body and broad forehead (platus means "flat and broad" in Greek). Fourth in the family. Plato was nicknamed by his PE teacher
he was born in Athens. After his parents were famous families, he received a complete ecation from childhood. In his early years, he loved literature, wrote poems and tragedies, and was interested in politics. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death, which made him completely disappointed with the existing system of government. The death of his teacher dealt a heavy blow to Plato. Because of his teacher's unfair experience, he opposed democratic politics and believed that a person should do what was consistent with his identity. Farmers were only in charge of farming, craftsmen were only in charge of working, and merchants were only in charge of business, Civilians cannot participate in state affairs. Socrates' death deepened his prejudice against the civilian system of government. He said: we need to find a skilled person to make a pair of shoes. When we get sick, we need to hire a good doctor. Isn't it ridiculous that we should hand over the important task of running the country to anyone< After the teacher died, Plato didn't want to stay in Athens. From the age of 28 to 40, he traveled abroad, successively to Egypt, Italy, Sicily and other places. While he inspected, he publicized his political ideas. In 388 B.C., he went to the ancient city of Syrah in Sicily, trying to persuade the rulers to establish an ideal country managed by philosophers, but his goal was not achieved. Unfortunately, he was sold as a slave on his way back, and his friends spent a lot of money to redeem him< In 387 BC, Plato returned to Athens and founded his own school near a garden and sports ground set up to commemorate the Greek hero akademu in the northwest corner of the city_-- The Academy. The name of the school is related to its address, which is related to the legendary Greek hero academus, so it is named after it. This is the earliest institution of higher learning in the west, and hence the name of the academic institution of later generations. It is the predecessor of the University developed in the West in the middle ages. The School Park existed for more than 900 years, until it was closed by Justinian in 529 ad. The school was greatly influenced by Pythagoras. Its curriculum was similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras School, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics
in 367 BC, Plato went on a tour again, and the school had been established for more than 20 years. He went to Sicily twice in an attempt to realize his political ambition and put his ideas into practice. However, he was forced to exile and returned to Athens in 360 BC to continue teaching and writing in the school garden. Until 347 BC, Plato died at the age of 80
Plato was a student of Socrates and Aristotle was a student of Plato. They had a profound influence on ancient Greece and later Western thought and civilization.
his original name was aristokles, but later his name was changed to Plato because of his strong body and broad forehead (platus means "flat and broad" in Greek). Fourth in the family. Plato was nicknamed by his PE teacher
he was born in Athens. After his parents were famous families, he received a complete ecation from childhood. In his early years, he loved literature, wrote poems and tragedies, and was interested in politics. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death, which made him completely disappointed with the existing system of government. The death of his teacher dealt a heavy blow to Plato. Because of his teacher's unfair experience, he opposed democratic politics and believed that a person should do what was consistent with his identity. Farmers were only in charge of farming, craftsmen were only in charge of working, and merchants were only in charge of business, Civilians cannot participate in state affairs. Socrates' death deepened his prejudice against the civilian system of government. He said: we need to find a skilled person to make a pair of shoes. When we get sick, we need to hire a good doctor. Isn't it ridiculous that we should hand over the important task of running the country to anyone< After the teacher died, Plato didn't want to stay in Athens. From the age of 28 to 40, he traveled abroad, successively to Egypt, Italy, Sicily and other places. While he inspected, he publicized his political ideas. In 388 B.C., he went to the ancient city of Syrah in Sicily, trying to persuade the rulers to establish an ideal country managed by philosophers, but his goal was not achieved. Unfortunately, he was sold as a slave on his way back, and his friends spent a lot of money to redeem him< In 387 BC, Plato returned to Athens and founded his own school near a garden and sports ground set up to commemorate the Greek hero akademu in the northwest corner of the city_-- The Academy. The name of the school is related to its address, which is related to the legendary Greek hero academus, so it is named after it. This is the earliest institution of higher learning in the west, and hence the name of the academic institution of later generations. It is the predecessor of the University developed in the West in the middle ages. The School Park existed for more than 900 years, until it was closed by Justinian in 529 ad. The school was greatly influenced by Pythagoras. Its curriculum was similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras School, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics
in 367 BC, Plato went on a tour again, and the school had been established for more than 20 years. He went to Sicily twice in an attempt to realize his political ambition and put his ideas into practice. However, he was forced to exile and returned to Athens in 360 BC to continue teaching and writing in the school garden. Until 347 BC, Plato died at the age of 80
Plato was a student of Socrates and Aristotle was a student of Plato. They had a profound influence on ancient Greece and later Western thought and civilization.
7. [main works] Plato is quick witted, widely studied and wrote a lot. More than 40 works and 13 letters have been handed down in his name. Plato's main philosophical thoughts are recorded in the form of dialogue. In Plato's dialogue, there are many conversations in the name of Socrates, so it is difficult to distinguish which is Socrates' thought and which is Plato's thought. After generations of scholars' painstaking research, 24 of them and 4 letters were identified as authentic, There are mainly:
I Epicurus, the defense of Socrates, cleidon, Phaedo
II clethras, theaetes, wise men, statesmen
III Parmenides, Philips, feasts, federo
IV Archibald I, Archibald II, and Gauss Plato's fictions are also of great academic significance, The following works are considered to be the works of later generations:
Minos, eryxias, theages, cleitophon and lovers
most of Plato's works are written in conversational style, with vivid characters, interesting scenes, beautiful language and meticulous argumentation, The content is rich and profound, reaching a high degree of unity of philosophy and literature, logic and rhetoric, which is of great significance and value not only in philosophy but also in literature< At present, Plato's complete works (four volumes), published by people's Publishing House and translated by Wang Xiaochao, is widely used Plato believed that any kind of philosophy must include a theory about nature and universe if it is to be universal. Plato tried to grasp the eternal truth about the indivial and nature, so he developed a natural philosophy suitable for and subordinate to his political and theological views< In Plato's opinion, the tangible things in nature are flowing, but the "form" or "idea" of these tangible things are eternal. Plato pointed out that when we say "horse", we do not mean any horse, but any kind of horse. The meaning of "horse" itself is independent of all kinds of horses ("tangible"), it does not exist in space and time, so it is eternal. However, a specific, tangible horse that exists in the sensory world is "mobile" and will die and rot. This can be used as a preliminary explanation of Plato's "idealism"< According to Plato, we can't have a real understanding of the changing and flowing things. We only have opinions or opinions about them. The only thing we can really understand is the "form" or "idea" that we can use our reason to understand. Therefore, Plato thinks that knowledge is fixed and certain, and there can be no wrong knowledge. But the opinion may be wrong
in Plato's Utopia, there is a famous cave metaphor to explain the idealism: there are a group of prisoners in a cave, their hands and feet are bound, their bodies can not turn, they can only turn their back to the cave. There was a white wall in front of them, and a fire was burning behind them. On the white wall, they saw the shadows of themselves and the things behind them to the fire. Because they could not see anything else, the prisoners would think that the shadows were the real things. Finally, a man broke free from the shackles, and groped out the hole. He saw the real thing for the first time. He went back to the cave and tried to explain to others that the shadows were just illusory things and showed them the way to light. But to the prisoners, the man seemed more stupid than before, and declared to him that there was nothing in the world but the shadow on the wall
Plato uses this story to tell us that "form" is actually the object in the sunlight, and what our sensory world can feel is just the shadow on the white wall. Our nature is dark and monotonous compared with the distinct rational world. Those who do not understand philosophy can only see the shadows, while philosophers can see the external things in the sunshine of truth
Plato's Republic also depicts an ideal Utopia. Plato believes that the state should be ruled by philosophers. In Plato's Utopia, citizens are divided into three classes: defenders, soldiers and ordinary people. The defenders are a few elites who manage the country. They can be inherited, but the outstanding children of other classes can also be trained as defenders, and the descendants of defenders may also be reced to the class of ordinary people. The task of the defenders is to supervise the formulation and implementation of the code. To achieve this goal, Plato has a complete set of theories. His Utopia requires everyone to have their own special functions in the society to meet the needs of the whole society. But in this country, women and men have the same rights, there is complete sexual equality. The government can lie in the public interest. Everyone should do his part and not disturb others. Today, Plato's Utopia is a terrible totalitarian country. But "the Republic is actually the view of scientists who manage the country in the right way", Plato himself did not try to realize the state machine in the Republic< In the laws, Plato pointed out that "constitutional state" is the best country after the Republic. He also points out in the book that women and men should receive the same respect and training< Plato tried to make astronomy a branch of mathematics. "Astronomy, like geometry, can be studied by asking and solving problems, not by the celestial sphere," he said Plato believed that the beginning of the universe was a chaos without distinction. The opening up of this chaos is the result of the activities of a supernatural God. According to Plato, the universe changes from chaos to order, and the most important feature is that the creator makes a rational plan for the world; The mechanical process of putting the scheme into practice is a natural event
Plato's cosmology is basically a mathematical cosmology. He imagined that there were two right triangles at the beginning of the universe, one half of a square and the other half of an equilateral triangle. From these triangles, four kinds of regular polyhedrons are reasonably generated, which form particles of four elements. Fire particles are tetrahedron, air particles are octahedron, water particles are icosahedron, and soil particles are cube. The fifth regular polyhedron is a dodecahedron formed by regular pentagons, which is the fifth element of celestial matter, called ether. The whole universe is a sphere, because the sphere is symmetrical and perfect, and any point on the sphere is the same. The universe is also living and moving, with one soul filling all the space. The motion of the universe is a kind of circular motion, because circular motion is the most perfect, it does not need hands or feet to push. The number of each of the four elements in the universe is as follows: the ratio of fire to air is equal to the ratio of air to water and the ratio of water to earth. Everything can be named by a number, which represents the proportion of the elements in it[ [political thought] in the Republic, Plato designed a picture of a just country: a country of moderate size, with a panoramic view of the whole country from a high place in the city, and people's mutual understanding. Plato believed that the country originated from the division of labor, so he divided the citizens in the ideal country into three grades: the statesman, the warrior, and the laborer, representing the three qualities of wisdom, courage, and desire. The country is governed by its own philosophical wisdom and moral power; The samurai assisted in governing the country and defended the security of the country with loyalty and courage; Workers provide material means of livelihood for the whole country. Each of the three levels performs its own ties and positions. In such a country, the statesmen are all highly respected philosophers. Only philosophers can understand ideas, have perfect virtue and superb wisdom, understand the justice, and govern the country fairly according to the rational guidance. There is no private property and family for the rulers and warriors, because private property and family are the root of all selfish evil thoughts. Workers are also not allowed to have luxury goods. The Republic also attaches great importance to ecation, because the national quality and moral character determine the quality of the country. Plato even imagined that all the people over the age of 10 would be sent abroad at the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic, because they had been influenced by the old culture and could not be changed. All citizens should receive lifelong ecation in music, sports, mathematics and philosophy from childhood. The contents of ecation should be strictly selected. Homer, Hesiod's epics and the works of tragic poets are not allowed to be introced into the country, because they will poison the hearts of young people. Plato claimed that this is the "first-class" Republic, and other regimes are the transformation of this ideal regime. Due to the mismatching of marriage, the ideal system of government led to the mixing of three levels, leading to fighting, and the rise of military system of government (timocracy). In the military regime, a few powerful people amassed wealth and formed oligarchy. The sharp contradiction between the rich and the poor leads to the revolution of the people and proces democracy. When democracy develops to the extreme, it will be replaced by tyranny
the statesman was written between Plato's last two visits to Syracuse (367-361 BC), which was a period when his political practice was frustrated and his thoughts changed The purpose of statesman is to discuss the definition of true statesman and politics. In this dialogue, Plato put forward the concept of political middle way and mixture; It is the first time to discuss the function of law and take law as the standard to divide political system. He believes that real politicians (King of Philosophy) do not need to be ruled by law, but in reality, real politicians are extremely rare. Even if there are real politicians, law also has a certain role. Because politics is not only an art, but also a science. For politicians, law is just like the training programs and prescriptions of coaches and doctors. Although it is absurd in theory, it is necessary in practice< In his last work the law, Plato further developed the idea of the role of law. From the ideal, he respected the rule of the king of philosophy, "no law or regulation is more powerful than knowledge"; Proceeding from reality, he stressed that human beings must have laws and abide by them, otherwise their life will be like the most savage beasts. Under the guidance of this thought, he designed his "second-class city-state" in the 12 volumes of law, including geographical environment, territory size, population size and source, national economic life, class structure, political system, law and other details. Because of the guiding ideology
I Epicurus, the defense of Socrates, cleidon, Phaedo
II clethras, theaetes, wise men, statesmen
III Parmenides, Philips, feasts, federo
IV Archibald I, Archibald II, and Gauss Plato's fictions are also of great academic significance, The following works are considered to be the works of later generations:
Minos, eryxias, theages, cleitophon and lovers
most of Plato's works are written in conversational style, with vivid characters, interesting scenes, beautiful language and meticulous argumentation, The content is rich and profound, reaching a high degree of unity of philosophy and literature, logic and rhetoric, which is of great significance and value not only in philosophy but also in literature< At present, Plato's complete works (four volumes), published by people's Publishing House and translated by Wang Xiaochao, is widely used Plato believed that any kind of philosophy must include a theory about nature and universe if it is to be universal. Plato tried to grasp the eternal truth about the indivial and nature, so he developed a natural philosophy suitable for and subordinate to his political and theological views< In Plato's opinion, the tangible things in nature are flowing, but the "form" or "idea" of these tangible things are eternal. Plato pointed out that when we say "horse", we do not mean any horse, but any kind of horse. The meaning of "horse" itself is independent of all kinds of horses ("tangible"), it does not exist in space and time, so it is eternal. However, a specific, tangible horse that exists in the sensory world is "mobile" and will die and rot. This can be used as a preliminary explanation of Plato's "idealism"< According to Plato, we can't have a real understanding of the changing and flowing things. We only have opinions or opinions about them. The only thing we can really understand is the "form" or "idea" that we can use our reason to understand. Therefore, Plato thinks that knowledge is fixed and certain, and there can be no wrong knowledge. But the opinion may be wrong
in Plato's Utopia, there is a famous cave metaphor to explain the idealism: there are a group of prisoners in a cave, their hands and feet are bound, their bodies can not turn, they can only turn their back to the cave. There was a white wall in front of them, and a fire was burning behind them. On the white wall, they saw the shadows of themselves and the things behind them to the fire. Because they could not see anything else, the prisoners would think that the shadows were the real things. Finally, a man broke free from the shackles, and groped out the hole. He saw the real thing for the first time. He went back to the cave and tried to explain to others that the shadows were just illusory things and showed them the way to light. But to the prisoners, the man seemed more stupid than before, and declared to him that there was nothing in the world but the shadow on the wall
Plato uses this story to tell us that "form" is actually the object in the sunlight, and what our sensory world can feel is just the shadow on the white wall. Our nature is dark and monotonous compared with the distinct rational world. Those who do not understand philosophy can only see the shadows, while philosophers can see the external things in the sunshine of truth
Plato's Republic also depicts an ideal Utopia. Plato believes that the state should be ruled by philosophers. In Plato's Utopia, citizens are divided into three classes: defenders, soldiers and ordinary people. The defenders are a few elites who manage the country. They can be inherited, but the outstanding children of other classes can also be trained as defenders, and the descendants of defenders may also be reced to the class of ordinary people. The task of the defenders is to supervise the formulation and implementation of the code. To achieve this goal, Plato has a complete set of theories. His Utopia requires everyone to have their own special functions in the society to meet the needs of the whole society. But in this country, women and men have the same rights, there is complete sexual equality. The government can lie in the public interest. Everyone should do his part and not disturb others. Today, Plato's Utopia is a terrible totalitarian country. But "the Republic is actually the view of scientists who manage the country in the right way", Plato himself did not try to realize the state machine in the Republic< In the laws, Plato pointed out that "constitutional state" is the best country after the Republic. He also points out in the book that women and men should receive the same respect and training< Plato tried to make astronomy a branch of mathematics. "Astronomy, like geometry, can be studied by asking and solving problems, not by the celestial sphere," he said Plato believed that the beginning of the universe was a chaos without distinction. The opening up of this chaos is the result of the activities of a supernatural God. According to Plato, the universe changes from chaos to order, and the most important feature is that the creator makes a rational plan for the world; The mechanical process of putting the scheme into practice is a natural event
Plato's cosmology is basically a mathematical cosmology. He imagined that there were two right triangles at the beginning of the universe, one half of a square and the other half of an equilateral triangle. From these triangles, four kinds of regular polyhedrons are reasonably generated, which form particles of four elements. Fire particles are tetrahedron, air particles are octahedron, water particles are icosahedron, and soil particles are cube. The fifth regular polyhedron is a dodecahedron formed by regular pentagons, which is the fifth element of celestial matter, called ether. The whole universe is a sphere, because the sphere is symmetrical and perfect, and any point on the sphere is the same. The universe is also living and moving, with one soul filling all the space. The motion of the universe is a kind of circular motion, because circular motion is the most perfect, it does not need hands or feet to push. The number of each of the four elements in the universe is as follows: the ratio of fire to air is equal to the ratio of air to water and the ratio of water to earth. Everything can be named by a number, which represents the proportion of the elements in it[ [political thought] in the Republic, Plato designed a picture of a just country: a country of moderate size, with a panoramic view of the whole country from a high place in the city, and people's mutual understanding. Plato believed that the country originated from the division of labor, so he divided the citizens in the ideal country into three grades: the statesman, the warrior, and the laborer, representing the three qualities of wisdom, courage, and desire. The country is governed by its own philosophical wisdom and moral power; The samurai assisted in governing the country and defended the security of the country with loyalty and courage; Workers provide material means of livelihood for the whole country. Each of the three levels performs its own ties and positions. In such a country, the statesmen are all highly respected philosophers. Only philosophers can understand ideas, have perfect virtue and superb wisdom, understand the justice, and govern the country fairly according to the rational guidance. There is no private property and family for the rulers and warriors, because private property and family are the root of all selfish evil thoughts. Workers are also not allowed to have luxury goods. The Republic also attaches great importance to ecation, because the national quality and moral character determine the quality of the country. Plato even imagined that all the people over the age of 10 would be sent abroad at the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic, because they had been influenced by the old culture and could not be changed. All citizens should receive lifelong ecation in music, sports, mathematics and philosophy from childhood. The contents of ecation should be strictly selected. Homer, Hesiod's epics and the works of tragic poets are not allowed to be introced into the country, because they will poison the hearts of young people. Plato claimed that this is the "first-class" Republic, and other regimes are the transformation of this ideal regime. Due to the mismatching of marriage, the ideal system of government led to the mixing of three levels, leading to fighting, and the rise of military system of government (timocracy). In the military regime, a few powerful people amassed wealth and formed oligarchy. The sharp contradiction between the rich and the poor leads to the revolution of the people and proces democracy. When democracy develops to the extreme, it will be replaced by tyranny
the statesman was written between Plato's last two visits to Syracuse (367-361 BC), which was a period when his political practice was frustrated and his thoughts changed The purpose of statesman is to discuss the definition of true statesman and politics. In this dialogue, Plato put forward the concept of political middle way and mixture; It is the first time to discuss the function of law and take law as the standard to divide political system. He believes that real politicians (King of Philosophy) do not need to be ruled by law, but in reality, real politicians are extremely rare. Even if there are real politicians, law also has a certain role. Because politics is not only an art, but also a science. For politicians, law is just like the training programs and prescriptions of coaches and doctors. Although it is absurd in theory, it is necessary in practice< In his last work the law, Plato further developed the idea of the role of law. From the ideal, he respected the rule of the king of philosophy, "no law or regulation is more powerful than knowledge"; Proceeding from reality, he stressed that human beings must have laws and abide by them, otherwise their life will be like the most savage beasts. Under the guidance of this thought, he designed his "second-class city-state" in the 12 volumes of law, including geographical environment, territory size, population size and source, national economic life, class structure, political system, law and other details. Because of the guiding ideology
8. What Plato said about form means to have a conception of the future kingdom. At that time, the environment was a fantasy, but it was real many years later and existed in the world of ideas at that time
9. Plato was born in 427 BC. In science, Plato expounded the concept of negative number, and he was a mathematician. He developed Pythagoras's idea of the harmony of the universe and pointed out that the orbit of celestial bodies is circular. He combined astronomy with geometry, which laid the foundation for the later establishment of geocentrism. He also made an analogy between the universe and the human body to dece his views on the nature and structure of the universe, as well as his views on human physiology. His ideas of the universe and the human body had been popular until the end of the middle ages, which had a profound impact on the development of biology. He also recorded the legend of Atlantic City for the first time in his works
Pandora's box is a Greek myth, which has no origin but a story derived from religion
Prometheus, the God of heaven, stole fire from the sky and gave it to human beings. Human beings learned to use fire. Zeus, the God of heaven, was very angry. In order to offset the great benefits brought by fire to human beings, Zeus decided to bring disaster to the world. He ordered his son Hephaestus, the God of fire, to make a woman out of clay. Then the sons and daughters of Zeus, the gods of heaven, came to dress up the woman. The God of fire weaves a golden ribbon for her, the goddess of wisdom wears a corolla for her, the God of love gives her all kinds of charming charms, and the messengers of the gods teach her to speak all kinds of beautiful languages. Zeus asked him to destroy human beings and named her "Pandora", which means "the man who is endowed with all merits". Zeus gave Pandora a sealed box full of evil, disaster and pestilence, and asked her to give it to the man who married her. Prometheus, convinced that Zeus had no good intentions for mankind, warned his younger brother Epirus not to accept Zeus' gift. But he didn't listen to the advice and married the beautiful Pandora. Driven by curiosity, Pandora opened the box, and immediately all the disasters, pestilences and evils in it flew out. Since then, mankind has suffered from disasters, plagues and disasters. But before the "Hope", the beautiful thing that Athena put on the bottom of the box to save the fate of mankind, could fly out of the box, the cunning Pandora closed the box. After that, "Pandora's box" is used as a metaphor for bringing an unfortunate gift; The source of disaster.
Pandora's box is a Greek myth, which has no origin but a story derived from religion
Prometheus, the God of heaven, stole fire from the sky and gave it to human beings. Human beings learned to use fire. Zeus, the God of heaven, was very angry. In order to offset the great benefits brought by fire to human beings, Zeus decided to bring disaster to the world. He ordered his son Hephaestus, the God of fire, to make a woman out of clay. Then the sons and daughters of Zeus, the gods of heaven, came to dress up the woman. The God of fire weaves a golden ribbon for her, the goddess of wisdom wears a corolla for her, the God of love gives her all kinds of charming charms, and the messengers of the gods teach her to speak all kinds of beautiful languages. Zeus asked him to destroy human beings and named her "Pandora", which means "the man who is endowed with all merits". Zeus gave Pandora a sealed box full of evil, disaster and pestilence, and asked her to give it to the man who married her. Prometheus, convinced that Zeus had no good intentions for mankind, warned his younger brother Epirus not to accept Zeus' gift. But he didn't listen to the advice and married the beautiful Pandora. Driven by curiosity, Pandora opened the box, and immediately all the disasters, pestilences and evils in it flew out. Since then, mankind has suffered from disasters, plagues and disasters. But before the "Hope", the beautiful thing that Athena put on the bottom of the box to save the fate of mankind, could fly out of the box, the cunning Pandora closed the box. After that, "Pandora's box" is used as a metaphor for bringing an unfortunate gift; The source of disaster.
10. Plato (Greek: Π) λ&# 940; των， English: Plato (about 427-347 BC) is not only the ancient Greek philosophy, but also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture
his original name was aristokles, but later his name was changed to Plato because of his strong body and broad forehead (platus means "flat and broad" in Greek). Fourth in the family. Plato was nicknamed by his PE teacher
he was born in Athens. After his parents were famous families, he received a complete ecation from childhood. In his early years, he loved literature, wrote poems and tragedies, and was interested in politics. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death, which made him completely disappointed with the existing system of government. The death of his teacher dealt a heavy blow to Plato. Like his own teacher, he opposed democratic politics and believed that a person should do what was consistent with his identity. Farmers only planted fields, craftsmen only worked, merchants only did business, and civilians could not participate in national affairs. Socrates' death deepened his prejudice against the civilian system of government. He said: we have to find a skilled person to make a pair of shoes. When we get sick, we have to find a good doctor. Isn't it absurd to hand over such an important matter as running the country to anyone< After the teacher died, Plato didn't want to stay in Athens. From the age of 28 to 40, he traveled abroad, successively to Egypt, Italy, Sicily and other places. While he inspected, he publicized his political ideas. In 388 B.C., he went to the ancient city of Syrah in Sicily, trying to persuade the rulers to establish an ideal country managed by philosophers, but his goal was not achieved. Unfortunately, he was sold as a slave on his way back, and his friends spent a lot of money to redeem him< In 387 BC, Plato returned to Athens and founded his own school near a garden and sports ground set up to commemorate the Greek hero akademu in the northwest corner of the city_-- The Academy. The name of the school is related to its address, which is related to the legendary Greek hero academus, so it is named after it. This is the earliest institution of higher learning in the west, and hence the name of the academic institution of later generations. It is the predecessor of the University developed in the West in the middle ages. The School Park existed for more than 900 years, until it was closed by Justinian in 529 ad. The school was greatly influenced by Pythagoras. Its curriculum was similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras School, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics
in 367 BC, Plato went on a tour again, and the school had been established for more than 20 years. He went to Sicily twice in an attempt to realize his political ambition and put his ideas into practice. However, he was forced to exile and returned to Athens in 360 BC to continue teaching and writing in the school garden. Until 347 BC, Plato died at the age of 80
Plato was a student of Socrates and Aristotle was a student of Plato. They had a profound influence on ancient Greece and later Western thought and civilization
Plato's main works
Plato was quick witted, widely studied and wrote a lot. More than 40 works and 13 letters have been handed down in his name. Plato's main philosophical thoughts are recorded in the form of dialogue. In Plato's dialogue, there are many conversations in the name of Socrates, so it is difficult to distinguish which is Socrates' thought and which is Plato's thought. After generations of scholars' painstaking research, 24 of them and 4 letters were identified as authentic, There are mainly:
I Epicurus, the plea of Socrates, Cleopatra, Phaedo
II Cleopatra, Theaetetus, the wise man, statesman
III Parmenides, Philips, feast, federo
IV Archibald I, Archibald I, Archibald I Plato's fictions are also of great academic significance, The following works are considered to be the works of later generations:
Minos, eryxias, theages, cleitophon, lovers
most of Plato's works are written in dialogue style, with distinctive characters, vivid scenes, beautiful language and meticulous argumentation, The content is rich and profound, reaching a high degree of unity of philosophy and literature, logic and rhetoric, which is of great significance and value not only in philosophy but also in literature
the translators of Chinese translation mainly include Yan Qun, Chen Kang, Wang Xiaochao, etc. At present, Plato's complete works (four volume edition), published by people's Publishing House and translated by Wang Xiaochao, is widely used< In Plato's opinion, if any philosophy wants to be universal, it must include a theory about nature and universe. Plato tried to grasp the eternal truth about the indivial and nature, so he developed a natural philosophy suitable for and subordinate to his political and theological views< According to Plato, the tangible things in nature are flowing, but the "form" or "idea" that constitutes them is eternal. Plato pointed out that when we say "horse", we do not mean any horse, but any kind of horse. The meaning of "horse" itself is independent of all kinds of horses ("tangible"), it does not exist in space and time, so it is eternal. However, a specific, tangible horse that exists in the sensory world is "mobile" and will die and rot. This can be used as a preliminary explanation of Plato's "idealism"< According to Plato, we can't have a real understanding of the changing and flowing things. We only have opinions or opinions about them. The only thing we can really understand is the "form" or "idea" that we can use our reason to understand. Therefore, Plato thinks that knowledge is fixed and certain, and there can be no wrong knowledge. But the opinion may be wrong
Plato's cave metaphor in Plato's the Republic, there is a famous cave metaphor to explain the idealism: there are a group of prisoners in a cave, their hands and feet are bound, their bodies can't turn, they can only turn their back to the cave. There was a white wall in front of them, and a fire was burning behind them. On the white wall, they saw the shadows of themselves and the things behind them to the fire. Because they could not see anything else, the prisoners would think that the shadows were the real things. Finally, a man broke free from the shackles, and groped out the hole. He saw the real thing for the first time. He went back to the cave and tried to explain to others that the shadows were just illusory things and showed them the way to light. But to the prisoners, the man seemed more stupid than before, and declared to him that there was nothing in the world but the shadow on the wall
Plato uses this story to tell us that "form" is actually the object under the sunlight, and what our sensory world can feel is just the shadow on the white wall. Our nature is dark and monotonous compared with the distinct rational world. Those who do not understand philosophy can only see the shadows, while philosophers can see the external things in the sunshine of truth
Plato's Republic also depicts an ideal Utopian picture to us. Plato believes that the state should be ruled by philosophers. In Plato's Utopia, citizens are divided into three classes: defenders, soldiers and ordinary people. The defenders are a few elites who manage the country. They can be inherited, but the outstanding children of other classes can also be trained as defenders, and the descendants of defenders may also be reced to the class of ordinary people. The task of the defenders is to supervise the formulation and implementation of the code. To achieve this goal, Plato has a complete set of theories. His Utopia requires everyone to have their own special functions in the society to meet the needs of the whole society. But in this country, women and men have the same rights, there is complete sexual equality. The government can lie in the public interest. Everyone should do his part and not disturb others. Today, Plato's Utopia is a terrible totalitarian country. But "the Republic is actually the view of scientists who manage the country in the right way", Plato himself did not try to realize the state machine in the Republic< In the law, Plato pointed out that "constitutional state" is the best country after the Republic. He also points out in the book that women and men should receive the same respect and training< Plato tried to make astronomy a branch of mathematics. "Astronomy, like geometry, can be studied by asking and solving problems, not by the celestial sphere," he said Plato believed that the beginning of the universe was a chaos without distinction. The opening up of this chaos is the result of the activities of a supernatural God. According to Plato, the universe changes from chaos to order, and the most important feature is that the creator makes a rational plan for the world; The mechanical process of putting the scheme into practice is a natural event
Plato's cosmology is basically a mathematical cosmology. He imagined that there were two right triangles at the beginning of the universe, one half of a square and the other half of an equilateral triangle. From these triangles, four kinds of regular polyhedrons are reasonably generated, which form particles of four elements. Fire particles are tetrahedron, air particles are octahedron, water particles are icosahedron, and soil particles are cube. The fifth regular polyhedron is a dodecahedron formed by regular pentagons, which is the fifth element of celestial matter, called ether. The whole universe is a sphere, because the sphere is symmetrical and perfect, and any point on the sphere is the same. The universe is also living and moving, with one soul filling all the space. The motion of the universe is a kind of circular motion, because circular motion is the most perfect, it does not need hands or feet to push. The number of each of the four elements in the universe is as follows: the ratio of fire to air is equal to the ratio of air to water and the ratio of water to earth. Everything can be named by a number, which represents the proportion of the elements in it< In the history of western ecation, Plato was the first to put forward a complete idea of preschool ecation and established a complete system of preschool ecation
his original name was aristokles, but later his name was changed to Plato because of his strong body and broad forehead (platus means "flat and broad" in Greek). Fourth in the family. Plato was nicknamed by his PE teacher
he was born in Athens. After his parents were famous families, he received a complete ecation from childhood. In his early years, he loved literature, wrote poems and tragedies, and was interested in politics. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death, which made him completely disappointed with the existing system of government. The death of his teacher dealt a heavy blow to Plato. Like his own teacher, he opposed democratic politics and believed that a person should do what was consistent with his identity. Farmers only planted fields, craftsmen only worked, merchants only did business, and civilians could not participate in national affairs. Socrates' death deepened his prejudice against the civilian system of government. He said: we have to find a skilled person to make a pair of shoes. When we get sick, we have to find a good doctor. Isn't it absurd to hand over such an important matter as running the country to anyone< After the teacher died, Plato didn't want to stay in Athens. From the age of 28 to 40, he traveled abroad, successively to Egypt, Italy, Sicily and other places. While he inspected, he publicized his political ideas. In 388 B.C., he went to the ancient city of Syrah in Sicily, trying to persuade the rulers to establish an ideal country managed by philosophers, but his goal was not achieved. Unfortunately, he was sold as a slave on his way back, and his friends spent a lot of money to redeem him< In 387 BC, Plato returned to Athens and founded his own school near a garden and sports ground set up to commemorate the Greek hero akademu in the northwest corner of the city_-- The Academy. The name of the school is related to its address, which is related to the legendary Greek hero academus, so it is named after it. This is the earliest institution of higher learning in the west, and hence the name of the academic institution of later generations. It is the predecessor of the University developed in the West in the middle ages. The School Park existed for more than 900 years, until it was closed by Justinian in 529 ad. The school was greatly influenced by Pythagoras. Its curriculum was similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras School, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics
in 367 BC, Plato went on a tour again, and the school had been established for more than 20 years. He went to Sicily twice in an attempt to realize his political ambition and put his ideas into practice. However, he was forced to exile and returned to Athens in 360 BC to continue teaching and writing in the school garden. Until 347 BC, Plato died at the age of 80
Plato was a student of Socrates and Aristotle was a student of Plato. They had a profound influence on ancient Greece and later Western thought and civilization
Plato's main works
Plato was quick witted, widely studied and wrote a lot. More than 40 works and 13 letters have been handed down in his name. Plato's main philosophical thoughts are recorded in the form of dialogue. In Plato's dialogue, there are many conversations in the name of Socrates, so it is difficult to distinguish which is Socrates' thought and which is Plato's thought. After generations of scholars' painstaking research, 24 of them and 4 letters were identified as authentic, There are mainly:
I Epicurus, the plea of Socrates, Cleopatra, Phaedo
II Cleopatra, Theaetetus, the wise man, statesman
III Parmenides, Philips, feast, federo
IV Archibald I, Archibald I, Archibald I Plato's fictions are also of great academic significance, The following works are considered to be the works of later generations:
Minos, eryxias, theages, cleitophon, lovers
most of Plato's works are written in dialogue style, with distinctive characters, vivid scenes, beautiful language and meticulous argumentation, The content is rich and profound, reaching a high degree of unity of philosophy and literature, logic and rhetoric, which is of great significance and value not only in philosophy but also in literature
the translators of Chinese translation mainly include Yan Qun, Chen Kang, Wang Xiaochao, etc. At present, Plato's complete works (four volume edition), published by people's Publishing House and translated by Wang Xiaochao, is widely used< In Plato's opinion, if any philosophy wants to be universal, it must include a theory about nature and universe. Plato tried to grasp the eternal truth about the indivial and nature, so he developed a natural philosophy suitable for and subordinate to his political and theological views< According to Plato, the tangible things in nature are flowing, but the "form" or "idea" that constitutes them is eternal. Plato pointed out that when we say "horse", we do not mean any horse, but any kind of horse. The meaning of "horse" itself is independent of all kinds of horses ("tangible"), it does not exist in space and time, so it is eternal. However, a specific, tangible horse that exists in the sensory world is "mobile" and will die and rot. This can be used as a preliminary explanation of Plato's "idealism"< According to Plato, we can't have a real understanding of the changing and flowing things. We only have opinions or opinions about them. The only thing we can really understand is the "form" or "idea" that we can use our reason to understand. Therefore, Plato thinks that knowledge is fixed and certain, and there can be no wrong knowledge. But the opinion may be wrong
Plato's cave metaphor in Plato's the Republic, there is a famous cave metaphor to explain the idealism: there are a group of prisoners in a cave, their hands and feet are bound, their bodies can't turn, they can only turn their back to the cave. There was a white wall in front of them, and a fire was burning behind them. On the white wall, they saw the shadows of themselves and the things behind them to the fire. Because they could not see anything else, the prisoners would think that the shadows were the real things. Finally, a man broke free from the shackles, and groped out the hole. He saw the real thing for the first time. He went back to the cave and tried to explain to others that the shadows were just illusory things and showed them the way to light. But to the prisoners, the man seemed more stupid than before, and declared to him that there was nothing in the world but the shadow on the wall
Plato uses this story to tell us that "form" is actually the object under the sunlight, and what our sensory world can feel is just the shadow on the white wall. Our nature is dark and monotonous compared with the distinct rational world. Those who do not understand philosophy can only see the shadows, while philosophers can see the external things in the sunshine of truth
Plato's Republic also depicts an ideal Utopian picture to us. Plato believes that the state should be ruled by philosophers. In Plato's Utopia, citizens are divided into three classes: defenders, soldiers and ordinary people. The defenders are a few elites who manage the country. They can be inherited, but the outstanding children of other classes can also be trained as defenders, and the descendants of defenders may also be reced to the class of ordinary people. The task of the defenders is to supervise the formulation and implementation of the code. To achieve this goal, Plato has a complete set of theories. His Utopia requires everyone to have their own special functions in the society to meet the needs of the whole society. But in this country, women and men have the same rights, there is complete sexual equality. The government can lie in the public interest. Everyone should do his part and not disturb others. Today, Plato's Utopia is a terrible totalitarian country. But "the Republic is actually the view of scientists who manage the country in the right way", Plato himself did not try to realize the state machine in the Republic< In the law, Plato pointed out that "constitutional state" is the best country after the Republic. He also points out in the book that women and men should receive the same respect and training< Plato tried to make astronomy a branch of mathematics. "Astronomy, like geometry, can be studied by asking and solving problems, not by the celestial sphere," he said Plato believed that the beginning of the universe was a chaos without distinction. The opening up of this chaos is the result of the activities of a supernatural God. According to Plato, the universe changes from chaos to order, and the most important feature is that the creator makes a rational plan for the world; The mechanical process of putting the scheme into practice is a natural event
Plato's cosmology is basically a mathematical cosmology. He imagined that there were two right triangles at the beginning of the universe, one half of a square and the other half of an equilateral triangle. From these triangles, four kinds of regular polyhedrons are reasonably generated, which form particles of four elements. Fire particles are tetrahedron, air particles are octahedron, water particles are icosahedron, and soil particles are cube. The fifth regular polyhedron is a dodecahedron formed by regular pentagons, which is the fifth element of celestial matter, called ether. The whole universe is a sphere, because the sphere is symmetrical and perfect, and any point on the sphere is the same. The universe is also living and moving, with one soul filling all the space. The motion of the universe is a kind of circular motion, because circular motion is the most perfect, it does not need hands or feet to push. The number of each of the four elements in the universe is as follows: the ratio of fire to air is equal to the ratio of air to water and the ratio of water to earth. Everything can be named by a number, which represents the proportion of the elements in it< In the history of western ecation, Plato was the first to put forward a complete idea of preschool ecation and established a complete system of preschool ecation
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