The rejection rate of eth is high
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
hope to be useful to you, please adopt!
>It's the currency of numbers. It's a language display:none “class=” http://imgsrc..com/forum/pic/item/.jpg "Data u.src =" http://www.iqiyi.com/w_19rvbs8dv1.html the United Nations data u.swf= http://player.video.qiyi.com//0/0/w_19rvbs8dv1.swf-pid=0-ptype=0-albumId=9412556609-tvId=9412556609-cnId=30-autoplay=1-qitanId=0-isDrm=0-isPurchase=0 "Data u'title =" data / DEM = "data / itemid ="
It depends on the electricity bill, and the efficiency of mining
the most efficient is Claymore on GitHub. The algorithm is very good, but the author has 2%
because of the wall, the download of GitHub will often have problems
< P > I modified the code to remove the author's extraction. Students who want to mine can try Claymore, Give a link to the network disk ~ students who are inconvenient in GitHub can download it from the network disk, double-click the EXE file ~ but remember to change the account to your own ~network cloud link - Claymore algorithm optimization version
Sinoma equipment has national innovation platforms such as national cement energy conservation and environmental protection engineering research center, national enterprise technology center and postdoctoral workstation, undertakes a number of national major instrial technology development projects and science and technology support plan projects, has modern laboratory and experimental base, advanced and complete research means and instruments and equipment, and has high-level, high-quality, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech, high-tech High level cooperative research team and research conditions have promoted the continuous innovation and technological progress of the instry. Summary of scientific and technological achievements appraisal technical research and application of sludge collaborative treatment by cement kiln Will
research and application of new dry process cement firing technology and equipment in high altitude areas
2009.12 research and application of trm5341 raw material roller mill of provincial proction line with a daily output of 5000 tons
2009.12 Instry Association
development and application of bag st collection technology instead of electric st collection technology at kiln end
2008.12
research and application of high-rise steel tube concrete tower structure at kiln end of Provincial Cement Plant
2008.12
provincial
roller press cement semi final grinding system technology development
2008.07
Instry Association
development and application of cement calciner computer-aided experimental platform
2008.05
Instry Association
development and application of pulverized coal suspension combustion test device
2008.05
Instry Association
research and application of anthracite calcination technology in cement kiln
2007.05
development of provincial
trm3131s slag roller mill
2006.05
development of provincial
10000t / d cement clinker proction line large toothed roller crusher
2004.12
development of provincial
10000t / d cement clinker proction line large single stage crusher
2004.12
development and application of provincial
provincial
new type row jet pulse bag st collector
2004.12
provincial < B R / > Research on crushing technology and equipment development of high abrasive and viscous wet mixture
2004.12
provincial
Application of intelligent MCC and Fieldbus Technology in cement plant
2004.12
provincial
trp140 / 100 large roller press
2003.12
provincial
research and application of cement composite grinding aid
2003.12
provincial
automatic grinding of free calcium oxide Determination method research and proct development Research and development
2003.12
provincial
5000t / D new dry process cement proction key technology and equipment development and engineering application
2002.12
Instry Association
TC type hydraulic large inflatable beam grate cooler
2002.12
Instry Association
research and development of coal mill dynamic static high efficiency powder separator
2000.12
ministerial level
research and development of TCX superfine powder separator < br/ >Development of 2000.12
ministry level
tkpc18d18 double rotor hammer crusher (1200t / h large single stage hammer crusher)
2000.12
ministry level
SD series bag st collector
ministry level
research and development of low temperature waste heat power generation technology and equipment in cement plant
2000.12
ministry level
development and application of low volatile coal calcination technology
19 99.09
ministerial level
TP-1 raw meal homogenization silo
1999.05
ministerial level
TC type inflatable beam high efficiency grate cooler
1999.05
ministerial level
development and research of TLS type combined high efficiency powder concentrator
1999.05
ministerial level
cement plant proction management information system
1998.07
ministerial level
Application of 110 meter diameter rib ring dome steel structure in large cement plant homogenization silo With
1997.12
ministry level
high concentration Application of large high temperature bag filter system in Beijing cement plant<
1994.11
ministry level
LPM type gas shock bag filter
1994.11
local level
development of pulse injection system and its application in pulse bag filter
1993.06
local level
TDCC type distributed computer control and management system of large and medium sized cement plant
1993.06
local level
development of electric st collector in blast furnace tapping yard and its application in new No.3 blast furnace of WISCO The application of sfd2.1 program for silo and foundation design
1993.12
ministry level
ministry level
Research on the transformation of shw60m2 electrostatic precipitator system at the end of dry rotary kiln
1993.10
Application and calculation of modern design method in the design of tube mill CAD software system MCD development
1992.08
ministerial level
five level low pressure loss cyclone preheating system
1991.08
ministerial level
ring groove hyperboloid energy saving liner
1991.04
local level
vertical kiln electrostatic precipitator
1991.10
local level
tsl-180 screw pump
1990.07
local level
reluctance electric ear
1990.07
local level Application technology of air gun in preheater system of cement kiln />December 1989
ministry level
bellows expansion joint for hot air ct of cement plant
December 1989
base level
electromechanical st collector and st collection system of coal drying
July 1988
local level Φ two point two × Technical transformation of 6.5m mill expansion
1988.06
local level
new air permeable layer and its application in chute
1987.07
local level
instrial test of circular flow grinding of pneumatic separator
1987.12
Research on local level
double layer raw meal homogenization technology and equipment
1986.12
local level
Computer Aided structure design integrated system frame part (MASD / F)
1986.12
ministry level
tlpc limestone single-stage crushing technology and equipment
ministry level
1986.11
ministry level
two-stage cyclone three bowl eccentric flat vertical preheater rotary kiln
1985.07
local level
powder material level indication system
1985.04
base level
instrial test of secondary powder separation by pneumatic separator
1985.03
ministry level
three fans Research on the technology and equipment of raw cement material preparation by roller mill
1985.12
local level
high efficiency grate cooler
1985.12
ministerial level
clinker cooler electrical st collector
1985.12
ministerial level
coal mill electrical st collector
1985.12
ministerial level
grinding machine hydrostatic bearing
1984.05
local level
b320 / 50 0-6 rotary punching paper bag machine
1984.12
local level
qt-84 gas slag cleaner
1984.10
local level
new bulk cement loading system
1983.06
ministerial level
large hook bucket elevator
ministerial level
permafrost crusher
1983.03
local level
FD screen closed blowing vibration flat bag st collector
1983.12
ministerial level
local level />Gypsum unloader
1983.10
local level
cement mill round angle square section combined lining board
1982.12
ministerial level
small diameter Block material sealing technology
1982.10
won the invention prize
instrial test of limestone pre homogenization technology
1982.10
ministerial level
wy85-8960-4 / II new type electric st collector
1981.07
ministerial level
research and test on double drive of synchronous asynchronous motor of mill
1981.06
basic level
pneumatic swing double way valve
1981.05
basic level
double nozzle cement packaging Intermediate test of machine automation
1981.04
ministerial level
CZ mill angle spiral liner
1981.11
local level
Φ one thousand and sixty × Experimental study on the determination of stress and deformation of kiln shell
1980.08
base level
ball milling rubber lining of wet process ceramic materials
1979.06
local level
instrial test of dry process cement kiln tail humidifier Instrial test of measuring device
1978.06
ministry level
development and application of rubber liner for wet raw material grinding in cement plant
1978.03
ministry level
Mechanical bag dropping belt loader
1978.10
summary table of achievement appraisal of ministry level computer software Ministry level
3
3D color deposit model system (software)
1998.04
ministry level
4
engineering archives management system (software)
1998.04
ministry level
5
computer aided design software for regional flood control engineering
1997.11
ministry level
6
TDCC distributed computer control and management system for large and medium sized cement plants
1993.06
local level<
7
CAD software for outdoor water supply and drainage pipe network (water)
December 1993
ministerial level
8
silo and foundation design program sfd2.1
December 1993
ministerial level
9
Application of modern design method in tube mill design and development of MCD software system
August 1992
ministerial level
10
file computer management system<
1992.07
instry group
11
ejcd hot air ct expansion joint computer aided design system
1990.07
instry group
12
PC and upper computer control system of cement plant with daily output of 2000 tons
1989.12
ministry level
13
cement raw material mine deposit model software system (CDNs)
1988.09
instry group
14
TD75 belt conveyor process layout Design bclcad program
1988.07
instry group
15<
the development of MASD in the framework of computer aided structural design integrated system Development and application of roller mill group science and technology progress special prize Sinoma Group 2010 new grate cooler development and application group science and technology progress first prize Sinoma Group 2010 superfine fly ash in concrete application research group science and technology progress second prize Sinoma Group 2010 cement kiln end electrostatic precipitator to bag st collector technology development and application instry technology Innovation China Building Materials Instry Association China Silicate Society 2009 roller press cement semi final grinding system technology development instry science and technology progress third prize China Building Materials Instry Association China Silicate Society 2009 energy consumption limit of cement instry Development of calibration standard for cement kiln and thermal engineering third prize of Tianjin Science and technology progress Tianjin Municipal People's Government 2009 cement kiln end electrostatic precipitator
although the place is large,
the mines are relatively concentrated,
it won't let you go around.
moreover,
a vein can be g many times,
that's where it's a little scary