Each large ore pool and pumping proportion
This is the share of ore pool in the past three months:
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but in fact, it's of little use. It's just the difference between 100 yuan and 100.5 yuan. If your calculation power is really big, it may be much worse, but if it's ordinary, it's not much different. It is more important to choose one with low or free service charge
mining is perhaps one of the most important components of the bitcoin ecosystem. Miners need to solve complex mathematical problems, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the transaction. These problems are so complex that they are difficult to solve even for extremely powerful computers. Computers need work and luck to solve these mathematical problems, just as miners dig underground. The chance of solving this problem correctly is about one in 13 trillion
bitcoin mining has two purposes. Firstly, by solving mathematical problems, bitcoin miners can verify the transaction information, so as to ensure the security and reliability of bitcoin payment network. Miners are the people who ensure that transactions are accurate and that there is no "double payment."
Secondly, when the computer solves these complex mathematical problems on the bitcoin network, the system will generate new bitcoin, which is similar to the process of mining gold from the ground. The reward is called "block reward", and after the event called "halving", its amount will be periodically halved. The newly discovered concept of bitcoin is an important part of bitcoin protocol. The bitcoin obtained by the miners is brand new and has never been in circulation beforesince miners will eventually sell the bitcoin, it is also an important source of supply and liquidity. As chainalysis reports, many digital currency exchanges rely on miners to receive bitcoin and increase their liquidity. Typically, exchanges get about 88% of bitcoin from other exchanges, and bitcoin miners are the largest source of the remaining percentage. As you can imagine, there is fierce competition between exchanges to receive bitcoin directly from miners
further enlarge the map, most of the mining activities are only carried out in four provinces, the first two provinces are Xinjiang and Sichuan, accounting for nearly half of all bitcoin mining in China. Electricity prices are cheap and the weather is cold in these areas. This helps to keep mining profits and equipment cool ring the 24 / 7 operation and maintenance period of bitcoin mining
but this is nothing new for digital currency issuance. For many years, China has been a major market for bitcoin miners e to its cheap electricity and abundant resources. Bitmain, f2pool and Canaan are all located in China
whether this is a negative or positive message depends on your point of view. But for decentralized, distributed, unlicensed networks, geographic regions across multiple entities are more healthy for the entire ecosystem
how to mine a mine pool
the location of a mine pool is also very particular. It's not that a mine pool can be built anywhere, but it needs early-stage capital investment. A mine pool is to combine a single mining machine together. Because of the collection of many miners' computing power, the computing power of the mine pool accounts for a large proportion, and the probability of digging bitcoin is higher. The mine pool will distribute rewards according to the contribution value of each equipment
there are many mines all over the world, and the scale of each mine varies from big to small. Generally, small mines no longer have great advantages. Large mines have many miners for mining. For each miner, he can join any mine or join multiple mines at the same time, The first task of the mine pool is to distribute the income to the miners
(1) PPLNs method
this method gathers the shares g by all miners together. Whenever a certain amount of shares is accumulated (generally 30 million shares), the mine pool will allocate the profits of the previous stage to the miners according to the proportion of contribution
in this way, the income of miners depends entirely on the time needed to dig 30 million shares in the mine pool. If you are lucky, you can dig them in a short time, then the income of miners will be more, otherwise it will be less. In return, the pool charges a 3% tax
(2) PPS mode
for users, the income of this mode is relatively stable
the profit mainly depends on the miner's mining speed. As long as the mining speed is stable, the corresponding profit can be obtained, and the profit is real-time, that is, the mine pool will pay the profit for the miner while the miner is running
obviously, every time a block is calculated, the mine pool has paid for all the miners. If the block fails in the subsequent confirmation link, all the losses will be paid by the pool operator. Therefore, this method reces the risk of the miners, but transfers the risk to the pool operator
therefore, usually the ore pool can charge a handling fee to make up for the possible losses caused by these risks. In this mode, the tax of the ore pool is 7.5%
the above is about how to mine. The difficulty of mining has greatly increased, but the mining army is expanding. If the basic equipment does not meet the standard, it will be difficult to gain in the mining instry, because the value of the virtual currency may not be equal to the price of an equipment, and many miners are not just digging bitcoin, Instead, we choose other virtual currencies to mine.
because the probability of a single miner digging a block is very small, after all, it takes a lot of computing power to dig a block in 10 minutes. Even if there is such a large amount of computing power and the ability to dig, there are many competitors. So it becomes a game of 0 and 1. And the emergence of the mine pool is to break the 0 and 1 play. The computing power of a mine pool is a collection of many miners' computing power, which is far more likely than fighting alone. Every time you dig a block in the mine, you will be rewarded to the indivial according to the percentage of the calculation power of your mining machine in the total calculation power of the mine, and there will be no unfair situation.
ore pool cost
at present, the allocation modes of ore pool mainly include PPS, PPS +, FPPS, PPLNs and solo mode
in the corresponding allocation method, the mine pool charges part of the income of the miners at a certain rate as the mine pool fee
PPS: the income is stable. As long as the mining machine works normally, there will be income. The income is related to the submitted workload, and has nothing to do with the lucky value of the ore pool and the transaction fee
PPS + (pay per share plus) settlement method is an improvement on the traditional PPS settlement method. Based on the traditional PPS settlement method, the distribution of miners' fees is increased
FPPS: full PPS, which allocates all block income including transaction fees. Compared with the traditional PPS settlement mode (no transaction fee allocation), it can increase the income by 10% - 20%
under the PPLNs (pay per last n shares) settlement mode, every effective block found in the ore pool is allocated according to the proportion of user computing power in the pool computing power in the past n difficulty cycles. In this way, the income of miners is related to the output of ore pool. The income of miners is unstable, but the long-term average income is higher
in solo settlement mode, all the income is distributed to the miners who dig out the block, and other miners do not participate in the distribution. The mine pool charges very little handling charge, which is used for the operation and maintenance of the mine pool< How to choose a mine pool:
1< Secondly, choose your distribution mode, pursue stability or high income. It is generally recommended to choose PPS or PPLNs of large ore pool< Finally, according to the distribution mode, select the supported ore pool, and choose the one with fast connection speed and good income
4. In addition, 1-2 spare ore pools are selected for emergency use.
look at the balance sheet, profit, etc. first, go to this company to look at its report. Look at the profit from its sales revenue.
for example, what is the proportion of profit. From the size of gross profit, we can know how a company's buyer is.
if the proportion of gross profit and sales is large, From the dividend, we can see whether the company pays attention to investment,
or short-term profits. From the ratio of working capital and current liabilities, we can see the company's ability to repay others
if it is too low, it can explain the management efficiency of the company from the side. If it is too high, it also shows that the company is not good at investment.
in other aspects, you can understand its background, evaluate its ability, and whether it is suitable for the company from the perspective of the company's managers. Or from the past performance, you can see how the company's loans are. If there are too many, there will be risks, or lack of confidence. Dividing the net profit by the sales volume, we can know the consumption management of the company in other aspects, such as water and electricity, office supplies, etc. if the result is relatively high, it means that the company is economical and orderly. If it is relatively low, it means that the efficiency of the company is not high,
if there is a significant increase, the company is in the right direction.
The wealth myth of "one coin, one villa" is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
this article was first published in the Southern Weekend
"if speculation is a road of no return, then investment in mining machinery is a business that can make a steady profit without loss, and it is only a matter of time before the cost is recovered." Zhong Xi, general manager of Shenzhen Aibo times Technology Co., Ltd., calculated an account. A miner earns 200 yuan a day, which can be recovered in 120 days, and then the profit
in October 2017, in addition to his main business, Zhong Xi joined the mining army and quickly became a big boss in the mining circle. He operated many large mines in Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places
in fact, the business of "steady profit without loss" still depends on the continuous rise of currency price. In the past two months, the price of bitcoin has dropped from US $15000 to about US $10000, or even below US $6000 at one time, which has extended the cycle of mining machinery return. If it keeps falling, the profit will be far away
in 2012, four years after the advent of bitcoin, mass-proced mining machines appeared. Before that, mining was mainly a private activity, which could be completed by a home computer“ At that time, the home computer was the money printing machine, and a lot of bitcoin could be g up every day. " Huang Shiliang, a senior digital currency player who sold mining machines in his early years, recalled to Southern Weekend reporters
after the emergence of mining machine, mining began to be "socialized", with the emergence of mines and pools, and mining became a collective work. The indivial miner is entrusted by the mine, just like the workers on the proction line, as long as they are there, they can get paid every day
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
China has become the world's largest procer of mining machinery. Since 2012, a number of miner manufacturers have been born in China, such as Shenzhen bitquan Co., Ltd., which proces cat roasting miner, bitmainland, Jianan Yun and Yibang communication, which are now famous. In Huaqiangbei, Shenzhen, foreigners can be seen everywhere asking about the price of mining machinery with translators
recently, in an interview with the media, the CEO of bitcontinental, Mr. Zhan Ketun, said that this startup company, which has been established for only four years, had a revenue of about US $2.5 billion in 2017. Bitcontinent is known as the world's largest miner, whose ant miner has always been the hard currency of the coin circle and miner world
just like the coin circle, the mining circle also needs belief that the mechanical mathematical operation of mining machines every day can create great wealth
However, contrary to the "decentralization" advocated by bitcoin, the miner's world is moving towards "centralization". Miner dealers build their own mines. After the investors buy the miner, they are entrusted by the seller; The procers build their own mines and manage themthis process of "centralization" made the wealth of the mining circle snatched by a few people, and it was not easy for Zhong Xi to enter the core circle
calculation force "centralization"
the main function of the mine is to provide a place for scattered mining machines to operate. But it is the "ore pool" that really plays the role of integration
the so-called "mine pool" can be simply understood as "cooperative mining". The miners and the mines give the calculation power to the mine pool, and the mine pool is used as the only address to access the digital currency network for mining, and then distribute dividends to the miners according to the calculation power of the mining machine
the history of ore pool is longer than that of mining machine. In November 2010, the mine pool named slush appeared. Today, its official website says "the world's first mine pool", which is also recognized by the coin circle. Compared with the mine, the construction of the mine pool needs certain technology, and the threshold is relatively higher
the person in charge of a well-known domestic mine pool explained the principle of the mine pool to the Southern Weekend reporter. He compares mining to buying lottery tickets. If you dig alone, the probability of winning the lottery is very unstable. You may win 100000 today, but you won't in the next six months
"gather the people who buy lottery tickets together and buy them in a unified way. No matter who wins, they will be divided according to the proportion of money they pay. In the coin circle, the mine pool plays this role. " The person in charge said
it's not complicated to connect the mining machine with the ore pool. According to the operation guidelines of the major ore pools, it can be completed in a few steps, and then according to the calculation power provided by ourselves, we can get benefits from the ore pool. The miner is like a worker standing on the proction line, receiving a fixed salary every day
the mine pool with huge computing power and many mining machines has an absolute say in the coin circle and the mining circle. For example, if you want to issue a new digital currency or dominate the bitcoin bifurcation, you generally need to get the support of the mine pool. Without the support of the mine pool, no one will dig the new currency, so it is meaningless
in addition, when a hot new coin comes out, the mine pool can also use its own miners to pack it quickly and take the lead in the rush purchase of these new coins
in June 2017, when SNT and EOS were issued, Southern Weekend reporters witnessed the scene of minchi snapping up tokens. Because there are too many investors, many indivial investors can not put their funds into the designated position, but the person in charge of a mine pool can easily complete this operation
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
on January 18, 2018, Emin Yun silash, a computer professor at Cornell University, and other five people co authored a paper pointing out that there is an implicit power structure behind bitcoin and Ethereum, the two major digital currencies, and mining is too centralized, in which 50% of bitcoin's computing power is controlled by the four major mines
In fact, this problem has always existed. Four years ago, the founder of Ethereum, vtalik, noticed this problem when he wrote Ethereum white paper. He wrote: "this problem can be said to be very serious. At the time of writing this article, the two largest mines indirectly controlled about 50% of the computing power of the whole network." Up to now, this problem has not been solved. An early translator of the Ethereum white paper told the Southern Weekend reporter, "this is not a technical problem, but a human problem."5
recessive power structure
in the mining circle, the top of the food chain is mining machinery manufacturers. At present, the three recognized mining machinery manufacturers are located in China. Through the proction and sales of mining machines, they get a lot of profits. At the same time, they also set foot in the construction of mines and pools, and have the right to speak in the whole coin circle
ant mining pool is one of the top two large mining pools in the world, and its computing power accounts for 17% of the total network computing power. However, according to instrial and commercial data, it was founded by bitmainland; Several investors of Jianan Yun are also investors of Hangzhou mining Pool Technology Co., Ltd., which has its own mining pool hash and mining platform, but the mining pool has ceased operation at the end of 2017
Yibang communications has set up three blockchain companies in Hohhot, Wuhai and Zhundong Economic Development Zone in Inner Mongolia. A salesperson of Yibang communications told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that they have mines and mining businesses in these three places, but these mines have been operating at full capacity, and there is no machine space to host new mining machines"we are building a new mine in Irkutsk, Russia, where electricity charges are much lower and new mining machines can be hosted there." The source said
above the mining machinery manufacturers, it is the harvest of chip giants“ The core technology of mining machinery lies in the chip. Whoever has the chip can proce more mining machinery. " Ding Yang told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that the chips are mainly in the hands of several giant manufacturers, such as TSMC, NVIDIA, AMD, etc
since 2015, TSMC has always been the largest chip supplier of Jianan Yun. In 2015, the chips purchased by Jianan Yun from TSMC accounted for 69.62% of all the chips purchased by Jianan Yun. Since then, this figure has been maintained at about 60%. Most of the profits of Jia Nan Yun Zhi were made by TSMC
On January 18, 2018, at the presentation meeting of TSMC's fourth quarter financial report, chairman Zhang Zhongmou said that although the mobile business prospect this year is weak, the company's revenue will still grow by 10% - 15%. One of the key factors is the demand for chips e to the continuous and steady development of cryptocurrencyunder the mining machinery manufacturers, there is another power structure. Jianan Yun disclosed this secret in its 2017 prospectus. In the first four months of 2017, four of the top five customers of Jianan Yun were "indivials". According to public information, three of them are well-known "wrists" in the currency circle
Wu Gang, the largest customer, was the first group of miners, and later founded haobtc, which has one of the world's top ten mines; Lin Zhipeng, the second largest customer, is the founder of Xiaoqiang mining machinery. He has been engaged in the proction and sales of mining machinery for a long time. He has been cooperating with Xie Weiqin, the sixth largest customer; Wang Jin, the third largest customer, founded bitbang, a coin circle information websitethese big customers are not simple miners, they all have their own influence in the coin circle. Mechanical operation of the mining machine to bring them income at the same time, also brought the right to speak
according to an insider in bitmainland, most of the big customers in bitmainland are big guys in the currency circle. However, bitmainland officials declined an interview with the Southern Weekend reporter. The company's Public Relations Department responded that it was not convenient to disclose the content because it signed a confidentiality agreement with its customers
"one coin, one villa" wealth myth is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
most of the new entrants can only make the harvested "leeks"
minerhub's wondermole system is a "diskless" mining system based on Linux kernel, which is deeply customized for miners' friends
solve the problem in an all-round way
1. Miracle Moore's Linux kernel has been deeply optimized for more than 200 times to avoid the problem that some hardware failures will directly lead to system crash
2. In view of the situation that many mining software in the market can't connect to the mining pool after restart, miracle Moore perfectly solves the problem by using the function of resetting the image after each restart of the mining machine
3. After testing, the average computing power error and delay share of miracle Moore system in each mine pool are not more than 1.5%, which significantly improves the mining revenue of users
4. After numerous experiments, miracle Moore development team has obtained the optimized VBIOS overclocking setting of graphics card. Compared with the traditional overclocking method, it can further improve the computing power of graphics card by 5% and rece the power consumption by 15%!