Several factors of ore pool
After the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the probability of getting rewards is too low, so that some geeks on "bitcoin talk" can develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly, and use this method to build websites
in this mechanism, no matter how much computing power an indivial miner can use, as long as he participates in mining activities by joining the mine pool, no matter whether he has successfully mined effective data blocks, he can get a small amount of bitcoin reward through his contribution to the mine pool, that is to say, many people cooperate in mining, and the bitcoin reward is shared by many people according to their contribution
as of January 2019, the top five bitcoin pools in global computing power are btc.com, pool, antpool, flush pool, and f2pool. At present, about 70% of global computing power is in the hands of Chinese miners
extended data:
handling charge:
bitcoin miners will charge a small amount of fees for most transactions, the main purpose of which is to prevent people from sending a large number of boring small transactions and wasting network resources. At present, most of the handling charges for each transaction are & T 3647; 0.0001/kb (0.0001btc / KB). In fact, after 0.9.0, the default handling charge will be reced to & 3647; 0.00001/KB(0.00001 btc/KB)
because the amount of data occupied by most transactions is less than 1 kilobyte, generally speaking, the amount of data is less than 3647; 0.00001 (0.00001 BTC / KB) is enough. At the same time, in the future, when the bitcoin block rewards are less, the service charge will become the main source of miners' income, and the service charge of bitcoin will be related to the number of bytes occupied by the transaction
at present, the calculation standard of service charge in bitcoin system is not mandatory, so users can not give any service charge when the transaction is in progress
however, most miners usually give priority to the transaction with higher handling charges when building data blocks, so that they can get higher remuneration when mining is successful. Therefore, the transaction without any handling charges may take a long time to be processed and incorporated into the blockchain
in addition, e to the block capacity limit of 1MB and the recent increase in bitcoin transaction volume, the handling charges have increased significantly, and the waiting time for the transaction to be confirmed has also become much longer
Mining is perhaps one of the most important components of the bitcoin ecosystem. Miners need to solve complex mathematical problems, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the transaction. These problems are so complex that they are difficult to solve even for extremely powerful computers. Computers need work and luck to solve these mathematical problems, just as miners dig underground. The chance of solving this problem correctly is about one in 13 trillion
bitcoin mining has two purposes. Firstly, by solving mathematical problems, bitcoin miners can verify the transaction information, so as to ensure the security and reliability of bitcoin payment network. Miners are the people who ensure that transactions are accurate and that there is no "double payment."
Secondly, when the computer solves these complex mathematical problems on the bitcoin network, the system will generate new bitcoin, which is similar to the process of mining gold from the ground. The reward is called "block reward", and after the event called "halving", its amount will be periodically halved. The newly discovered concept of bitcoin is an important part of bitcoin protocol. The bitcoin obtained by the miners is brand new and has never been in circulation beforesince miners will eventually sell the bitcoin, it is also an important source of supply and liquidity. As chainalysis reports, many digital currency exchanges rely on miners to receive bitcoin and increase their liquidity. Typically, exchanges get about 88% of bitcoin from other exchanges, and bitcoin miners are the largest source of the remaining percentage. As you can imagine, there is fierce competition between exchanges to receive bitcoin directly from miners
further enlarge the map, most of the mining activities are only carried out in four provinces, the first two provinces are Xinjiang and Sichuan, accounting for nearly half of all bitcoin mining in China. Electricity prices are cheap and the weather is cold in these areas. This helps to keep mining profits and equipment cool ring the 24 / 7 operation and maintenance period of bitcoin mining
but this is nothing new for digital currency issuance. For many years, China has been a major market for bitcoin miners e to its cheap electricity and abundant resources. Bitmain, f2pool and Canaan are all located in China
whether this is a negative or positive message depends on your point of view. But for decentralized, distributed, unlicensed networks, geographic regions across multiple entities are more healthy for the entire ecosystem
because the probability of a single miner digging a block is very small, after all, it takes a lot of computing power to dig a block in 10 minutes. Even if there is such a large amount of computing power and the ability to dig, there are many competitors. So it becomes a game of 0 and 1. And the emergence of the mine pool is to break the 0 and 1 play. The computing power of a mine pool is a collection of many miners' computing power, which is far more likely than fighting alone. Every time you dig a block in the mine, you will be rewarded to the indivial according to the percentage of the calculation power of your mining machine in the total calculation power of the mine, and there will be no unfair situation.
1. Inflation
this is not difficult to understand. Once the purchasing power of the inflationary currency becomes worse, the money in the hands of the common people will be worthless, and the deposit interest rate will not be comparable to the price rise under inflation. At this time, everyone's consideration is how to maintain the value of their assets, and the demand for gold, a hard currency, will rise, As a result, the supply and demand of gold break the rules, the supply exceeds the demand, and the price will rise naturally
As the pricing currency of gold and the important foreign exchange reserve assets of various countries, the US dollar has a far-reaching impact on the price of gold, and both of them are concerned about the replaceability. Therefore, gold will rise when the US dollar index falls, and gold will fall when the US dollar index rises, which will become a reverse trend Marx once said that "gold and silver are not money naturally, but money is gold and silver naturally". This is determined by gold's rability, rarity, portability and division. Gold, as a hard currency, has the function of keeping value and avoiding risks. In a special period of nature, people's panic will lead to the rise of gold4. Supply and demand relationship
nowadays, gold is more and more circulated in the market as a commodity. Since it is a commodity, it naturally forms a supply-demand relationship, with supply exceeding demand, price rising, demand exceeding supply and price falling
In the international market, both crude oil and gold are priced in US dollars. Once the US dollar rises or falls, gold and crude oil will change in the same direction, that is, the US dollar rises, while crude oil and gold indirectly influence each other and falltwo factors are hormone and matrix, and eight levels are two hormone levels multiplied by four different matrices
to play a good game, you need to have a good graphics card, which is a simple truth that everyone knows, and it directly shows that the graphics card is the main factor that affects the speed of the game. Why is a graphics card so useful? This is a very simple truth, that is, the core element of the game is to be displayed on the computer, and the display process depends on the graphics card. Whether the game runs smoothly depends largely on the speed of the graphics card processing display data, which is related to the core of the graphics card. The core of the graphics card (GPU) is the brain of the graphics card just like the CPU. Its performance directly affects the running speed of the game. Especially now more and more abnormal 3D games, the huge amount of data depends on the performance of the core. Among them, rendering line and vertex coloring unit are the two major indicators to evaluate the quality of the core
when it comes to the core, we have to mention the version of direct x supported by the core. Direct x technology, one of Microsoft's key technologies, includes all multimedia streaming technologies, such as audio, games, graphic image processing, 3D, etc. for games, the most important technology is direct 3D technology in 3D, which is a constantly improving 3D performance, It has a very important impact on the running speed of the game. Now in the era of 3D games, supporting direct x9.0 on your graphics card is one of the essential performance indicators. For the latest games such as "quake4", the recommended configuration requires your graphics card to support the new version of direct x9.0c. One of the indicators to judge the performance of the graphics card is the bandwidth bit of the graphics card. The bandwidth bit also affects the data processing speed. For 3D games, 128bit bandwidth bit is the minimum requirement. Another important part of the graphics card is the video memory, which also shows that the video memory is one of the factors that affect the speed of the game. The video memory capacity of large-scale 3D games is very important. 128M is the standard configuration. If you want to experience more special effects, 256M or even 512M video memory capacity is indispensable
the second factor affecting the speed of the game: CPU performance
although the graphics card is the core part of the game, to experience the complete happiness brought by the game, we must emphasize the whole, that is, the overall performance of the computer, so other computer accessories or external game environment will also affect the speed of the game! In addition to graphics cards, different types of games have different requirements on different accessories. The differences in requirements are greatly reflected in the display quality and running speed of the game. If you meet the requirements, you can fully feel the pleasure of the game; On the contrary, you may lose interest in the game immediately, because in the face of snail like speed or weed like display, you don't have much patience to play
let's talk about the impact of CPU performance on games. CPU is the core component of a computer, its performance directly affects the running speed of your machine, of course, it will also affect the running speed of the game. Because the performance of the core of the graphics card is very powerful, it can process most of the game data, but the CPU will still bear part of it, especially in the real-time processing of data, it must rely on the performance of the CPU. In the face of a large-scale 3D game, you have a powerful graphics card, but the game speed is still very slow, which may be e to the performance bottleneck brought by CPU. According to previous experience, to ensure the quality of the game, the main frequency of CPU should be more than 1.7g (AMD's PR value should be more than 1700 +); If you like racing games, the performance requirements of CPU are even higher. For games like "top speed", the performance of CPU has the same status as that of graphics card. If you want to better experience the super cool sense of game speed, high-performance P4 processor or AMD's 939 pin speed dragon series is your best configuration choice
there are three factors that affect the running speed of the game: memory capacity
I don't know when to start, Xiaobian's 256M memory is not enough, so I have to go to upgrade, 512M al channel makes Xiaobian do everything easily! Now, Xiaobian is facing the same problem again. 512M is not enough. The result is still the same. We can only continue to increase the cost to upgrade, because just upgrading the memory can improve the performance. The sense of satisfaction is better than that of replacing the platform. After all, the economic benefits are different! What's the reason for the memory upgrade? Is the software more and more abnormal now, or is it preparing for the next generation of operating system? No, the reason why Xiaobian is eager to upgrade is that the game is not good! I believe that many game players, but also in the same reason to upgrade their own machine
unconsciously, the game's memory requirements have entered the G era, which also shows that memory is one of the bottlenecks of the game running speed. At present, the development speed of the game has exceeded that of the hardware. A game with the latest imaging technology can easily become a beacon to test the performance of the current top hardware. The most obvious example is the pursuit of the performance of DOOM3 by the graphics card manufacturers. In such a super game era, not only the graphics card, other computer accessories requirements also immediately upgraded a level! Memory is an important level of real-time data processing. If it does not perform well, it will become the performance bottleneck of the whole platform. Now DDR400 has become the mainstream, DDRII user base is growing, memory speed is not a problem, but memory capacity is a key, to run the mainstream game smoothly, 512M memory is the standard configuration, and 1g is our recommended configuration, "world of Warcraft" players must be the deepest feeling<
four factors that affect the speed of the game: the capacity and performance of the hard disk
the game is the carrier of people's entertainment, so what is the carrier of the game? Technology is its application carrier, and the hard disk is the physical carrier of the game. Material influence is mutual, hard disk as a carrier role, of course, will affect all aspects of the game. Although it doesn't directly affect the image quality and running speed of the game like the graphics card, it also has a big or small impact on some small links. The capacity of hard disk is one of the factors. Most of the current games are released in DVD format. That is to say, games must occupy a lot of hard disk space. For games with beautiful human settings and rich real scenes, 3G game space is nothing. If you don't have enough memory, big hard disk will increase more virtual memory, The speed of the game is still a little help
when it comes to hard disk, we have to talk about its performance. It will also affect the running speed of the game. After all, the game is installed in the hard disk, and the data writing and reading depend on the hard disk. In order not to slow the game to read data, affect the overall speed of the game, in the speed of the hard disk, you need a 7200 rpm or more hard disk, this is one of the guarantees. When it comes to hard disk, we will also talk about the cache of hard disk. Cache is the first carrier of data reading and writing. Large cache can significantly improve data reading and writing, that is, it can improve the running speed of the game. We will also notice that there are many hard disk interfaces. Different interfaces represent different technologies and have different performance. There are ATA, SATA, sataii and SCSI, etc. SATA is also called serial ATA. After all, it has no obvious advantage over ATA; Sataii and SCSI are the representatives of high-performance hard disks. Their data reading speed is very high. For games like world of Warcraft, which often change scenes, using these high-performance hard disks can greatly improve the running speed of games
there are five factors that affect the speed of the game: network quality
"the world of online games", which is a popular saying nowadays. Although the stand-alone games have very influential games, such as the best flying car, the age of Empire, the Roman Renaissance in the age of Empire, DOOM3, half life 2, quake4, and so on, but in terms of the number of games, Online games are the most popular among game fans. Through fighting in the virtual world, we can achieve things that can't be done in the real world, and enjoy the fun of teamwork. This is the main reason why many game fans are keen on online games
in order to run online games smoothly, in addition to the four factors mentioned above, there is another factor that only online games have - network quality. For students, the largest user group of online games, the most common network access methods are broadband and campus network. The quality of Internet access brought by these two access methods is not the same for online games. Campus network is actually an internal network, and there is a transfer bottleneck with other networks outside the campus network, and there are many users in the campus network, using the way of sharing bandwidth, so the network quality of the campus network is not very good, if you want to play the game continuously, you should be in the time of few users on the campus network, usually after 12 pm; Broadband can bring us a stable network with 512k, 1M, 2M and even faster speed. In fact, 512k is acceptable enough for online games. However, when playing online games, broadband users should rece or stop the use of bandwidth occupying software, such as BT, P2P and other software, which can bring lower delay and faster game running speed
note: our favorite Rome games are 2D games, which require less computer hardware than 3D games. In addition, let me tell you a fact: the higher the machine configuration, the higher the game speed. This should start from the preparation of the game, the game is actually the same as the movie, which is composed of continuous pictures frame by frame. Like movies, the number of frames changed per second must be greater than 12, otherwise you can't deceive people's eyes and it looks discontinuous. What's the difference between movies and games? The movie is dead, everyone is watching the same picture, and the game is alive. Through your control, the game pictures may sometimes walk and sometimes fight. Where do these pictures come from? Operation, yes, is the real-time operation of the game program. But do you think the game will display one frame at a time? Of course not. A game has a lot of pictures, such as the picture in an open room, and a picture full of flowers and plants, and birds flying in the sky. Of course, the latter contains more elements. It takes longer time for the game program to calculate and generate the complex frame than the simple frame. In this way, it is impossible to keep the number of frames switched per second at a constant number, so game programs generally use buffering or double buffering technology, that is to say, first generate several more frames to save in the buffer, while the other side takes a picture from the buffer and presents it to the display every other time period (if 25 frames are displayed in 1 second, the time period is 1 / 24 second)“ The phenomenon of "space step" is that the computer is too slow to generate buffer images, so frame skipping and machine jamming appear. When the speed of the computer is enough to generate buffer images, no matter how to improve the configuration, the game speed can not be accelerated, because the time to get frames from the buffer is too long