HNS coin miner
Publish: 2021-04-02 19:00:36
1. Get the HNS wallet address
exchange Wallet: gate MXC, etc
register and log in to the exchange, and find the HNS recharge on the recharge and withdrawal page to get the wallet address.
exchange Wallet: gate MXC, etc
register and log in to the exchange, and find the HNS recharge on the recharge and withdrawal page to get the wallet address.
2. Brief introction:
in 1969, IMCO (now IMO) turned its attention to the formulation of an International Convention on pollution damage caused by toxic and harmful substances after coordinating and solving the problem of pollution caused by bulk oil. In 1974, a questionnaire was issued to Member States to investigate whether it is necessary to establish a civil liability system for substances not included in the Convention on civil liability for oil pollution in the course of maritime transportation. This was discussed at the meeting of the Law Committee in April 1975. From 1975 to 1981, there were many discussions on the necessity and scope of application of the new convention. In September 1980, the draft convention was issued, but it was criticized by the participants at the CMI meeting in Montreal in May 1981 and was not accepted. At the diplomatic conference in 1984, the draft was not adopted because of the great differences on whether to adopt the principle of apportionment of liability between shipowners and shippers, whether it should be linked with the Convention on limitation of liability for maritime claims (LLMC) of 1976, whether to apply the fire and explosion accidents of packaged goods and empty oil tankers. From 1981 to 1996, after 15 years of revision, the draft Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused by toxic and harmful substances in international maritime transport (HNS convention) has been further improved and finally submitted to the IMO diplomatic conference in April 1996 for discussion. After discussion and consultation, 73 foreign officials and representatives of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations voted to adopt the Convention on May 3
HNS convention is another strict liability compensation convention after the Convention on civil liability and the fund convention. It is also another important international convention since the port operators convention was formulated by IMO in 1990. The most basic feature of the Convention is that it adopts a two-tier compensation mechanism. The first tier compensation mechanism similar to the 1969 International Convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage and the second tier compensation mechanism similar to the 1971 International Convention on Compensation Fund for oil pollution damage are put into one convention to form a complete two-tier compensation mechanism, which is concive to the unification of compensation mechanisms in various countries, It is convenient to coordinate the compensation limit of the two-tier compensation mechanism. The first compensation mechanism of the Convention requires the shipowner to carry compulsory insurance for ships carrying hazardous and toxic substances; The second compensation mechanism requires importers / consignees of hazardous and toxic substances to share the fund and establish an international hazardous and toxic substances fund. When the shipowner is exempted from the liability for the loss, or is unable to meet the compensation requirements of the damaged party e to financial reasons, or the damage exceeds the liability limit of the shipowner, the fund shall compensate the damaged party<
text:
the parties to this Convention are aware of the danger caused by the worldwide maritime transport of hazardous and toxic substances,
are convinced of the need to ensure that adequate, prompt and effective compensation is provided to those who have suffered damage caused by maritime transport accidents of such substances,
hope to adopt consistent international rules and proceres to determine the liability and compensation for such damage,
it is considered that the economic consequences of the damage caused by the maritime transportation of hazardous and toxic substances shall be jointly borne by the shipping instry and the cargo parties concerned.
it is hereby agreed as follows:
Chapter I General Provisions
definition
Article 1
for the purpose of this Convention:
1 "ship" refers to any kind of sea vessel and sea vehicle
2 "person" refers to any indivial or partner or any public or private institution, whether legal person or not, including the state or any part thereof
3 "owner" refers to the person registered as the owner of the ship; Or, in the absence of registration, the person who owns the ship. However, if the ship is owned by a state and operated by a company registered as the operator of the ship in that state, "owner" shall mean such company
4 "receiving income" means:
(a) the person who actually receives the assessed goods discharged at the port or wharf of a party, but if at the time of receiving the goods, the person who actually receives the goods is the agent of another person under the jurisdiction of any Contracting state and the agent has designated the principal to the hazardous and toxic substances fund, the principal shall be regarded as the recipient; Or
(b) a person who is in a state party and is deemed to be the recipient of assessed goods discharged at a port or pier of a state party in accordance with the national law of that state, However, the total amount of assessed goods received under such national laws shall be basically the same as the total amount of goods received under (a) O
5 "hazardous and noxious substances" (noxious substances) means:
(a) any of the substances described in (I) to (VII) below, transported as goods on board Materials and articles:
(I) oil in bulk as listed in Appendix l of Annex I to the International Convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as amended by the protocol of 1978
(II) toxic liquid substances transported in bulk as described in Appendix II of Annex II to the International Convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as amended by the protocol of 1978, and substances and mixtures tentatively classified as pollution category A, B, C or D according to Article 3 (4) of Annex II above< (III) the dangerous liquid substances listed in Chapter l 7 of the revised International Code for the construction and equipment of dangerous chemical carriers in bulk, 1983, and the dangerous procts for which the competent authorities and the relevant port authorities have made provisions on the preliminary conditions of transport in accordance with article l.1.3 of the code
(IV) dangerous, risky and harmful substances, materials and articles in the form of packaging specified in the revised IMDG Code
(V) liquefied gases listed in Chapter 19 of the international code for the construction and equipment of bulk liquefied gas carriers, 1983, as amended, and procts for which the competent authorities and relevant port administrations have made provisions on their preliminary conditions of transport in accordance with article 1.1.6 of the code
(VI) liquid substances transported in bulk with flash point not exceeding 60 ℃ (measured by closed cup test)
(VII) solid bulk materials with chemical hazards specified in Appendix B of the revised safe operation rules for solid bulk cargo, provided that such materials are also subject to the provisions of the IMDG Code when transported in packaging form; And
(b) resies of substances previously transported in bulk as described in (a) (I) to (III) and (V) to (VI) above
6 "damage" refers to:
(a) personal injury or death caused by harmful and toxic substances on board or outside the ship transporting these substances
(b) loss of or damage to property caused by hazardous and toxic substances outside the ship carrying them
(c) loss or damage caused by environmental pollution caused by harmful and toxic substances, but compensation for environmental pollution damage excluding profit loss caused by environmental damage shall be limited to the cost of reasonable recovery measures actually taken or to be taken; And
(d) the cost of preventive measures and the new loss or damage caused by preventive measures
when it is impossible to reasonably distinguish the damage caused by noxious substances from that caused by other factors, all such damage shall be deemed to have been caused by noxious substances unless the damage caused by other factors is of the type mentioned in Article 4, paragraph 3
in this paragraph, "caused by these substances" means caused by the harmfulness or toxicity of such substances
7 "preventive measures" refer to any reasonable measures taken by any person to prevent or minimize damage after the accident
8 "accident" refers to any accident or a series of incidents with the same origin, causing damage or causing serious and imminent threat of damage
9 "maritime transport" refers to the period from the time when hazardous and toxic substances enter any part of the ship's equipment at the time of loading to the time when they no longer exist in any part of the ship's equipment at the time of unloading. If no ship's equipment is used, the period starts and ends respectively when the harmful and toxic substances cross the ship's side
10 "cargo" refers to any hazardous and toxic substances transported by sea to a port or wharf in the territory of a party and unloaded in that party. In the course of transportation from the initial loading port or wharf to the final destination port or wharf, re export goods transferred directly or through the port or wharf from one ship to another in whole or in part shall only be regarded as assessed goods when the final destination is received
11 "hazardous and toxic substances fund" means the international hazardous and toxic substances fund established in accordance with Article L3
12 "unit of account" refers to the special drawing rights defined by the International Monetary Fund
13 "state of registration" refers to the state of registration of a registered ship; In the case of a unregistered ship, the state in which the ship is entitled to fly its flag
14 "dock" refers to any site where hazardous and toxic substances received for transportation over water are stored, including any offshore facilities connected to such site by pipelines or other equipment
L5 "director" refers to the director general of the hazardous and toxic substances fund
L6 "the organization" refers to the international maritime organization
17 "secretary general" refers to the Secretary General of the organization<
annex
Article 2
the annex to this Convention shall be an integral part of this Convention<
scope of application
Article 3
this Convention shall only apply to:
(a) any damage caused in the territory (including territorial sea) of the parties
(b) damage caused by environmental pollution in the exclusive economic zone determined by the party in accordance with international law, or, if the party has not determined such an area, in the area determined by the party in accordance with international law, outside and adjacent to its territorial sea and extending not more than 200 nautical miles from the baseline for measuring the width of its territorial sea
(c) non environmental pollution damage caused outside the territory (including territorial sea) of any country by substances transported by a ship registered in a party state or, in the case of an unregistered ship, a ship entitled to fly the flag of a party state; And
(d) prevention measures taken wherever< Article 4 this Convention shall apply to claims for damages caused by the carriage of hazardous and toxic substances by sea, but shall not include claims arising from any contract of carriage of goods or passengers
2 this Convention shall not apply to the extent that its provisions are inconsistent with the provisions of applicable laws concerning workers' compensation or social security system
3 this Convention shall not apply to:
(a) pollution damage specified in the International Convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage, 1969, as amended, regardless of whether compensation should be made under the Convention; And
(b) damage caused by class 7 radioactive substances in the amended IMDG Code or appendix B to the amended code of practice for the safety of solid bulk cargo
4 except as provided in paragraph 5, the provisions of this Convention shall not apply to warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by the state and used only for government non-commercial services at that time
5 the parties may decide to apply this Convention to warships or other ships referred to in paragraph 4, in which case they shall notify the Secretary General of the restrictive provisions for such application
6 for state-owned ships used for commercial purposes, each state shall accept prosecution within the jurisdiction listed in Article 38, and shall give up all defences based on the status of sovereign state< Article 5 at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession to this Convention or at any time thereafter
in 1969, IMCO (now IMO) turned its attention to the formulation of an International Convention on pollution damage caused by toxic and harmful substances after coordinating and solving the problem of pollution caused by bulk oil. In 1974, a questionnaire was issued to Member States to investigate whether it is necessary to establish a civil liability system for substances not included in the Convention on civil liability for oil pollution in the course of maritime transportation. This was discussed at the meeting of the Law Committee in April 1975. From 1975 to 1981, there were many discussions on the necessity and scope of application of the new convention. In September 1980, the draft convention was issued, but it was criticized by the participants at the CMI meeting in Montreal in May 1981 and was not accepted. At the diplomatic conference in 1984, the draft was not adopted because of the great differences on whether to adopt the principle of apportionment of liability between shipowners and shippers, whether it should be linked with the Convention on limitation of liability for maritime claims (LLMC) of 1976, whether to apply the fire and explosion accidents of packaged goods and empty oil tankers. From 1981 to 1996, after 15 years of revision, the draft Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused by toxic and harmful substances in international maritime transport (HNS convention) has been further improved and finally submitted to the IMO diplomatic conference in April 1996 for discussion. After discussion and consultation, 73 foreign officials and representatives of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations voted to adopt the Convention on May 3
HNS convention is another strict liability compensation convention after the Convention on civil liability and the fund convention. It is also another important international convention since the port operators convention was formulated by IMO in 1990. The most basic feature of the Convention is that it adopts a two-tier compensation mechanism. The first tier compensation mechanism similar to the 1969 International Convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage and the second tier compensation mechanism similar to the 1971 International Convention on Compensation Fund for oil pollution damage are put into one convention to form a complete two-tier compensation mechanism, which is concive to the unification of compensation mechanisms in various countries, It is convenient to coordinate the compensation limit of the two-tier compensation mechanism. The first compensation mechanism of the Convention requires the shipowner to carry compulsory insurance for ships carrying hazardous and toxic substances; The second compensation mechanism requires importers / consignees of hazardous and toxic substances to share the fund and establish an international hazardous and toxic substances fund. When the shipowner is exempted from the liability for the loss, or is unable to meet the compensation requirements of the damaged party e to financial reasons, or the damage exceeds the liability limit of the shipowner, the fund shall compensate the damaged party<
text:
the parties to this Convention are aware of the danger caused by the worldwide maritime transport of hazardous and toxic substances,
are convinced of the need to ensure that adequate, prompt and effective compensation is provided to those who have suffered damage caused by maritime transport accidents of such substances,
hope to adopt consistent international rules and proceres to determine the liability and compensation for such damage,
it is considered that the economic consequences of the damage caused by the maritime transportation of hazardous and toxic substances shall be jointly borne by the shipping instry and the cargo parties concerned.
it is hereby agreed as follows:
Chapter I General Provisions
definition
Article 1
for the purpose of this Convention:
1 "ship" refers to any kind of sea vessel and sea vehicle
2 "person" refers to any indivial or partner or any public or private institution, whether legal person or not, including the state or any part thereof
3 "owner" refers to the person registered as the owner of the ship; Or, in the absence of registration, the person who owns the ship. However, if the ship is owned by a state and operated by a company registered as the operator of the ship in that state, "owner" shall mean such company
4 "receiving income" means:
(a) the person who actually receives the assessed goods discharged at the port or wharf of a party, but if at the time of receiving the goods, the person who actually receives the goods is the agent of another person under the jurisdiction of any Contracting state and the agent has designated the principal to the hazardous and toxic substances fund, the principal shall be regarded as the recipient; Or
(b) a person who is in a state party and is deemed to be the recipient of assessed goods discharged at a port or pier of a state party in accordance with the national law of that state, However, the total amount of assessed goods received under such national laws shall be basically the same as the total amount of goods received under (a) O
5 "hazardous and noxious substances" (noxious substances) means:
(a) any of the substances described in (I) to (VII) below, transported as goods on board Materials and articles:
(I) oil in bulk as listed in Appendix l of Annex I to the International Convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as amended by the protocol of 1978
(II) toxic liquid substances transported in bulk as described in Appendix II of Annex II to the International Convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as amended by the protocol of 1978, and substances and mixtures tentatively classified as pollution category A, B, C or D according to Article 3 (4) of Annex II above< (III) the dangerous liquid substances listed in Chapter l 7 of the revised International Code for the construction and equipment of dangerous chemical carriers in bulk, 1983, and the dangerous procts for which the competent authorities and the relevant port authorities have made provisions on the preliminary conditions of transport in accordance with article l.1.3 of the code
(IV) dangerous, risky and harmful substances, materials and articles in the form of packaging specified in the revised IMDG Code
(V) liquefied gases listed in Chapter 19 of the international code for the construction and equipment of bulk liquefied gas carriers, 1983, as amended, and procts for which the competent authorities and relevant port administrations have made provisions on their preliminary conditions of transport in accordance with article 1.1.6 of the code
(VI) liquid substances transported in bulk with flash point not exceeding 60 ℃ (measured by closed cup test)
(VII) solid bulk materials with chemical hazards specified in Appendix B of the revised safe operation rules for solid bulk cargo, provided that such materials are also subject to the provisions of the IMDG Code when transported in packaging form; And
(b) resies of substances previously transported in bulk as described in (a) (I) to (III) and (V) to (VI) above
6 "damage" refers to:
(a) personal injury or death caused by harmful and toxic substances on board or outside the ship transporting these substances
(b) loss of or damage to property caused by hazardous and toxic substances outside the ship carrying them
(c) loss or damage caused by environmental pollution caused by harmful and toxic substances, but compensation for environmental pollution damage excluding profit loss caused by environmental damage shall be limited to the cost of reasonable recovery measures actually taken or to be taken; And
(d) the cost of preventive measures and the new loss or damage caused by preventive measures
when it is impossible to reasonably distinguish the damage caused by noxious substances from that caused by other factors, all such damage shall be deemed to have been caused by noxious substances unless the damage caused by other factors is of the type mentioned in Article 4, paragraph 3
in this paragraph, "caused by these substances" means caused by the harmfulness or toxicity of such substances
7 "preventive measures" refer to any reasonable measures taken by any person to prevent or minimize damage after the accident
8 "accident" refers to any accident or a series of incidents with the same origin, causing damage or causing serious and imminent threat of damage
9 "maritime transport" refers to the period from the time when hazardous and toxic substances enter any part of the ship's equipment at the time of loading to the time when they no longer exist in any part of the ship's equipment at the time of unloading. If no ship's equipment is used, the period starts and ends respectively when the harmful and toxic substances cross the ship's side
10 "cargo" refers to any hazardous and toxic substances transported by sea to a port or wharf in the territory of a party and unloaded in that party. In the course of transportation from the initial loading port or wharf to the final destination port or wharf, re export goods transferred directly or through the port or wharf from one ship to another in whole or in part shall only be regarded as assessed goods when the final destination is received
11 "hazardous and toxic substances fund" means the international hazardous and toxic substances fund established in accordance with Article L3
12 "unit of account" refers to the special drawing rights defined by the International Monetary Fund
13 "state of registration" refers to the state of registration of a registered ship; In the case of a unregistered ship, the state in which the ship is entitled to fly its flag
14 "dock" refers to any site where hazardous and toxic substances received for transportation over water are stored, including any offshore facilities connected to such site by pipelines or other equipment
L5 "director" refers to the director general of the hazardous and toxic substances fund
L6 "the organization" refers to the international maritime organization
17 "secretary general" refers to the Secretary General of the organization<
annex
Article 2
the annex to this Convention shall be an integral part of this Convention<
scope of application
Article 3
this Convention shall only apply to:
(a) any damage caused in the territory (including territorial sea) of the parties
(b) damage caused by environmental pollution in the exclusive economic zone determined by the party in accordance with international law, or, if the party has not determined such an area, in the area determined by the party in accordance with international law, outside and adjacent to its territorial sea and extending not more than 200 nautical miles from the baseline for measuring the width of its territorial sea
(c) non environmental pollution damage caused outside the territory (including territorial sea) of any country by substances transported by a ship registered in a party state or, in the case of an unregistered ship, a ship entitled to fly the flag of a party state; And
(d) prevention measures taken wherever< Article 4 this Convention shall apply to claims for damages caused by the carriage of hazardous and toxic substances by sea, but shall not include claims arising from any contract of carriage of goods or passengers
2 this Convention shall not apply to the extent that its provisions are inconsistent with the provisions of applicable laws concerning workers' compensation or social security system
3 this Convention shall not apply to:
(a) pollution damage specified in the International Convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage, 1969, as amended, regardless of whether compensation should be made under the Convention; And
(b) damage caused by class 7 radioactive substances in the amended IMDG Code or appendix B to the amended code of practice for the safety of solid bulk cargo
4 except as provided in paragraph 5, the provisions of this Convention shall not apply to warships, naval auxiliary ships or other ships owned or operated by the state and used only for government non-commercial services at that time
5 the parties may decide to apply this Convention to warships or other ships referred to in paragraph 4, in which case they shall notify the Secretary General of the restrictive provisions for such application
6 for state-owned ships used for commercial purposes, each state shall accept prosecution within the jurisdiction listed in Article 38, and shall give up all defences based on the status of sovereign state< Article 5 at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession to this Convention or at any time thereafter
3. This is the map I collected before
http://115.com/lb/5lbdpzrk4he#
RPG map.rar, size: 251.66mb
115 gift pack Code: 5lbdpzrk4he
115 http://115.com/lb/5lbbe7tvgud#
Si Zu He Wei Sha exercise map.rar, size: 329.62kb
115 network disk gift package code: 5lbbe7tvgud
115 http://115.com/lb/5lbangozuvr#
3C map.rar, Size: 13.27mb
115 gift pack Code: 5lbangozuvr
115 http://115.com/lb/5lbe7bgyhns#
General map.rar,
size: 34.84mb
115 gift pack Code: 5lbe7bgyhns
in addition, can you change the problem classification to game category
thank you for your cooperation
hope to adopt it
http://115.com/lb/5lbdpzrk4he#
RPG map.rar, size: 251.66mb
115 gift pack Code: 5lbdpzrk4he
115 http://115.com/lb/5lbbe7tvgud#
Si Zu He Wei Sha exercise map.rar, size: 329.62kb
115 network disk gift package code: 5lbbe7tvgud
115 http://115.com/lb/5lbangozuvr#
3C map.rar, Size: 13.27mb
115 gift pack Code: 5lbangozuvr
115 http://115.com/lb/5lbe7bgyhns#
General map.rar,
size: 34.84mb
115 gift pack Code: 5lbe7bgyhns
in addition, can you change the problem classification to game category
thank you for your cooperation
hope to adopt it
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