Nano miner
Publish: 2021-04-06 16:39:18
1. With the upgrading of Ethereum to version 2.0 this year, the consensus mechanism will be converted to POS, which will have a huge impact on miners. There are two choices for miners. One is to sell mining equipment and buy eth to adapt to the stacking mechanism of POS; The second is to switch the miner to other networks supporting GPU miner. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment distributor, said most eth miners would choose the latter
after Ethereum is upgraded to version 2.0 POS mechanism, miners may switch mining machines to other networks
as Ethereum is finally ready to start its Ethereum 2.0 upgrade later this year, thus eliminating the long-term delay, the network will start to move towards the proof of rights model
therefore, the network will give up the workload proof consensus algorithm, so that eth miners have little choice. As their equipment will become obsolete, they will be forced to start mining counterfeit coins or re qualify as eth mortgagors. So, what is the current situation of Ethereum mining? With the coming transition, what will happen to the whole instry< At present, Ethereum consensus is based on POW system, which is similar to bitcoin (BTC). As a result, Ethereum's mining process is almost the same, as miners use their computing resources to earn rewards for each block they try to complete< However, there are still major differences between these processes. Although bitcoin mining has relied almost entirely on ASIC (large, loud machines designed specifically for cryptocurrency mining, most of which are concentrated in areas with low electricity prices), Ethereum's pow hash algorithm ethash is designed to support global chip manufacturers (such as NVIDIA and AMD). As Thomas Heller, global business director of cryptocurrency mining pool f2pool, explained in a conversation with cointegraph, GPU is much cheaper and easier to access than ASIC
"as ASIC is a very professional machine, when a new generation of procts is released, it is usually a huge technological leap. As a result, they have a much higher hash rate and are more energy efficient than the previous generation. This means that those manufacturers have spent a lot of money to research and develop it. Their machines are usually very expensive, and GPUs are much cheaper. "
Heller added that those who use GPU miners "have more flexibility to mine." For example, the popular NVIDIA geforce GTX 1080 Ti card can mine more than 15 different currencies, while ASIC units usually support only one currency
nevertheless, Ethereum is not completely immune to ASIC miners - at least in its current state. In April 2018, bitcontinent released antminer E3, an ASIC specially proced for mining Ethereum. Although widely praised for its hash rate of 180 megahashes per second and power consumption of 800 watts, it has received different responses from the Ethereum community. After the ASIC is inserted, a considerable number of GPU rig owners seem to suffer from loss of profits, and some are even forced to switch to other networks
"in the white paper, ETH must have ASIC resistance. I would like to say that the white paper stands for something "is one of the highest comments on the AR / ethermining topic about the topic discussed when antminer E3 was announced. Another reddit user argued that "the $800 only applies to 180mh."“ Split or die of a nation. "
some Ethereum users continue to suggest that bitmain's mining devices can lead to greater concentration, thus increasing the possibility of attack by 51%. Soon, a group of developers put forward "programmed workload proof" or progpow, which is an extension of the current Ethereum algorithm ethash, aiming to make GPU more competitive and promote decentralization
according to a paper published in March by Kristy Leigh Minehan, co-founder of progpow, about 40% of the hash rate of Ethereum is generated by bitmain ASIC. Alejandro de la Torre, the vice president of poolin, is the sixth largest pool of eth. He confirmed to cointegration that "GPU mining is still dominant" in Ethereum network, and added:
"at present, the profit of eth mining is not high, and the management threshold and cost of GPU equipment are higher than ASIC equipment. Compared with ASIC devices, GPU devices are more flexible, and you can use other algorithms to switch to other coins. "
progpow has not been integrated into Ethereum, and it is not clear when it will be finally implemented - in March, Ethereum core developers were debating whether progpow will really benefit the network in nearly two hours, and failed to reach a consensus. It is worth noting that a bitmain representative has previously told cointegraph that the mining hardware giant does not intend to extend the service life of antminer E3 to start operation after October 2020: "as far as we know, mining will end in October or some time after that."
a safe but uncertain future
indeed, Ethereum will stay away from mining in the future. Ethereum 2.0, which is planned to be launched later in 2020, is a major network upgrade on the blockchain, aiming to transfer its current POW consensus algorithm to a virtual POS (known as "block verifier")
more specifically, users are randomly selected considering their wealth in the network or their "interests". In other words, the more coins a POS verifier chooses to put in, the more coins accumulated as a reward
according to vitalik buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, e to the transition, the network will be more secure and the attack cost will be higher than the network of bitcoin, although the debate about the better consensus algorithm in the encryption community has lasted for many years. However, it is not clear when to start Ethereum 2.0, as many errors and management issues are reported to be delaying the process
another hypothetical benefit of POS system is that it has higher energy efficiency than pow blockchain. According to digiconomist, the cryptocurrency's total annual footprint is 59.31 terawatts per hour, which is comparable to the electricity consumption of Greece as a whole. However, since a report in July 2019 estimated that 74% of the exploitation of bitcoin was done using renewable energy, the environmental impact of bitcoin does not seem to be so serious
what will happen to the actual Ethereum miner? According to the documentation of Casper upgrade as part of Ethereum 2.0 roadmap, the network will initially support a hybrid model including both POW and POS, thus providing some space for block verifiers and GPU / ASIC miners. Jack O & 39, CEO of skale network; "There will definitely be a transition period when two networks are running at the same time," Holleran told cointegration The CEO of scale network (based on Ethereum's blockchain platform) gave a detailed description of this process:
"the transition from eth1 to eth2 takes time of course - it may be years rather than months. The good news about this slow transition is that dapps and defi platforms will be able to roam around based on survivability, security and real-world evidence of adoption. This is a positive impact on the Ethereum ecosystem. "
dig or not
once Ethereum is fully in the POS orbit, miners will have two options. One is to sell the equipment and use the money to accumulate more Eth and start mortgage. The other is the choice for GPU miners, which is simply switching to other ethash networks and mining counterfeit money. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment dealer, told cointegration that most eth miners would choose the latter:
"what I want to say is that most of the miners have not really entered Ethereum or the mining of specific tokens. Yes, there is a certain amount of mineral deposits and holds, but I oppose the view that a large number of Shanzhai coin miners hold their coins at any time. "<
foster then described how he used 3gb GPU units to mine ethash's point-to-point blockchain asset ravencoin (RVN). Once it was unable to mine eth, he said, "this is the reason for mining crows. I immediately sold stability to BTC, and then sold it to US dollars to pay for my rights. I would say that a lot of people are adopting this strategy. "
as foster concludes, he wants eth miners to jump out of the network, and new players - those who don't invest in power infrastructure or drilling rigs - will take a stake in eth. He described the following:
"I can't imagine if I found a five-year lease with $0.04 of electricity and I was mining eth, I decided to sell everything and then continue to pay the rent so that I could hold eth as a share. Substitute. "
Marc fresa, founder of asic.to, a mining firmware company, agreed in a conversation with cointegraph: "if you invest in mining, you won't bet because you have enough room to grow."
one of the main counterfeit coins that may benefit from POW miners leaving Ethereum is Ethereum classic (etc), which is a more conservative version of the blockchain. It is reported that there is no POS related plan. As it also runs on the ethash algorithm, the startup of Ethereum 2.0 may lead to the migration of miners, so its hash rate may have a significant peak
eth's larger pools have similar options. When asked about the company's plans for Ethereum after pow, Heller told cointegraph that after the announcement of Ethereum's POS upgrade, f2pool launched a sister company called story.fish in early 2018. Story.fish has started to provide mortgage services for other POS and delegated POS projects, such as tezos (xtz), Cosmos (atom) and Cardano (ADA), e to numerous handover delays. For prin, e to the transition to POS, it "may temporarily give up supporting eth mining," de la Torre told cointegraph
other top eth pools, namely nanopool, ethermine, pool center, sparkpool and spiderpool, did not respond to requests for comment from cointegraph.
after Ethereum is upgraded to version 2.0 POS mechanism, miners may switch mining machines to other networks
as Ethereum is finally ready to start its Ethereum 2.0 upgrade later this year, thus eliminating the long-term delay, the network will start to move towards the proof of rights model
therefore, the network will give up the workload proof consensus algorithm, so that eth miners have little choice. As their equipment will become obsolete, they will be forced to start mining counterfeit coins or re qualify as eth mortgagors. So, what is the current situation of Ethereum mining? With the coming transition, what will happen to the whole instry< At present, Ethereum consensus is based on POW system, which is similar to bitcoin (BTC). As a result, Ethereum's mining process is almost the same, as miners use their computing resources to earn rewards for each block they try to complete< However, there are still major differences between these processes. Although bitcoin mining has relied almost entirely on ASIC (large, loud machines designed specifically for cryptocurrency mining, most of which are concentrated in areas with low electricity prices), Ethereum's pow hash algorithm ethash is designed to support global chip manufacturers (such as NVIDIA and AMD). As Thomas Heller, global business director of cryptocurrency mining pool f2pool, explained in a conversation with cointegraph, GPU is much cheaper and easier to access than ASIC
"as ASIC is a very professional machine, when a new generation of procts is released, it is usually a huge technological leap. As a result, they have a much higher hash rate and are more energy efficient than the previous generation. This means that those manufacturers have spent a lot of money to research and develop it. Their machines are usually very expensive, and GPUs are much cheaper. "
Heller added that those who use GPU miners "have more flexibility to mine." For example, the popular NVIDIA geforce GTX 1080 Ti card can mine more than 15 different currencies, while ASIC units usually support only one currency
nevertheless, Ethereum is not completely immune to ASIC miners - at least in its current state. In April 2018, bitcontinent released antminer E3, an ASIC specially proced for mining Ethereum. Although widely praised for its hash rate of 180 megahashes per second and power consumption of 800 watts, it has received different responses from the Ethereum community. After the ASIC is inserted, a considerable number of GPU rig owners seem to suffer from loss of profits, and some are even forced to switch to other networks
"in the white paper, ETH must have ASIC resistance. I would like to say that the white paper stands for something "is one of the highest comments on the AR / ethermining topic about the topic discussed when antminer E3 was announced. Another reddit user argued that "the $800 only applies to 180mh."“ Split or die of a nation. "
some Ethereum users continue to suggest that bitmain's mining devices can lead to greater concentration, thus increasing the possibility of attack by 51%. Soon, a group of developers put forward "programmed workload proof" or progpow, which is an extension of the current Ethereum algorithm ethash, aiming to make GPU more competitive and promote decentralization
according to a paper published in March by Kristy Leigh Minehan, co-founder of progpow, about 40% of the hash rate of Ethereum is generated by bitmain ASIC. Alejandro de la Torre, the vice president of poolin, is the sixth largest pool of eth. He confirmed to cointegration that "GPU mining is still dominant" in Ethereum network, and added:
"at present, the profit of eth mining is not high, and the management threshold and cost of GPU equipment are higher than ASIC equipment. Compared with ASIC devices, GPU devices are more flexible, and you can use other algorithms to switch to other coins. "
progpow has not been integrated into Ethereum, and it is not clear when it will be finally implemented - in March, Ethereum core developers were debating whether progpow will really benefit the network in nearly two hours, and failed to reach a consensus. It is worth noting that a bitmain representative has previously told cointegraph that the mining hardware giant does not intend to extend the service life of antminer E3 to start operation after October 2020: "as far as we know, mining will end in October or some time after that."
a safe but uncertain future
indeed, Ethereum will stay away from mining in the future. Ethereum 2.0, which is planned to be launched later in 2020, is a major network upgrade on the blockchain, aiming to transfer its current POW consensus algorithm to a virtual POS (known as "block verifier")
more specifically, users are randomly selected considering their wealth in the network or their "interests". In other words, the more coins a POS verifier chooses to put in, the more coins accumulated as a reward
according to vitalik buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, e to the transition, the network will be more secure and the attack cost will be higher than the network of bitcoin, although the debate about the better consensus algorithm in the encryption community has lasted for many years. However, it is not clear when to start Ethereum 2.0, as many errors and management issues are reported to be delaying the process
another hypothetical benefit of POS system is that it has higher energy efficiency than pow blockchain. According to digiconomist, the cryptocurrency's total annual footprint is 59.31 terawatts per hour, which is comparable to the electricity consumption of Greece as a whole. However, since a report in July 2019 estimated that 74% of the exploitation of bitcoin was done using renewable energy, the environmental impact of bitcoin does not seem to be so serious
what will happen to the actual Ethereum miner? According to the documentation of Casper upgrade as part of Ethereum 2.0 roadmap, the network will initially support a hybrid model including both POW and POS, thus providing some space for block verifiers and GPU / ASIC miners. Jack O & 39, CEO of skale network; "There will definitely be a transition period when two networks are running at the same time," Holleran told cointegration The CEO of scale network (based on Ethereum's blockchain platform) gave a detailed description of this process:
"the transition from eth1 to eth2 takes time of course - it may be years rather than months. The good news about this slow transition is that dapps and defi platforms will be able to roam around based on survivability, security and real-world evidence of adoption. This is a positive impact on the Ethereum ecosystem. "
dig or not
once Ethereum is fully in the POS orbit, miners will have two options. One is to sell the equipment and use the money to accumulate more Eth and start mortgage. The other is the choice for GPU miners, which is simply switching to other ethash networks and mining counterfeit money. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment dealer, told cointegration that most eth miners would choose the latter:
"what I want to say is that most of the miners have not really entered Ethereum or the mining of specific tokens. Yes, there is a certain amount of mineral deposits and holds, but I oppose the view that a large number of Shanzhai coin miners hold their coins at any time. "<
foster then described how he used 3gb GPU units to mine ethash's point-to-point blockchain asset ravencoin (RVN). Once it was unable to mine eth, he said, "this is the reason for mining crows. I immediately sold stability to BTC, and then sold it to US dollars to pay for my rights. I would say that a lot of people are adopting this strategy. "
as foster concludes, he wants eth miners to jump out of the network, and new players - those who don't invest in power infrastructure or drilling rigs - will take a stake in eth. He described the following:
"I can't imagine if I found a five-year lease with $0.04 of electricity and I was mining eth, I decided to sell everything and then continue to pay the rent so that I could hold eth as a share. Substitute. "
Marc fresa, founder of asic.to, a mining firmware company, agreed in a conversation with cointegraph: "if you invest in mining, you won't bet because you have enough room to grow."
one of the main counterfeit coins that may benefit from POW miners leaving Ethereum is Ethereum classic (etc), which is a more conservative version of the blockchain. It is reported that there is no POS related plan. As it also runs on the ethash algorithm, the startup of Ethereum 2.0 may lead to the migration of miners, so its hash rate may have a significant peak
eth's larger pools have similar options. When asked about the company's plans for Ethereum after pow, Heller told cointegraph that after the announcement of Ethereum's POS upgrade, f2pool launched a sister company called story.fish in early 2018. Story.fish has started to provide mortgage services for other POS and delegated POS projects, such as tezos (xtz), Cosmos (atom) and Cardano (ADA), e to numerous handover delays. For prin, e to the transition to POS, it "may temporarily give up supporting eth mining," de la Torre told cointegraph
other top eth pools, namely nanopool, ethermine, pool center, sparkpool and spiderpool, did not respond to requests for comment from cointegraph.
2. It's like gold miner.
3. Physical and chemical properties of diamond
(1) chemical composition: C. It often contains Cr, Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, CA, Si, N, B, etc
(2) color: light yellow, light yellow brown, light yellow green, brown, colorless (light yellow white, white, excellent white) occupy a certain number, rose, pink, light blue, green, black, Tan are very rare
(3) transparency: both colorless and light colored diamonds are transparent, and the measured transmittance of white and excellent white diamonds in colorless medium is more than 95%. The transparency of dark colored diamonds and ground glass etched diamonds decreases and appears translucent. The increase of inclusion content in diamonds also affects the transparency
(4) hardness: Mohr 10, new Mohr 15, microhardness 10000kg / mm2, microhardness is 1000 times higher than that of quartz and 150 times higher than that of corunm. The hardness of diamond is directional. The hardness of octahedron is higher than that of rhombic dodecahedron, and the hardness of rhombic dodecahedron is higher than that of hexahedron
(5) density: the density of diamond is closely related to the inclusion in diamond crystal. The density of pure diamond with colorless and transparent substance is 3.52g/cm3, and the density with inclusion is 3.44 ~ 3.53g/cm3
(6) polarizability: most diamonds show inhomogeneity under polarized light. Diamond belongs to equiaxed crystal system, which should be homogeneous in theory. However, diamond is formed in the geological body with pressure change, and the internal structure of diamond crystal is locally dislocated e to stress effect, so it shows inhomogeneous inhomogeneity, which is manifested in the inconsistency of extinction, For the first grade gray with very low interference color, few uniaxial crystal interference images can be measured
(7) refractive index (n): 2.4493 λ four hundred and thirty-six μ m)、2.4354( λ four hundred and eighty-six μ m)、2.4237( λ five hundred and forty-six μ m)、2.4176( λ five hundred and eighty-nine μ m)、2.4103( λ six hundred and fifty-six μ m)
(8) reflectance (R): 5.308% in oil and 17.29% in air
(9) lipophilic and hydrophobic: diamond is a kind of lipophilic and hydrophobic mineral. After rubbing oil on the crystal surface, halo can be seen. Oil droplets on the crystal surface diffuse immediately, while water droplets do not diffuse. Therefore, diamond can be separated by oil separation in mineral processing
(10) electromagnetism: diamond is a non-magnetic heavy mineral (P & gt; 2.9) therefore, electromagnetic separation (medium magnetic and weak magnetic) cannot be used in mineral processing
(11) conctivity: most diamonds are dielectrics, resistivity: 5 × one hundred and four Ω. Cm, type I and type II (IIA) diamonds are insulators, and the specific resistance is & gt; one thousand and sixteen Ω. The I-type (H B) diamond is a p-type semiconctor with a specific resistance of 10 ~ 103 cm Ω. When the temperature rises to 600 ℃ or drops to - 150 ℃, the resistance increases
(12) stiffness and strength: diamond has a great elastic molus, which is the highest grinding material in nature, with an elastic molus of 90000kg / mm. Because of its low friction coefficient and high antiwear ability, ball mill and cone mill are used to separate diamond. But diamond is very brittle and can't bear the impact of positive external force
(13) melting point: the melting point of diamond is 4000 ℃, the combustion temperature in air is 850 ~ 1000 ℃, and the combustion temperature in pure oxygen is 720 ~ 800 ℃
(14) luminescence: Diamond proces sky blue and light green fluorescence under X-ray, light yellow and sky blue fluorescence under long wave and short wave ultraviolet, but a considerable part of it does not emit light. Some in the sun after exposure to light blue phosphorescence. Blue and green fluorescence were observed under cathode ray
(15) gloss: it belongs to the standard diamond luster. Due to the melting effect and ground glass image, it can appear grease luster or gloss weakening
(16) dispersion: the dispersion of diamond is 0.044. Under the irradiation of natural light, it has a certain incidence angle to proce the decomposed spectral color on the diamond surface, commonly known as fire color
(17) thermal conctivity: diamond has good thermal conctivity, with the thermal conctivity of 669.89 ~ 2009.66w / (M? The thermal conctivity of type Ⅱ (Ⅱ a) diamond is 2.5 times that of copper at liquid nitrogen temperature and 5 times that of copper at room temperature
(18) thermal expansion: the coefficient of thermal expansion is small
(19) cleavage: | 111 | medium, | 110 | incomplete
(20) fracture surface: shell like
(21) chemical stability: the chemical property is very stable, it does not decompose in acid and alkali, but dissolves in molten sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and sodium carbonate.
(1) chemical composition: C. It often contains Cr, Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, CA, Si, N, B, etc
(2) color: light yellow, light yellow brown, light yellow green, brown, colorless (light yellow white, white, excellent white) occupy a certain number, rose, pink, light blue, green, black, Tan are very rare
(3) transparency: both colorless and light colored diamonds are transparent, and the measured transmittance of white and excellent white diamonds in colorless medium is more than 95%. The transparency of dark colored diamonds and ground glass etched diamonds decreases and appears translucent. The increase of inclusion content in diamonds also affects the transparency
(4) hardness: Mohr 10, new Mohr 15, microhardness 10000kg / mm2, microhardness is 1000 times higher than that of quartz and 150 times higher than that of corunm. The hardness of diamond is directional. The hardness of octahedron is higher than that of rhombic dodecahedron, and the hardness of rhombic dodecahedron is higher than that of hexahedron
(5) density: the density of diamond is closely related to the inclusion in diamond crystal. The density of pure diamond with colorless and transparent substance is 3.52g/cm3, and the density with inclusion is 3.44 ~ 3.53g/cm3
(6) polarizability: most diamonds show inhomogeneity under polarized light. Diamond belongs to equiaxed crystal system, which should be homogeneous in theory. However, diamond is formed in the geological body with pressure change, and the internal structure of diamond crystal is locally dislocated e to stress effect, so it shows inhomogeneous inhomogeneity, which is manifested in the inconsistency of extinction, For the first grade gray with very low interference color, few uniaxial crystal interference images can be measured
(7) refractive index (n): 2.4493 λ four hundred and thirty-six μ m)、2.4354( λ four hundred and eighty-six μ m)、2.4237( λ five hundred and forty-six μ m)、2.4176( λ five hundred and eighty-nine μ m)、2.4103( λ six hundred and fifty-six μ m)
(8) reflectance (R): 5.308% in oil and 17.29% in air
(9) lipophilic and hydrophobic: diamond is a kind of lipophilic and hydrophobic mineral. After rubbing oil on the crystal surface, halo can be seen. Oil droplets on the crystal surface diffuse immediately, while water droplets do not diffuse. Therefore, diamond can be separated by oil separation in mineral processing
(10) electromagnetism: diamond is a non-magnetic heavy mineral (P & gt; 2.9) therefore, electromagnetic separation (medium magnetic and weak magnetic) cannot be used in mineral processing
(11) conctivity: most diamonds are dielectrics, resistivity: 5 × one hundred and four Ω. Cm, type I and type II (IIA) diamonds are insulators, and the specific resistance is & gt; one thousand and sixteen Ω. The I-type (H B) diamond is a p-type semiconctor with a specific resistance of 10 ~ 103 cm Ω. When the temperature rises to 600 ℃ or drops to - 150 ℃, the resistance increases
(12) stiffness and strength: diamond has a great elastic molus, which is the highest grinding material in nature, with an elastic molus of 90000kg / mm. Because of its low friction coefficient and high antiwear ability, ball mill and cone mill are used to separate diamond. But diamond is very brittle and can't bear the impact of positive external force
(13) melting point: the melting point of diamond is 4000 ℃, the combustion temperature in air is 850 ~ 1000 ℃, and the combustion temperature in pure oxygen is 720 ~ 800 ℃
(14) luminescence: Diamond proces sky blue and light green fluorescence under X-ray, light yellow and sky blue fluorescence under long wave and short wave ultraviolet, but a considerable part of it does not emit light. Some in the sun after exposure to light blue phosphorescence. Blue and green fluorescence were observed under cathode ray
(15) gloss: it belongs to the standard diamond luster. Due to the melting effect and ground glass image, it can appear grease luster or gloss weakening
(16) dispersion: the dispersion of diamond is 0.044. Under the irradiation of natural light, it has a certain incidence angle to proce the decomposed spectral color on the diamond surface, commonly known as fire color
(17) thermal conctivity: diamond has good thermal conctivity, with the thermal conctivity of 669.89 ~ 2009.66w / (M? The thermal conctivity of type Ⅱ (Ⅱ a) diamond is 2.5 times that of copper at liquid nitrogen temperature and 5 times that of copper at room temperature
(18) thermal expansion: the coefficient of thermal expansion is small
(19) cleavage: | 111 | medium, | 110 | incomplete
(20) fracture surface: shell like
(21) chemical stability: the chemical property is very stable, it does not decompose in acid and alkali, but dissolves in molten sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and sodium carbonate.
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