Open pit crusher

1. Classification of mining machinery
crushing equipment
crushing equipment is the mechanical equipment used to crush minerals
crushing operations are usually divided into coarse crushing, medium crushing and fine crushing according to the size of feeding and discharging particles. The commonly used sand and stone equipment include jaw crusher, impact crusher, impact crusher, compound crusher, single stage hammer crusher, vertical crusher, rotary crusher, cone crusher, roller crusher, double roller crusher, two in one crusher, one-time molding crusher, etc
it can be divided into six categories according to crushing mode and mechanical structure characteristics (action principle)
(1) jaw crusher (tiger mouth). The crushing action is that the movable jaw plate periodically presses the fixed jaw plate to crush the ore block sandwiched in it< (2) cone crusher. The ore block is between the inner and outer cones, the outer cone is fixed, and the inner cone swings eccentrically to crush or break the ore block
(3) roller crusher. In the gap between two opposite rotating round rollers, the ore block is mainly crushed continuously, but it also has the function of grinding and stripping, and the toothed roller surface also has the function of splitting
(4) impact crusher. The ore block is broken by the impact of fast rotating moving parts. Belong to this category can be divided into: hammer crusher; Cage crusher; Impact crusher
(5) grinding machine. The ore is crushed by the impact and grinding of grinding medium (steel ball, steel bar, gravel or ore block) in the rotating cylinder
(6) other types of crushers and grinders
mining machinery
mining machinery is the mechanical equipment used for directly mining useful minerals and mining preparation, including: mining machinery for mining metal ores and non-metal ores; Coal mining machinery for mining coal; Oil drilling and proction machinery for oil proction. The first pneumatic disc shearer was designed by the British engineer Walker and manufactured in 1868. In the 1880s, hundreds of oil wells in the United States were successfully drilled by steam powered percussion drilling. In 1907, the roller drill was used to drill oil wells and natural gas wells. Since 1937, it has been used to drill open-pit mines< Mining machinery
the mining machinery used in underground and open-pit mines include: drilling machinery for drilling blastholes; Mining machinery and loading and unloading machinery for mining and loading rocks; Boring machine for drilling raise, shaft and drift< Drilling machinery can be divided into rock drill and drilling machine, and drilling machine can be divided into open-pit drilling machine and underground drilling machine
① rock drill: it is used to drill blastholes with a diameter of 20-100 mm and a depth of less than 20 m in medium hard rock. According to its power, it can be divided into pneumatic, internal combustion, hydraulic and electric rock drills, among which pneumatic rock drill is the most widely used
② surface drilling rig: according to the working mechanism of crushing ore and rock, it can be divided into wire rope percussion drilling rig, down the hole drilling rig, cone drilling rig and rotary drilling rig. Because of the low efficiency, the wire rope percussion drill has been graally replaced by other drills
③ downhole drilling machine: when drilling borehole with diameter less than 150 mm, in addition to rock drill, 80-150 mm small diameter down the hole drill can also be used
roadheader
it is a kind of mechanical equipment for directly crushing ore and rock by using the axial pressure and rotary force of the cutter to roll the rock surface. The cutter used includes disc hob, wedge hob, ball hob and milling cutter. According to the different driving roadway, it is divided into raise boring machine, shaft boring machine and drift boring machine
① raise boring machine is specially used for drilling raise and pass. Generally, it doesn't need to enter the raise for operation. The guide hole is drilled with a cone bit, and the hole is enlarged upward with a reamer composed of disc hobs
② the vertical drilling rig is specially used for drilling a well at one time, which is composed of drilling tool system, rotary device, derrick, drilling tool lifting system and mud circulation system
③ drift digger is a comprehensive mechanized equipment which combines mechanical rock breaking and slag removal and continuously dries. It is mainly used for tunneling in coal roadway, engineering tunnel in soft mine and middle drift with medium hardness and above
coal mining machinery
coal mining operation has developed from semi mechanization in 1950s to comprehensive mechanization in 1980s. Comprehensive mechanized coal mining is widely used in shallow cut double (single) drum combined shearer (or plough), flexible scraper conveyor, hydraulic self moving support and other equipment, so as to realize comprehensive mechanization in crushing, coal dropping, coal loading, transportation, support and other aspects of mining face. The double drum shearer is a coal dropping machine. The motor transmits the power to the screw drum through the cutting part recer, and the movement of the machine is realized by the motor through the driving device of the traction part. There are basically two ways of traction, namely, anchor chain traction and non anchor chain traction. Anchor chain traction is realized by the engagement of the sprocket of the traction part and the anchor chain fixed on the conveyor
oil drilling and proction
onshore oil drilling and proction machinery. According to the proction process, it is divided into drilling machinery, oil proction machinery, workover machinery and fracturing and acidizing machinery to maintain high proction. A complete set of mechanical equipment for drilling or drilling proction wells for the development of oil or natural gas. Oil drilling machine, including derrick, winch, power machine, mud circulation system, pulley system, rotary table, wellhead device and electrical control system. The derrick is used to install crown block, traveling block and hook, lift other heavy objects up and down the drill floor, and hang drilling tools in the well for drilling
mineral processing machinery
mineral processing is a process of selecting useful minerals from the collected mineral raw materials according to the differences of physical, physical and chemical properties of various minerals. The process is called mineral processing machinery. According to the beneficiation process, beneficiation machinery is divided into crushing, grinding, screening, separation (separation) and dewatering machinery. Jaw crusher, rotary crusher, cone crusher, roller crusher and impact crusher are commonly used in crushing machinery. Cylinder mill is the most widely used in grinding machinery, including rod mill, ball mill, gravel mill and ultra-fine laminated autogenous mill. Inertia vibrating screen and resonance screen are commonly used in screening machinery. Hydraulic classifier and mechanical classifier are widely used in wet classification. The commonly used separation flotation machine is full section airlift micro bubble flotation machine, and the well-known dewatering machine is multi frequency dewatering screen tailings dry discharge system. Superfine laminated autogenous mill is more famous in crushing and grinding system<
drying machinery
the special dryer for slime is a new type of special drying equipment developed on the basis of drum dryer, which can be widely used in the drying of slime, raw coal, flotation clean coal, mixed clean coal and other materials in coal instry
2. Drying of blast furnace slag, clay, bentonite, limestone, sand, quartzite and other materials in construction instry
3. Drying of various metal concentrates, waste resie, tailings and other materials in mineral processing instry
4. Drying of non heat sensitive materials in chemical instry.

2. Coal crushing has bipolar crusher, or mobile gangue crusher, which are special machinery for coal yard

3. GB 18452-2001 crushing equipment safety requirements
GB / T 4652-2003 underground mining rock loader and loader test method
GB / T 10598.1-2005 open pit mining roller drill and rotary drill
JB / T 1604-1998 mining machinery proct model compilation method
JB / T 3765-2000 coal hammer crusher
JB / T 8918-1999 hydraulic explosion-proof hoist and lifting winch safety All requirements
JB / T 9026-1999 tipping bucket mine car
JB / T 10245-2001 double roll crusher
JB / T 10246-2001 hard rock impact crusher
JB / T 53520-1999 JTP mine hoist proct quality grading
JB / T 53521-1999 JTK mine hoist proct quality grading
JB / T 53579-1999 tipping bucket mine car proct quality grading

4.

Jaw crusher commonly known as jawbone, also known as tiger mouth. The crusher is composed of two jaw plates of moving jaw and static jaw, which can simulate the movement of two jaws of animals and complete the crushing operation. It is widely used in the crushing of various ores and bulk materials in mine smelting, building materials, highway, railway, water conservancy and chemical instry. The maximum compressive strength of the crushed material is 320MPa

there are two kinds of jaw crushers in common use: double elbow crusher and single elbow crusher. The former is also called simple swing jaw crusher because its moving jaw only makes simple arc swing when it works; The latter moves up and down while swinging in an arc. The technology level of domestic jaw crusher manufacturers is very different. The procts of a few manufacturers are basically close to the world's advanced level, while the procts of most manufacturers are far behind the world's advanced level. Jaw crusher frame accounts for a large proportion of the whole machine quality (casting frame accounts for 50%, welding frame accounts for 30%). Foreign jaw crushers are welded frame, even moving jaw also adopts welded structure. Welding frame is the development direction of jaw crusher. In recent years, with the increase of the proportion of open-pit mining, and the adoption of large electric shovels (excavators) and large mining trucks, the ore fragmentation from the open-pit mine to the crushing truck room has reached 1.5 ~ 2.0 meters; At the same time, because the grade of raw ore is decreasing day by day, in order to maintain the original proction capacity of the concentrator, we have to greatly increase the amount of raw ore mining and crushing, so the jaw crusher is developing to a large direction. At present, the largest jaw crusher made abroad is 3000 × 2100 mm (simple penlum), 1800 mm ore feeding block, and 1100 t / set · h proction capacity; two thousand and one hundred × With 1670 mm (compound penlum) and 355 mm ore outlet, its proction capacity is 3000 tons / set · H

5. I have seen these two: Electric shovels, Mobile crushers, to understand what the open-pit mine machinery and equipment, and which are working for a long time on it
stacker reclaimer, vibrating screen, belt conveyor

6.

In the process of open pit mining, it must be divided into several horizontal layers (steps) for proction. The purpose of open-pit mine development is to establish the road from the ground to each working step and between each step, and form the transportation system from the open-pit mine to the concentrator (crushing plant), mp and instrial square, so as to ensure the normal progress of mining, stripping and development

The development method of open pit mine is closely related to transportation mode and mining method. Reasonable development method, not only to ensure the reasonable development of each step work line, convenient transportation, but also to rece the amount of development work as far as possible. There are several types of open-pit deposit development methods. At present, they are mainly classified by means of transportation, which is related to the burial conditions, proction scale and designed mining depth of the deposit. The development methods of open-pit metal mines in China can be divided into: railway transportation development, highway transportation development, adit pass development, slope winch development and belt transportation development

when the open-pit mine uses iron and road transportation, the transportation trunk line can be arranged within or outside the boundary of the open-pit mine. Generally, sunken open-pit mines are mostly located on the final side of the mining boundary. The hillside open-pit mine is built in or out of the boundary according to the terrain and ore body buried strip

(1) railway transportation development

because the slope of railway transportation is relatively slow, a long inclined trunk line and a certain length of turn back (station) line need to be laid from upper stage to lower stage, while the strike length of metal open pit mine is generally short, so turn back trunk line (also known as "zigzag" trunk line) is often used for development. The disadvantage is that when the train is running on the main line, it needs to change the running direction after passing the turn back station, which affects the train running speed and efficiency. If the strike length of the ore body is long, it can be arranged as a straight driving mode, so that several (according to the length of the ore body) run horizontally in the same direction, and then set up a turn back station, and use the turn back driving mode. The following levels determine the layout mode of the line according to the needs

if there is a long unilateral slope near the stope, the turn back trunk line should be arranged on the end slope outside the boundary. When the terrain of open-pit mine is isolated mountain, the turn back trunk line can be arranged within the open-pit mining boundary

According to the layout of highway trunk line, highway transportation development can be divided into return trunk line and spiral trunk line. The layout of return main line is similar to that of turn back main line. When the vehicle runs on the main line, it changes its running direction through the return platform with a certain curvature radius, but it does not need to stop and change direction. Because the radius of curvature required by automobile transportation is small, the way of return trunk line development is often used

when the length and width of the open pit are similar, the spiral trunk line can be used to overcome the impact of vehicle deceleration on transportation efficiency. When the spiral trunk line is used to develop the open pit in the depression, the trunk line can be arranged along the four surrounding sides of the stope, and the cars can run straight on the trunk line

The development of adit pass is mainly to use pass and adit to establish the transportation channel between the stope and the concentrator. This development mode can not independently complete the transportation task of ore, and needs to cooperate with other transportation modes. Cars or narrow gauge railway are usually used for transportation in the mining area. Ore is mainly transported in the ore pass and transported to the concentrator by railway below the ore pass. The rock is directly transported to the mp. Indivial mines also use pass to let rock out. The ore is loaded into the ore car from the ore drawing mouth of the ore pass, and then transported to the concentrator by locomotive traction through the adit. Ore pass is the key link in the transportation system, which undertakes the tasks of ore receiving and ore drawing. It is of great significance to reasonably determine the location and structural elements of the pass to ensure the normal proction of the mine

(4) development of slope winch. It is generally less than 25 ° The winch is used to lift (or lower) several tramcars in the same time. The cross car channel of sunken open-pit mine is located on the non working side of the mining boundary. In hillside open-pit mines, they are usually located outside the mining boundary. For small hillside open-pit mines with gentle terrain and small elevation difference, gravity winch can also be used to develop. The mined ore can be loaded into the mine car, and the mine car can slide down the winch road by using its own weight, and the well can drive the empty car to rise along another track

(5) development of belt transportation. After perforation blasting in the stope, the broken ore and rock are loaded into the vehicle by the excavator and then transported to the semi fixed crusher; The broken ore and rock are lifted to the surface by steel rope belt conveyor; Then through the transfer station, it is sent to the ground belt conveyor; Finally, it is transported to the ore bin or mp for unloading. As the open pit deepens downward, belt conveyor and semi fixed crusher move downward. However, in order to rece the workload of moving, the crusher and belt conveyor are usually moved after every 3-5 steps are excavated

in this development method, the continuous action belt conveyor is used to lift ore and rock, which has large transportation capacity, and the elevation angle of the remote conveyor can reach 16 °～ eighteen °， The transportation distance is also short. Generally, the labor proctivity of belt transportation is 2-4 times of that of single automobile transportation, while the transportation cost of the former is only 1 / 5 of that of the latter

7. According to the characteristics of mining machinery such as crusher, the following five requirements for lubricating oil are put forward:
according to the working characteristics of mining machinery such as crusher, the following five aspects can be considered when selecting lubricating oil:
1, This requires the lubricating oil to have good thermal stability and oxidation resistance
2. Because of the bad environment of the mine, coal st, rock st and water are more, the lubricating oil is difficult to be protected from the pollution of these impurities, so the lubricating oil is required to have better anti rust, anti-corrosion and anti emulsification performance; When the lubricating oil is polluted, its performance change will not be too big, that is, the sensitivity to pollution is small
3. The temperature of machinery in open-pit mine varies greatly in winter and summer, and the temperature difference between day and night is also large in some areas. Therefore, it is required that the viscosity of lubricating oil should be small with the change of temperature. It is necessary to avoid that the viscosity of lubricating oil becomes too low when the temperature is high, so that the lubricating film can not be formed and the lubricating function can not be played. It is also necessary to avoid that the viscosity is too high when the temperature is low, so that it is difficult to start and operate
4. For some mining machinery and equipment, especially those used in mines prone to fire and explosion accidents, it is required to use lubricants (fire-resistant fluids) with good fire resistance, instead of combustible mineral oil
5. It is required that the lubricant has good adaptability to the seal to avoid damage to the seal

8.

In recent years, with the increase of the proportion of open-pit mining, as well as the adoption of large electric shovels (excavators) and large mining trucks, the ore fragmentation from the open-pit mine to the crushing workshop reaches 1.5 ~ 2.0 meters; At the same time, because the grade of raw ore is decreasing day by day, in order to maintain the original proction capacity of the concentrator, we have to greatly increase the amount of raw ore mining and crushing, so the jaw crusher is developing to a large direction. At present, the largest jaw crusher made abroad is 3000 × 2100 mm (simple penlum), 1800 mm ore feeding block, and 1100 t / set · h proction capacity; two thousand and one hundred × With 1670 mm (compound penlum) and 355 mm ore outlet, its proction capacity is 3000 tons / set · H

It effectively solves the problems of high operation rate and no maintenance time caused by low output of the original limestone crusher

2. The crushing of large limestone can be completed, and the maximum crushing particle size is 1000 * 1200mm, which effectively solves the original problem that "the supply of limestone is tight while a large number of large limestone can not be used"

The mixing uniformity of the two materials is good, and the dosage of desulfurization limestone is greatly increased. The dosage can reach 60%, effectively recing the cost of raw materials

Power consumption decreased. The electricity consumption per ton of limestone is reced by 1-2kwh / T, which can save 100000 yuan per year

The particle size of the waste proct is only 2-15mm, which effectively solves the problems of large particle size of limestone, frequent blockage and even impact on the output of the mill

9. Jaw crusher commonly known as jawbone, also known as tiger mouth. The crusher is composed of two jaw plates of moving jaw and static jaw, which can simulate the movement of two jaws of animals and complete the crushing operation. It is widely used in the crushing of various ores and bulk materials in mine smelting, building materials, highway, railway, water conservancy and chemical instry. The maximum compressive strength of the crushed material is 320MPa
there are two kinds of jaw crushers in common use: double elbow crusher and single elbow crusher. The former is also called simple swing jaw crusher because its moving jaw only makes simple arc swing when it works; The latter moves up and down while swinging in an arc. The technology level of domestic jaw crusher manufacturers is very different. The procts of a few manufacturers are basically close to the world's advanced level, while the procts of most manufacturers are far behind the world's advanced level. Jaw crusher frame accounts for a large proportion of the whole machine quality (casting frame accounts for 50%, welding frame accounts for 30%). Foreign jaw crushers are welded frame, even moving jaw also adopts welded structure. Welding frame is the development direction of jaw crusher. In recent years, with the increase of the proportion of open-pit mining, and the adoption of large electric shovels (excavators) and large mining trucks, the ore fragmentation from the open-pit mine to the crushing truck room has reached 1.5 ~ 2.0 meters; At the same time, because the grade of raw ore is decreasing day by day, in order to maintain the original proction capacity of the concentrator, we have to greatly increase the amount of raw ore mining and crushing, so the jaw crusher is developing to a large direction.

10. Open pit mining technology
surface mine: surface mine, open pit mine, strip mine, open pit, open cast mine, open cut, terrace mine
surface mining of coal: surface mining, open pit mining, strip mining, open work, open pit operation, quarry operation Surface mining system bench slope angle of bench top line bench crest bottom line bench toe bench height Bucket wheel excavator: bucket wheel excavator: chain excavator: front end loader: backhoe, back Digger: dozer, bulldozer: scraper, carryall Carryall scraper
grader: scarifier: single bucket excavator: multi bucket excavator: auger top wall: hanging / upper wall bottom wall: lower / foot wall end wall mining limits
mineral: pit limits ore rock: rock the capacity of mine Mining: Mining: Mining District: unit operation: surface preparation
ore bed, ore deposit: Drill: percussion drill: attack drill: rotary drill: down hole drill: detonator, cap explosive: Explosive Dynamite cartridge: resistance line: burden height: over drill: subdrill
excavator bucket: bucket wheel bucket: dipper handle / arm / stick digging radius: excavating radius
unloading radius: mping radius equipment selection truck transport railway transport belt conveyor Soil plough: Rail plow: mping area, soil pile, water soil, MP: internal MP, inner MP Ore loss: ore dilution
discontinuous mining system: continuous mining system: crusher
jaw crusher: jaw crusher: double roll crusher: Truck assignment: surface soil
vegetation
vt. < B R / > Mining: dig open-pit mining: stripping: remove, strip mining: Mine perforation: drill blasting: blast transport
mping: MP Reclamation: Reclaim backfill: Backfill loading: load unloading: MP mp Mining: stripping, overcasting
upper dig: lower dig
1
the main advantages are: 1) large proction capacity of the mine. 2) Labor proctivity is high. 3) The cost is low. 4) High safety and good working conditions. 5) The construction speed is fast. 6) The consumption of wood is low, especially when it is transported by car
the main disadvantages are as follows: 1) e to the large amount of stripping, it is often necessary to strip the topsoil and waste rock several or even ten times more than the amount of ore. 2) It covers a large area and has a profound impact on the environment. 3) It is greatly affected by the climate. 4) It is necessary to introce large equipment with large investment
2 the world's major open-pit mining countries
the United States, Russia, Germany (East Germany, West Germany), Canada, India, Chile, Australia, etc.
3 which provinces are the most suitable coal resources for open pit mining in China
Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Shanxi and Yunnan
4 diagram of step composition elements
upper platform of step, lower platform of step, slope surface of step, top line of step, bottom line of step, height of step, slope angle of step
5 Diagram of stope composition elements
side slope of open pit, bottom of open pit, upper boundary of open pit, lower boundary of open pit Working slope of open pit, non working slope of open pit, working platform and working slope angle of open pit
6. General steps of construction and proction of open pit
1) ground preparation. The traffic lines and transmission lines should be led into the mining area, and the natural and man-made obstacles should be cleared or removed in the mining area. 2) Water separation and drainage in mining area. Cut off the river passing through the mining area or divert it to drain the groundwater to make the water level lower than the required level. 3) Mine infrastructure project. Including excavation of ditches and construction of roads from ground to mining level; Establish working line and carry out infrastructure stripping to expose the mined ore body; Establish transportation line, mp, bridge, etc; Establish ground instrial facilities and necessary civil buildings. 4) Daily proction. The mine infrastructure project can be transferred to proction after opening up the necessary stripping line and ensuring a certain mining capacity< 7. Open pit mining technology
Chinese part: 1) ore and rock preparation; 2) Mining and loading of ore and rock; 3) Ore and rock transportation; 4) , discharge
English part: 1) ground preparation; 2) , extraction; 3) , transport; 4) , mping (rejection); 5) And reclamation< According to the shape of ore body, the ore body can be divided into two types: regular ore body and irregular ore body
according to the technological characteristics of open pit mining, the deposits can be divided into horizontal and near horizontal deposits (dip angle & lt; five °， Gently inclined deposit (DIP 5 °- ten °， Inclined deposit (DIP 10 °- forty-five °， Steep deposit (DIP & gt; forty-five °
according to the thickness of mining seam, the ore body can be divided into thin layer, medium thin layer, medium thick layer and thick layer; According to the number of ore beds, it can be divided into single-layer deposit and multi-layer deposit
according to the nature of surrounding rock, it can be divided into soft rock deposit, medium hard deposit and hard rock deposit
9. The commonly used ore and rock loose crushing methods in open-pit mines are: mechanical loose crushing method; Blasting method, hydraulic breaking method and so on
10. How many piercers are available in open pit mines? What kinds of coal mines are commonly used, and what are their applicable conditions
the available perforators in open pit mines are: 1) wire rope impact perforator; 2) Down the hole drill; 3) Rotary drilling rig; 4) , roller drill; 5) Thermal (thermal) drill
commonly used in coal mines are: 1) steel wire impact piercer, which has simple structure, easy maintenance, sufficient spare parts and strong adaptability; 2) The down the hole drill is suitable for hard rock and fractured rock, which is more efficient than the steel wire percussion drill; 3) Rotary drilling rig, suitable for F = 2 ~ 5 ore and rock; 4) The roller drill is an ideal open-pit drilling machine with high efficiency and versatility
11. How to determine the number of perforating equipment in open pit mine

where n is the number of perforators in the mining area, set; V -- annual output of open pit mine, m3 / A; QZ -- annual proction capacity of turning machine, M / (set. A)
P -- rock yield per meter, m3 / M; K -- transfer reserve coefficient, generally k = 1.1 -- 1.2
12. What are the main factors affecting blasting work and blasting quality in open pit mines
the quality is not only related to the properties of ore and rock, geological structure, the performance of explosive, but also related to the blasting method, initiation method, hole layout and parameters
13. Common blasting methods, initiation methods and their respective characteristics in open pit mines
chamber blasting method: a large amount of blasting, concentrated explosives, a large amount of ore and rock, no need for large-scale perforation equipment. But after blasting, the size of ore and rock is uneven, the content of unqualified rock is large, the amount of secondary blasting is high, and the working conditions are poor
shallow hole blasting method: the construction machinery is simple, easy to operate and flexible to use, which can ensure the blasting quality
exposed blasting method: the explosive is directly placed on the surface of the blasted object, and the unit explosive consumption is 3-7 times higher than other blasting methods. But it's easy to operate, and it doesn't need drilling and other preparatory work, so the construction is fast and labor-saving. Generally, the safe distance should be more than 400m
deep hole blasting method: deep hole blasting can provide enough blasting ore and rock for large mining and loading machinery; High mechanization of perforation, fast construction and low labor intensity; It can obtain better crushing effect and ideal explosion size; The unit drug consumption is low; The safety is high. But the preparation work is complex, energy consumption is large, and the piercing equipment is bulky, which requires a flat working plate
spark initiation: simple operation, no need of instrument inspection. But the quality of fuse is not easy to check, and the safety is poor
detonating with detonating cord: high safety, simple network connection, easy to master, and easy to handle misfire, but it is impossible to check the detonating cord when filling the blast hole, so the construction should be careful
Electric initiation: personnel can be far away from the gun area, unified command, timely initiation and high safety
wireless initiation technology
14. Charging structure and applicable conditions of deep hole blasting in open pit mine; The blasting technology and its characteristics popularized and used
continuous charge structure: it is suitable for the step with normal parameters and strong rock uniformity
sectional charge structure: the applicable conditions are opposite to the former
extrusion blasting technology: large amount of blasting, uniform fragmentation, recing the bulk rate and foundation, so as to improve the mining and loading efficiency of the electric shovel, concentrated blasting pile, avoiding the increase of line relocation engineering e to burying, but the unit charge consumption is high, the blasting pile formed is often higher than the bench height, which is easy to threaten the safety of mining and loading equipment
controlled blasting technology: maintain the integrity and stability of unexploded rock mass, make the slope conform to the design boundary, rece the seismic effect, etc
large hole spacing blasting technology: significantly improve the blasting quality and improve the economic benefits of the mine
high section blasting technology: e to the depth of the borehole, the number of rig relocation is reced, the proction efficiency of the rig is improved, the foundation is reced, the blasting quality is improved, and the ore rock mixing is avoided
15. Applicable conditions and main types of loosening plough
the loosening plough can be used in soft ore bed, permafrost and thin ore bed. There are many types of scarifier, which can be divided into traction type and suspension type according to the connection mode of scarifier and tractor
16. In order to ensure the efficiency of mining equipment, what are the basic requirements of blasting work
1) after blasting, the bench and slope surface should be smooth without "foundation", "loose rock" and hard wall. 2) The shape and specification of blasting pile and the fragmentation after blasting shall meet the requirements of mining and loading operation. 3) There are enough blasting reserves. 4) The perforating and mining equipment are matched in capacity and quantity
17. What are the basic requirements for the matching of the number of perforating equipment and mining equipment
in order to coordinate blasting work with mining and loading, the number and capacity of perforating equipment should be matched with mining equipment, i.e.

where n is the number of perforating machines in the mining area, set; Q -- excavator proction capacity, m3 / shift
L -- proction capacity of piercer shift, M / shift; G -- rock yield per meter of borehole, m3 / M; C -- porosity
when n is an integer, the necessary adjustment can be made between the perforators in different mining areas of the same step or between the perforators in adjacent mining areas. If the adjustment is not easy, the number of piercers should be increased
18. Calculation of boulder rate of through blasting rock: mining, transportation and crushing equipment