Pool behavior
bitcoin mining machine is a kind of computer used to earn bitcoin. This kind of computer generally has professional mining chips and works in the way of burning graphics card, which consumes a lot of power. It is one of the ways to get bitcoin that users download software from personal computer and then run specific algorithm to get corresponding bitcoin after communicating with remote server
mining is actually a competition of performance and equipment, and a competition of computing power among miners. Miners with more computing power are more likely to dig bitcoin. With the increase of computing power in the whole network, it is more and more difficult to dig bits with traditional devices (CPU, GPU). People have developed chips specially used for mining. Chip is the core part of mining machine. The process of chip operation will proce a lot of heat, in order to cool down, bitcoin miner is generally equipped with heat sink and fan
bitcoin is a kind of virtual currency. Bitcoin mining system is the process of carrying out mathematical operation for bitcoin network through computer hardware. Miners who provide services can get a reward, because the network reward is calculated according to the tasks completed by miners, so the competition for mining is very fierce
bitcoin mining started with low-cost hardware such as CPU or GPU, but with the popularity of bitcoin, the mining process has changed greatly. Nowadays, the mining activities are transferred to the field programmable gate array, and the hash speed can be achieved through optimization. The mining efficiency of this mode is very high
the biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system has no more than 10.5 million in the first four years, and the total number after that will be permanently limited to 21 million. Another point is that you can use computers to make bitcoin.
unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million
bitcoin can be cashed and converted into the currency of most countries. Users can use bitcoin to buy some virtual items, such as clothes, hats and equipment in online games. As long as someone accepts it, they can also use bitcoin to buy real-life items[ 1-2]
PPS means that the gold you dig is stored in the mine pool, and then transferred to your wallet after a certain amount. The handling charge is relatively high. PPLNs is generally more common in p2pool. When you dig the mine, it is directly stored in your wallet, and there is no handling charge. At present, the more popular is p2pool, which is relatively safe at present, and it is also highly praised by foreign heroes
supply and demand
when compared with other virtual currencies, bitcoin always mentions "fixed output 21 million". In the early years, bitcoin had not been exposed to investors in a large area. It proced a lot and g a lot, but there was no demand. But now purchase bitcoin, the price is expensive, the output is small, the demand is big
analysts of jiafengruide believe that when there is an imbalance between supply and demand, commodity prices will be affected. Influenced by the policy, many bitcoin holders are now keeping a wait-and-see attitude. The decrease of bitcoin in circulation in the market and the increasing demand for bitcoin in the market are bound to push the price up, but in fact, it will not be the investment speculators who come into the market at this high level who will benefit in the end
popularization of regional chain
the report released by UBS in October mentioned the problem of regional chain technology. The report shows that by 2027, the global investment value of regional chain technology will reach 300 billion to 400 billion US dollars. And the regional chain as an infrastructure development, will be applied to more and more scenarios
at that time, whether the popularity of regional chain will raise the price of bitcoin is also full of uncertainty
investor confidence remains unchanged
although many institutions and financial giants are short of bitcoin, investors are still confident in the future value of bitcoin. After all, in history, is there any trading proct that can soar 7.54 million times in eight years
analysts at Jifeng Reed said that 10 years ago, the impact of the financial crisis left many countries so far unshadowed, and the share price bubble continued to expand, and investors would worry whether the original financial system would collapse again. Bitcoin, which has a strong performance, will attract more investors with capital inflows, thus driving up prices. In a way, bitcoin is already a safe haven
although the trading of bitcoin was suspended by China in September this year, bitcoin surged by more than 233% after de Sinicization< In November, bitcoin began to hard bifurcate, that is to say, the regional chain was divided into two parts, which is equivalent to doubling the issue of bitcoin, which means that the value of bitcoin will be diluted. Affected by the impending start of hard bifurcations, bitcoin started on November 9 and has been on the decline for four days
the suspension of the 2x fork, originally scheled for November 16, has eased the anxiety over the expansion of the bitcoin instry chain, and the market is a little relieved of the possible collapse crisis caused by the fork
bubble greater risk
many investors have seen the bitcoin appreciation and profit margins after they have entered the bitcoin trading market. However, the current domestic large-scale bitcoin trading platform has been completely closed, and the regulatory level has not relaxed the entry of bitcoin into the domestic market
bitcoin, as a speculative commodity, has great bubbles and unknown risks. We tend to ignore the risk, and it is often the risk that damages the funds in our pockets. When participating in a high-risk market, we must reasonably allocate personal assets, such as the allocation of stable financial procts such as stable profit selection investment plan. We must not use all our wealth to allocate high-risk investment procts
in a word, bitcoin has risen dramatically in recent years. It's hard to avoid some words like "you are the richest man in China now if you bought bitcoin eight years ago". But eight years ago, you didn't know that bitcoin could be as brilliant as it is today. You might as well change your vision and look for the next "bitcoin".
coinbase transaction is a special transaction that generates bitcoin "out of thin air". Only miners can write this kind of transaction, and the number of generated bitcoin is limited by rules (new currency reced by half for every 210000 blocks + transaction fee for this block)
however, the rules do not stipulate that the miner must take away all the rewards that can be taken, and can choose not to take them
therefore, a mine pool connected with the RSK side chain has made a bug before, forgetting to take away the reward and occupying a pit in a block for nothing, which is equivalent to destroying the corresponding amount of bitcoin, making the total amount of bitcoin decrease a little bit permanently
in addition, to spend a bitcoin, you only need to specify the transaction ID and output serial number
as like as two peas in multiple blocks repeatedly write identical coinbase transactions, the transaction ID is also repeated.
therefore, this kind of situation also occupies the pit of a block in vain, and permanently destroys the corresponding amount of bitcoin
it seems to me that this is still a security vulnerability, so the new version of bitcoin software later banned the writing of repeated coinbase transactions. But until now, there has been no ban on miners not getting their e rewards
generally speaking, a coin is controlled by a private key. If a coin is transferred to an address where no one knows the private key, it will be destroyed
if the owner does a good job in security, and the private key is not disclosed and cannot be guessed, but he accidentally loses the private key, it is equivalent to destroying all the coins he owns
there are only some special circumstances that require intentional destruction of coins
one is irreversibly converted into another kind of currency, such as the contract currency XCP attached to bitcoin and wormhole cash WHC attached to BCH
the second is to save certificates and data on the chain, such as the time stamp: panbiao.com/2013/08 /
and the crowd funding of the original Ethereum founding team: zhuanlan.hu.com/p/29
the private key is essentially a big number. Whoever knows this number can control the currency on the corresponding address. So the private key must be generated with reliable random number, otherwise it may be guessed and stolen
compared with the token, the address is the hash of the public key. There is no way to judge whether an address has a corresponding public key and private key (even if the public key is known, the corresponding private key cannot be known). Therefore, even if it is explicitly the address of "burned" token, the system does not prohibit the transfer in
strictly speaking, what locks the currency is a small program (script). This program takes the input as the public key and digital signature. First, check whether the public key hash is consistent, and then check whether the digital signature is valid. If it is valid, it will be verified and transfer is allowed; Otherwise, it will be judged that the transaction is illegal and refuse to package into the chain
it is the whole node software that explains and executes this program. It can be said that the software code of the whole node specifically defines a coin
however, the current situation is very embarrassing. Most miners do not run the whole node, only a few mines are running. The vast majority of users do not run the whole node, even if they run the whole node, they can only perform verification, no computing power, no block.
This is a Linux system IP address configuration command. The specific meaning is:
set the IP address of the system to 192.168.0.2; The subnet mask is 24, that is 255.255.255.0; The broadcast address is 192.168.0.255; The name of NIC device is eth0
all computers in the network must set a unique IP address to communicate normally. Because of this unique address, users can select the objects they need from thousands of computers efficiently and conveniently when they operate on networked computers
The IP address is just like our home address. If you want to write to a person, you need to know his or her address so that the postman can deliver the letter. A computer sending information is like a postman. It must know the only "home address" to avoid sending the letter to the wrong person. But our address is expressed in words, the address of the computer is expressed in binary numbers eth0 is the name set by the system for the network card. If there are al network cards or multiple network cards, there will be names like eth1 and eth2. The name can be set artificially. It is the unique name of the network card in the current computer system
log in to passport.. com - Help Center - identity authentication - revoking your real name through the PC, and revoking your real name information according to the prompts on the page
if your account is called by a stranger, you can directly log in to app - [settings], [account management], [identity verification] to appeal, or go to "[more], [login PROBLEMS], [if the above cannot be solved, please click here]" on the login page to appeal. After the appeal is passed, modify the real name information in the successful appeal link.
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after successful registration, we will see a message like "your account has been successfully registered and logged in!" on the webpage, It means that we have successfully registered and logged in, as shown in the figure
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we can click the "dashboard" button in the upper left corner to see the whole monitoring status of the account, as shown in the figure
note: in this monitoring dashboard, we are most concerned about "total earnings", which is the bitcoin earned by our current account. In the future, as long as we open the website and enter the monitoring dashboard, we can see the relevant information of our account
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next, click "Settings" in the navigation bar of the page. In the settings page, we can set the e-mail address, bit wallet address, change the password, etc., as shown in the figure
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if we set the e-mail address in the account, if we forget the password or steal it in the future, we can restore the password through the set e-mail. First, enter our common email address in the "email address" column, and then click the "change" button, as shown in the figure
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next, a confirmation email will be displayed on the page that has been sent to our previously set email, as shown in the figure
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then we open our email and find the email sent by BTC guide. Click the confirmation link, and then the page will show that our email has been set successfully, as shown in the figure
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if we set email in account setting, we can also set email notification for mining miners' behavior. Find the "idle warnings" column on the setting page, click the drop-down list, select the time when you want to send the email, and then click the "change" button on the right. When we set 10 minutes later, if a miner stops mining, the system will automatically send a notification email to our email after 10 minutes. After receiving the email, we knew that the miner was on strike
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in addition, we are more concerned about the "bitcoin wallet", that is, the wallet address. You don't need to set this address first. It's not too late for me to fill in when I really get bitcoin
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after the account is set, we need to set "worker". What is a worker? This is the login account name we will use later on the bitcoin mining client. The system will create a miner name for us by default. The miner name is composed of our registered account name, an underline and a number. For example, our registered account is XXX, and the first miner's name is "XXX"_ 1 ", as shown in the figure
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if we want to set more than one miner's name, enter a number such as" 2 "in the" create worker "column, and then click the" create "button to add a new miner's account name, as shown in the figure
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in the worker settings page, we can also set the mining payment mode of the mining account. Payment method, i.e. mining payment method. There are two types to choose from, PPS and PPLNs. The difference lies in the mining mode and handling charge. The handling charge of PPS is 7.5%, while that of PPLNs is 3%. The system adopts PPLNs by default. If you want to change it, please click the "change" button under the payment method
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in addition, we can also choose the difficulty of mining mode. If our computer has multiple graphics card GPUs or some special machines, we can set the miner's account name under the minimum difficulty, as shown in the figure
end
Step 2, download the mining client software
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after we register and set up, Next, please click "support" in the page navigation menu, and we will see the download link of the client< There are two types of mining client software:
bfgminer: command line operation interface, which can be downloaded directly
cgminer: it is also operated in the command line format, but the download steps are too complicated
let's take bfgminer as an example and click download as shown in the figure
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then it will jump to the download page of mining tools. There are two formats of mining tools, one is 32-bit system, the other is 64 bit system. According to the number of system bits, download the corresponding tool version, as shown in the figure
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mining tool client size is less than 5m, it is a zip compressed file. When the download is complete, locate and open the file. Click the right mouse button and select the "" option, as shown in the figure
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here I take paste extraction to the desktop as an example, as shown in the figure
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Step 3, mining client software detailed settings
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after opening the mining directory, double-click the "bfgminer" file under the directory, As shown in the figure,
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next, look at the BFG minier window and enter the address of the ore pool at the URL. The pool address can be seen in the BTC guide's support page, such as stratum. Btcguild com:3333 , press enter, as shown in the figure,
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and then enter the miner's name that you previously set on BTC guide website after the user name, press enter, as shown in the figure,
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you can enter it at will at the password, As shown in the figure,
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finally, you can see that many numbers are changing, indicating that mining is in progress. It is worth noting that the places marked in the figure indicate the current machine button speed, as shown in the figure
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in addition to the current mining speed on the mining client software, we can also see the specific mining speed of each miner in the "active worker summary" list on the "dashboard" page of BTC guide website, As shown in the figure,
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if you want to close the mining tool, you can directly drop X or press Q to exit. If you want to open more, you can open another mining tool in the BFG miner directory< Step 4, cgminer command line client software
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if you really want to mine, the official recommends us to use "cgminer", that is, to run it at the command prompt. Click "support" on BTC guide page, and then click "cgminer" download link page, select the corresponding system version, as shown in the figure
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then jump to cgminer download page and click the link marked in the figure
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and then select a version of cgminer. Here I download a Windows version as an example, as shown in the figure
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here I take the Windows version of cgminer as an example. After downloading, unzip it to the computer, as shown in the figure
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open the cgminer directory and find "cgminer", As shown in the figure
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double click "cgminer" with the mouse, a command line window will pop up, prompting us to enter the URL address of the connection server. Enter "stratum. Btcguild com:3333 ”, press the Enter key on the keyboard, as shown in the figure,
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and then prompt us to enter "user name", that is, the account name of the miner. Press the Enter key on the keyboard, as shown in the figure,
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and then enter the password. Press the Enter key on the keyboard, as shown in the figure,
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wait for a moment, When the client and the service establish a connection, the machine will start mining, as shown in the figure
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to quit mining, please press the "Q" key on the keyboard in the window.