Bauxite dumper
Publish: 2021-04-14 00:44:32
1.
Bayer process alumina proction process from the treatment of low silica bauxite to the proction of alumina, the whole process is mainly composed of the following processes:
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pulp preparation (Bayer process alumina process raw material process) beneficiation, ore blending
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the digestion process (Bayer alumina process digestion process) is responsible for the high-pressure or low-pressure digestion of ore prepared from raw materials
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sedimentation (sedimentation process of Bayer process alumina process) is responsible for impurity separation of the materials treated in the previous process
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decomposition process
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roasting process (separating the decomposed slurry from liquid to solid to obtain aluminum hydroxide, and finally roasting aluminum hydroxide at high temperature to obtain alumina)
The evaporation process is responsible for the treatment of water and alkali in the whole process -
gas station: responsible for the supply of gas used in the roasting process of the last process of Bayer process alumina process
Bayer process is a chemical process widely used in instry to proce alumina from bauxite. It was invented by Austrian engineer Karl Joseph Bayer in 1887
The basic principle of Bayer process is that aluminum hydroxide is converted into sodium aluminate by concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, aluminum hydroxide is precipitated again by dilution and adding aluminum hydroxide crystal seeds, and the remaining sodium hydroxide solution is reused to treat the next batch of bauxite, realizing continuous proction. Today, 95% of the world's aluminum companies are using Bayer process to proce alumina < H2 > reference: network Bayer method2. Lang Xianping: China's economy has reached the most dangerous edge time: 07:31:26, May 9, 2012
scholar Lang Xianping (information map)
a nation without a sense of crisis is a nation without hope
when I say that China's economy is on the brink of the most dangerous situation, it is by no means alarmist or mystifying! In my new book, China's economy is on the brink of the most dangerous, I want to tell those & quot; As long as face, not interior & quot; How dangerous and terrible is China's economy today. We are on the verge of collapse of the world economy, but we don't know it. We are used to underestimating our opponents and overestimating our own strength. Today, I want to make our crisis clear so as to arouse the sense of crisis among the Chinese people. Otherwise, our economy will really turn over. Look at the United States. The reason why it is strong today is the sense of crisis; The sense of crisis has become a part of the American spirit. Because only crisis can unite people and strengthen the centripetal force of the country
crisis is not terrible. What is terrible is that we turn a blind eye to crisis and whitewash peace; What's more, when the crisis comes, we take & quot; Headache cures the head, but foot pain cures the foot; To create a bigger crisis. We often say & quot; Achievements are the main ones;, Our media has said enough about this, so I won't talk about it. In this book, I will focus on our economic problems and crises. After my research, I found that today's problems in China's economy can not be solved only by relying on the current economic system and economic means. We should also look for other ways& quot; Kung Fu beyond poetry;, For this, readers can read this book in detail. At the same time, through this book, I also try to clarify a Chinese next step; The road map of economic reform & quot; Here, for your judgment
I would like to stress again that my prediction has never been missed. In "Lang Xianping said: New Imperialism in China 2" published in early 2010, I warned you that the United States would launch a war on exchange rate, cost and trade against us. How many people think I am a fool and how many people think I am a worrier. At that time, I also warned you not to use tomorrow's overcapacity to solve today's overcapacity, otherwise, when we run out of fiscal savings, the economy will definitely hit the bottom again
now? The exchange rate war led to the loss of competitiveness of China's exports, the return of high-end jobs to the United States, and the transfer of low-end jobs to Southeast Asia. China's imports continued to soar as a result of the cost war, and the US dollar consumed by oil imports surged by 45.3% in 2011; The trade war led to the precise decapitation of China's fast-growing exports, from photovoltaic to tires. Not only are foreign trade enterprises in a mess, but the cost war has also targeted enterprises benefiting from 4 trillion yuan. For example, 60% of bauxite in aluminum instry is imported, and 80% of iron ore in iron and steel instry is imported. All these instries, driven by 4 trillion yuan, are now suffering huge losses in the whole instry
what is more terrible is that the serious inflation caused by 4 trillion yuan directly leads to the serious shrinkage of people's wealth; As a result, domestic demand is weak and labor costs are rising rapidly, which has further hit the manufacturing instry. The direct result is a quiet layoff in China's manufacturing instry. The intensity of layoffs and the extent of economic downturn in many instries are even worse than the 2008 financial crisis. It turns out that the leading enterprises in the instry take the lead in large-scale layoffs, and the focus of layoffs is often on the manufacturing links of their core businesses, such as the home appliances business of Midea and cygnet, the mobile phone and battery OEM business of BYD (002594), and the clothing business of Youngor (600177). However, the state-owned enterprises that dare not lay off employees have to choose to cut their salaries substantially. The retail instry, which directly reflects the cold and warm domestic demand, is in a mess. From the fall of Li Ning to the decline of Gome's profits, it shows that the purchasing power of the people is falling sharply
but even so, many Chinese still have a strong sense of superiority and always like to regard the threat of others as a proof of their own strength. The strategic focus of the United States is back to Asia, and China is contained in military, trade and economic aspects. However, many of us turn a blind eye to this threat. Whether it is the South China Sea crisis, the East China Sea crisis, or the changes in the Middle East, these people's dreams of arrogance cannot be awakened. On the contrary, the reason why the United States has become the only superpower in the world is that it has been aware of crisis for a long time. It can be said that the crisis consciousness of the United States has even reached the level of & quot; Paranoia & quot; I'm sick. At the beginning, the reason why the United States fabricated evidence was that the United States made up evidence; Frame up & quot; In spite of the strong opposition of the international community, Saddam Hussein also wanted to take unilateral actions and wage war because the United States felt that he was a threat
in fact, this is the normal situation in the United States. Looking back on history, the United States not only pursues containment strategy against big countries such as Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union and Japan, but also has never been soft on small countries. As long as the United States feels that you are challenging its regional interests. Do you know that Hawaii, the world's famous tourist instrial city, was invaded by the armed forces of the United States. The United States led the army to overthrow the local royal family directly, and the fuse was that the interests of American sugar merchants in Hawaii were threatened. In addition, the United States has subverted such Latin American countries as Nicaraguan, Guatemalan, Chile, Peru and Argentina, and even encouraged military forces to overthrow democratically elected governments. Unfortunately, our people never seem to be interested in these histories
let me talk about something that Chinese people are more interested in. Do you remember the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in the fry in 1999? Maybe, many people will say remember, but in my opinion, we forget at all. First of all, NATO's operation has not been authorized by the UN Security Council at all; Secondly, the so-called & quot; ICTY & quot; More than 60 crimes have been charged against Yugoslavia leader Milosevic. After five years of trial, no result has been found. In 2006, Milosevic died in prison. This kind of tactics of destroying the regular army by air strikes and supporting the opposition to subvert the existing regime has been staged in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya. More than 20 years after the end of the cold war, American military action has never stopped
we always accuse the United States of cold war thinking. In fact, we are totally mistaken. This sense of crisis has always been deeply rooted in the spirit of the United States. It not only has a profound impact on the international policy of the United States, but also has a constant impact on the domestic policy of the United States. In Obama's state of the Union address, it was mentioned four times in 2009; Challenges Four times & quot; Threats & quot;; Three times in 2010 & quot; Challenges Once & quot; Threats & quot;; Three times in 2011 & quot; Challenge & quot;; Four times in 2012 & quot; Challenges Four times & quot; Threat & quot;. In the eyes of the United States, China is both a challenge and a threat
what worries us is that in the face of crisis, we are not aware of crisis, but full of wrong thinking, such as & quot; Left or right& quot; Non public or private& quot; Macro control, micro enliven & quot; And & quot; Leap forward development & quot It's actually & quot; Great leap forward & quot; Think like this). Just like paranoia, persecution and the United States go hand in hand, these four kinds of wrong thinking have been perplexing China's economic construction and reform and opening up.
scholar Lang Xianping (information map)
a nation without a sense of crisis is a nation without hope
when I say that China's economy is on the brink of the most dangerous situation, it is by no means alarmist or mystifying! In my new book, China's economy is on the brink of the most dangerous, I want to tell those & quot; As long as face, not interior & quot; How dangerous and terrible is China's economy today. We are on the verge of collapse of the world economy, but we don't know it. We are used to underestimating our opponents and overestimating our own strength. Today, I want to make our crisis clear so as to arouse the sense of crisis among the Chinese people. Otherwise, our economy will really turn over. Look at the United States. The reason why it is strong today is the sense of crisis; The sense of crisis has become a part of the American spirit. Because only crisis can unite people and strengthen the centripetal force of the country
crisis is not terrible. What is terrible is that we turn a blind eye to crisis and whitewash peace; What's more, when the crisis comes, we take & quot; Headache cures the head, but foot pain cures the foot; To create a bigger crisis. We often say & quot; Achievements are the main ones;, Our media has said enough about this, so I won't talk about it. In this book, I will focus on our economic problems and crises. After my research, I found that today's problems in China's economy can not be solved only by relying on the current economic system and economic means. We should also look for other ways& quot; Kung Fu beyond poetry;, For this, readers can read this book in detail. At the same time, through this book, I also try to clarify a Chinese next step; The road map of economic reform & quot; Here, for your judgment
I would like to stress again that my prediction has never been missed. In "Lang Xianping said: New Imperialism in China 2" published in early 2010, I warned you that the United States would launch a war on exchange rate, cost and trade against us. How many people think I am a fool and how many people think I am a worrier. At that time, I also warned you not to use tomorrow's overcapacity to solve today's overcapacity, otherwise, when we run out of fiscal savings, the economy will definitely hit the bottom again
now? The exchange rate war led to the loss of competitiveness of China's exports, the return of high-end jobs to the United States, and the transfer of low-end jobs to Southeast Asia. China's imports continued to soar as a result of the cost war, and the US dollar consumed by oil imports surged by 45.3% in 2011; The trade war led to the precise decapitation of China's fast-growing exports, from photovoltaic to tires. Not only are foreign trade enterprises in a mess, but the cost war has also targeted enterprises benefiting from 4 trillion yuan. For example, 60% of bauxite in aluminum instry is imported, and 80% of iron ore in iron and steel instry is imported. All these instries, driven by 4 trillion yuan, are now suffering huge losses in the whole instry
what is more terrible is that the serious inflation caused by 4 trillion yuan directly leads to the serious shrinkage of people's wealth; As a result, domestic demand is weak and labor costs are rising rapidly, which has further hit the manufacturing instry. The direct result is a quiet layoff in China's manufacturing instry. The intensity of layoffs and the extent of economic downturn in many instries are even worse than the 2008 financial crisis. It turns out that the leading enterprises in the instry take the lead in large-scale layoffs, and the focus of layoffs is often on the manufacturing links of their core businesses, such as the home appliances business of Midea and cygnet, the mobile phone and battery OEM business of BYD (002594), and the clothing business of Youngor (600177). However, the state-owned enterprises that dare not lay off employees have to choose to cut their salaries substantially. The retail instry, which directly reflects the cold and warm domestic demand, is in a mess. From the fall of Li Ning to the decline of Gome's profits, it shows that the purchasing power of the people is falling sharply
but even so, many Chinese still have a strong sense of superiority and always like to regard the threat of others as a proof of their own strength. The strategic focus of the United States is back to Asia, and China is contained in military, trade and economic aspects. However, many of us turn a blind eye to this threat. Whether it is the South China Sea crisis, the East China Sea crisis, or the changes in the Middle East, these people's dreams of arrogance cannot be awakened. On the contrary, the reason why the United States has become the only superpower in the world is that it has been aware of crisis for a long time. It can be said that the crisis consciousness of the United States has even reached the level of & quot; Paranoia & quot; I'm sick. At the beginning, the reason why the United States fabricated evidence was that the United States made up evidence; Frame up & quot; In spite of the strong opposition of the international community, Saddam Hussein also wanted to take unilateral actions and wage war because the United States felt that he was a threat
in fact, this is the normal situation in the United States. Looking back on history, the United States not only pursues containment strategy against big countries such as Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union and Japan, but also has never been soft on small countries. As long as the United States feels that you are challenging its regional interests. Do you know that Hawaii, the world's famous tourist instrial city, was invaded by the armed forces of the United States. The United States led the army to overthrow the local royal family directly, and the fuse was that the interests of American sugar merchants in Hawaii were threatened. In addition, the United States has subverted such Latin American countries as Nicaraguan, Guatemalan, Chile, Peru and Argentina, and even encouraged military forces to overthrow democratically elected governments. Unfortunately, our people never seem to be interested in these histories
let me talk about something that Chinese people are more interested in. Do you remember the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in the fry in 1999? Maybe, many people will say remember, but in my opinion, we forget at all. First of all, NATO's operation has not been authorized by the UN Security Council at all; Secondly, the so-called & quot; ICTY & quot; More than 60 crimes have been charged against Yugoslavia leader Milosevic. After five years of trial, no result has been found. In 2006, Milosevic died in prison. This kind of tactics of destroying the regular army by air strikes and supporting the opposition to subvert the existing regime has been staged in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya. More than 20 years after the end of the cold war, American military action has never stopped
we always accuse the United States of cold war thinking. In fact, we are totally mistaken. This sense of crisis has always been deeply rooted in the spirit of the United States. It not only has a profound impact on the international policy of the United States, but also has a constant impact on the domestic policy of the United States. In Obama's state of the Union address, it was mentioned four times in 2009; Challenges Four times & quot; Threats & quot;; Three times in 2010 & quot; Challenges Once & quot; Threats & quot;; Three times in 2011 & quot; Challenge & quot;; Four times in 2012 & quot; Challenges Four times & quot; Threat & quot;. In the eyes of the United States, China is both a challenge and a threat
what worries us is that in the face of crisis, we are not aware of crisis, but full of wrong thinking, such as & quot; Left or right& quot; Non public or private& quot; Macro control, micro enliven & quot; And & quot; Leap forward development & quot It's actually & quot; Great leap forward & quot; Think like this). Just like paranoia, persecution and the United States go hand in hand, these four kinds of wrong thinking have been perplexing China's economic construction and reform and opening up.
3. Let me tell you history
this is what I accumulated little by little when I was in the first grade of junior high school. Take your time ~
review plan at the end of the first grade of junior high school history:
I. what all students must master:
1. Multiple choice questions: assessment of unit 1, unit 2, unit 3, comprehensive exercise 1, comprehensive exercise 2. All multiple choice questions
2 Material questions part: 11 big questions on "summary of review material analysis questions at the end of the first grade of junior high school history" are distributed
2. Ability development of students with good degree (review two lessons every day and complete the distributed exercises): Lesson 1-22
learning procere: reading, reciting, dictating, parents' spot check
(June 6) lesson 1 flourishing Sui Dynasty
1 Basic knowledge is familiar with the heart
Sui Dynasty:
1. Establishment: in 581, Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty and made Chang'an its capital
2. Unification: in 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south
3. The situation of ruling the world: Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty - the rule of kaihuang
4. The rule of emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: tyranny led to the demise of the Sui Dynasty
Grand Canal: Purpose: to strengthen the transportation between the north and the South and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country
three points: Luoyang as the center, Zhuo County in the north, Yuhang in the south
role: it has strengthened the economic exchanges between the north and the South and has a far-reaching impact on the economic development of later generations< The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the period of feudal society in China:
a. the first period of unification (Qin and Han dynasties) B. the period of development and prosperity C. the period of national integration D. the period of decline (Ming and Qing Dynasties)
2“ The fishermen who go to Zhuo County in the north and the river capital in the South will benefit a lot! " It refers to
A, Lingqu B, Baiqu C, Liufu D, and the Grand Canal of Sui Dynasty
3. The historical background (or historical conditions) of the opening of the Grand Canal is
1. National unification 2. Social stability 3. Economic development 4. People's efforts The main functions of the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty are as follows:
A, consolidating the regime of the Sui Dynasty; B, facilitating emperor Suiyang's tour of the South; C, promoting economic exchanges between the north and the South; D, strengthening the northern border defense and eliminating the southern separatist forces Which of the following dynasties do you think the rule of the Sui Dynasty is similar to< A, Qin Dynasty B, Eastern Han Dynasty C, Western Jin Dynasty D, Eastern Jin Dynasty
3. Recite the first question of "summary of review material analysis at the end of the first grade of junior high school history"
lesson 2 "rule of Zhenguan"
1. Be familiar with basic knowledge
Tang Dynasty
1. Establish: Li Yuan, make capital
2 The Emperor: diligent in political affairs
learned from the death of Sui Dynasty and established the thought of governing the country: Minister: honest and upright
(taking Sui Dynasty as a mirror, taking people as the foundation) government: light corvee and thin tax, developing proction
light corvee and thin tax
paying attention to developing proction, Rece the burden of the people, avoid extravagance and simplify
merge prefectures and counties
state policy, appoint talents, accept admonition with an open mind:,
Ecation: improve the imperial examination, expand traditional Chinese Studies
ethnic relations: enlightened ethnic policy
Foreign Relations: open foreign policy
(2) performance: clean and bright government, rapid economic development, and graally strengthened national strength
3, "politics enlightens Kaiyuan and governs hongzhenguan": the situation under the rule of Wu Zetian, who was the only female emperor in Chinese history, continued to implement the policy of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty to develop agriculture and select talents, so as to further develop the society and enhance the national strength< Second, a little test of my self-confidence:
1. Tang Taizong said: "history is the mirror to know the rise and fall; You can see the gains and losses by looking at people as mirrors. " During his reign, he could embody this important measure as follows:
1. He repeatedly emphasized the idea of "saving the common people"; 2. He was good at appointing virtuous officials; 3. He was good at accepting admonitions; 3. He was good at avoiding extravagance and being simple; 4. He was light on corvee and taxes; 4. He advised agriculture and mulberry to take lessons The most important lessons of Emperor Taizong from the Sui Dynasty are as follows:
A. he realized that the relationship between the monarch and the people is the relationship between the boat and the water; B. he must be good at employing people and accepting admonitions; C. he must implement the imperial examination system; D. he must ensure that farmers have land and proction time; 4. Later generations basically affirmed Wu Zetian's rule, This is mainly because: A. she is the only empress in the history of our country; B. she attaches great importance to the development of agriculture; C. she is good at reusing some talented people; D. ring her reign, the social economy continued to develop Recite the second question of "summary of review material analysis at the end of the first year of junior high school history" completion time: minutes parents' random reading recitation: Master 100%? Master 90%? Signature:
learning date: month and day
learning procere: read and recite silently parents' random checking (June 7) lesson 3 "Kaiyuan flourishing age"
1 Basic knowledge is familiar with the heart
Kaiyuan heyday: the heyday in the early Tang Xuanzong period
(1) reasons
① stabilizing the political situation; ② appointing talents: Yao Chong. ③ Pay attention to local officials. ④ We advocate thrift. ⑤ (2) political clarity, unprecedented economic prosperity and Tang Dynasty's heyday< (1) more than 40 large-scale water conservancy projects have been built 2) Cultivation methods: transplanting rice seedlings is widely used in southern China. (3) tea drinking is popular< (4) proction tools are made into curved plow and bobbin car (used for irrigation and farming respectively)
handicraft instry
(1) silk weaving instry: many varieties and superb technology 2) Ceramic instry: Celadon of Yue Kiln, white porcelain of Xing kiln and Tri Color of Tang Dynasty are important representatives< (1) the metropolises are Chang'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Cheng 2) Chang'an city is divided into city and square, residential area called square, commercial area called City, is an international metropolis< Second, a small test of my self-confidence:
1. "In memory of the heyday of Kaiyuan, Xiaoyi still has ten thousand families." The prosperity reflected in
A, the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty B, the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty C, the reign of Empress Wu Zetian D, the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty
2, "overturn, overturn, drunk to spit out, turn to turn on their own, thousands of turns without stop. Have you stopped? Have you stopped? He Miao is waiting for me to get drunk. " What kind of proction tools does this "tease order" reflect
A, columbine B, overturn C, quyuanli D, bobbin car
3. In the Tang Dynasty, foreign businessmen went to Chang'an city to buy goods, but they could not buy
A, tea B, compass C, Tang Sancai D, celadon
4, Which of the following phenomena can be seen?
① the use of Qu Yuan plow in cultivated land, ② the use of car mper in irrigation, ③ the separation of residential and commercial areas, ④ the widespread use of seedling cultivation and transplanting cultivation in southern rice, ⑤ the prevalence of tea drinking, and ⑥ the widespread use of Jingdezhen porcelain in China?
A, ① ③ ⑤ B, ① ③ ⑤ C, ② ④ ⑤ D ① Background: since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, family status has been the main basis for selecting officials< (2) the process of establishment and Perfection:
① in the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, the method of examination by subjects was adopted to select officials< (2) the imperial examination system in China began to be established when Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty formally set up the Jinshi Section< (3) in the time of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the scale of traditional Chinese culture was expanded; (4) in the time of Empress Wu Zetian, the palace examination and martial arts examination were initiated< (5) Tang Xuanzong: re examination of poetry and Fu
among the permanent examination subjects in Tang Dynasty, Jinshi and Mingjing were the most important< (3) evaluation:
1) centralize the power of selecting officials from the local to the central, and strengthen the centralization
2) the employment system has been improved, so that talented scholars have the opportunity to enter the government at all levels and expand the ruling base
3) it promoted the development of ecation, and the atmosphere of scholars studying hard prevailed
4) it promotes the development of literature and art and is concive to the prosperity of Tang poetry
5) it has a profound impact on China and the world
6) as time goes on, the mind is bound< The official birth of the imperial examination system in China is:
A, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty B, Empress Wu Zetian of Tang Dynasty C, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty D, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty
2. The following statements about the role of the imperial examination system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties are not correct:
a. the selection of officials broke the restrictions of family status B. weakened the imperial power c. It was concive to the selection of talents D Promote the development of culture and ecation
3. About the role of the imperial examination system, the following statements are not correct:
A. breaking the situation of not being an official without family background; B. the power of the state to select officials is taken back from the central government; C. to a certain extent, it embodies the characteristics of open examination and equal competition; D. forbidding the children of high-ranking officials to become officials in Korea The incorrect description of the history of Sui Dynasty is that it ended the long-term division, realized the unification of the country, founded and improved the imperial examination system, opened the famous water conservancy project, and was a short-lived feudal dynasty Among the following emperors in Tang Dynasty, those who paid more attention to the imperial examination did not include:
A, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty B, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty C, Empress Wu Zetian D, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty
7. The following statements about the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty are wrong:
A, the imperial examination in Tang Dynasty is to become a scholar The most important subjects in Ming Dynasty were: B. Tang Taizong expanded the scale of traditional Chinese culture; C. Tang Xuanzong's poetry and Fu became the main examination content of Jinshi; D. examination topics were mainly within the scope of four books and five classics; 8. During the Tang Dynasty, scholars studied hard and the development level of ecation was higher because of the following reasons:
a. the promotion of imperial examination system; B. the need to strengthen centralization of power
C The inevitable result of high economic prosperity D. the promotion of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries
9. The poem "Emperor Taizong really made a long plan, and made all the heroes white headed" says that Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty:
A, good at employing people B, humbly accepting admonition C, being an official in the imperial examination D, being diligent in administration and loving the people
interesting questions: * Meng Jiao, a poet of Tang Dynasty, took part in the imperial examination. After several times failing in the imperial examination, nearly half a hundred years later, he finally won the gold medal, I can't help but feel high spirited and write down the poem of "happy and anxious, once I see all the flowers in Chang'an". Which of the following phenomena does Meng Jiao's story reflect
A. "the rich don't need to buy good land, but there are thousands of millet in the book" B. "no one asks about ten years of hard work, and the world knows how to become famous at one fell swoop"
C. "there is no seed for generals, and men should be self-improvement" D. "in the old days, the front swallow of Wangxie hall flew into ordinary people's home"
e. "Emperor Taizong really had a long plan, Make a hero white head "
completion time: minutes parents spot check recitation: Master 100%? Master 90%? Signature:
learning date: Month Day
learning procere: read and recite dictation parents spot check
(June 8) lesson 5" he Tong Yi Jia "
I
this is what I accumulated little by little when I was in the first grade of junior high school. Take your time ~
review plan at the end of the first grade of junior high school history:
I. what all students must master:
1. Multiple choice questions: assessment of unit 1, unit 2, unit 3, comprehensive exercise 1, comprehensive exercise 2. All multiple choice questions
2 Material questions part: 11 big questions on "summary of review material analysis questions at the end of the first grade of junior high school history" are distributed
2. Ability development of students with good degree (review two lessons every day and complete the distributed exercises): Lesson 1-22
learning procere: reading, reciting, dictating, parents' spot check
(June 6) lesson 1 flourishing Sui Dynasty
1 Basic knowledge is familiar with the heart
Sui Dynasty:
1. Establishment: in 581, Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty and made Chang'an its capital
2. Unification: in 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south
3. The situation of ruling the world: Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty - the rule of kaihuang
4. The rule of emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: tyranny led to the demise of the Sui Dynasty
Grand Canal: Purpose: to strengthen the transportation between the north and the South and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country
three points: Luoyang as the center, Zhuo County in the north, Yuhang in the south
role: it has strengthened the economic exchanges between the north and the South and has a far-reaching impact on the economic development of later generations< The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the period of feudal society in China:
a. the first period of unification (Qin and Han dynasties) B. the period of development and prosperity C. the period of national integration D. the period of decline (Ming and Qing Dynasties)
2“ The fishermen who go to Zhuo County in the north and the river capital in the South will benefit a lot! " It refers to
A, Lingqu B, Baiqu C, Liufu D, and the Grand Canal of Sui Dynasty
3. The historical background (or historical conditions) of the opening of the Grand Canal is
1. National unification 2. Social stability 3. Economic development 4. People's efforts The main functions of the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty are as follows:
A, consolidating the regime of the Sui Dynasty; B, facilitating emperor Suiyang's tour of the South; C, promoting economic exchanges between the north and the South; D, strengthening the northern border defense and eliminating the southern separatist forces Which of the following dynasties do you think the rule of the Sui Dynasty is similar to< A, Qin Dynasty B, Eastern Han Dynasty C, Western Jin Dynasty D, Eastern Jin Dynasty
3. Recite the first question of "summary of review material analysis at the end of the first grade of junior high school history"
lesson 2 "rule of Zhenguan"
1. Be familiar with basic knowledge
Tang Dynasty
1. Establish: Li Yuan, make capital
2 The Emperor: diligent in political affairs
learned from the death of Sui Dynasty and established the thought of governing the country: Minister: honest and upright
(taking Sui Dynasty as a mirror, taking people as the foundation) government: light corvee and thin tax, developing proction
light corvee and thin tax
paying attention to developing proction, Rece the burden of the people, avoid extravagance and simplify
merge prefectures and counties
state policy, appoint talents, accept admonition with an open mind:,
Ecation: improve the imperial examination, expand traditional Chinese Studies
ethnic relations: enlightened ethnic policy
Foreign Relations: open foreign policy
(2) performance: clean and bright government, rapid economic development, and graally strengthened national strength
3, "politics enlightens Kaiyuan and governs hongzhenguan": the situation under the rule of Wu Zetian, who was the only female emperor in Chinese history, continued to implement the policy of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty to develop agriculture and select talents, so as to further develop the society and enhance the national strength< Second, a little test of my self-confidence:
1. Tang Taizong said: "history is the mirror to know the rise and fall; You can see the gains and losses by looking at people as mirrors. " During his reign, he could embody this important measure as follows:
1. He repeatedly emphasized the idea of "saving the common people"; 2. He was good at appointing virtuous officials; 3. He was good at accepting admonitions; 3. He was good at avoiding extravagance and being simple; 4. He was light on corvee and taxes; 4. He advised agriculture and mulberry to take lessons The most important lessons of Emperor Taizong from the Sui Dynasty are as follows:
A. he realized that the relationship between the monarch and the people is the relationship between the boat and the water; B. he must be good at employing people and accepting admonitions; C. he must implement the imperial examination system; D. he must ensure that farmers have land and proction time; 4. Later generations basically affirmed Wu Zetian's rule, This is mainly because: A. she is the only empress in the history of our country; B. she attaches great importance to the development of agriculture; C. she is good at reusing some talented people; D. ring her reign, the social economy continued to develop Recite the second question of "summary of review material analysis at the end of the first year of junior high school history" completion time: minutes parents' random reading recitation: Master 100%? Master 90%? Signature:
learning date: month and day
learning procere: read and recite silently parents' random checking (June 7) lesson 3 "Kaiyuan flourishing age"
1 Basic knowledge is familiar with the heart
Kaiyuan heyday: the heyday in the early Tang Xuanzong period
(1) reasons
① stabilizing the political situation; ② appointing talents: Yao Chong. ③ Pay attention to local officials. ④ We advocate thrift. ⑤ (2) political clarity, unprecedented economic prosperity and Tang Dynasty's heyday< (1) more than 40 large-scale water conservancy projects have been built 2) Cultivation methods: transplanting rice seedlings is widely used in southern China. (3) tea drinking is popular< (4) proction tools are made into curved plow and bobbin car (used for irrigation and farming respectively)
handicraft instry
(1) silk weaving instry: many varieties and superb technology 2) Ceramic instry: Celadon of Yue Kiln, white porcelain of Xing kiln and Tri Color of Tang Dynasty are important representatives< (1) the metropolises are Chang'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Cheng 2) Chang'an city is divided into city and square, residential area called square, commercial area called City, is an international metropolis< Second, a small test of my self-confidence:
1. "In memory of the heyday of Kaiyuan, Xiaoyi still has ten thousand families." The prosperity reflected in
A, the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty B, the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty C, the reign of Empress Wu Zetian D, the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty
2, "overturn, overturn, drunk to spit out, turn to turn on their own, thousands of turns without stop. Have you stopped? Have you stopped? He Miao is waiting for me to get drunk. " What kind of proction tools does this "tease order" reflect
A, columbine B, overturn C, quyuanli D, bobbin car
3. In the Tang Dynasty, foreign businessmen went to Chang'an city to buy goods, but they could not buy
A, tea B, compass C, Tang Sancai D, celadon
4, Which of the following phenomena can be seen?
① the use of Qu Yuan plow in cultivated land, ② the use of car mper in irrigation, ③ the separation of residential and commercial areas, ④ the widespread use of seedling cultivation and transplanting cultivation in southern rice, ⑤ the prevalence of tea drinking, and ⑥ the widespread use of Jingdezhen porcelain in China?
A, ① ③ ⑤ B, ① ③ ⑤ C, ② ④ ⑤ D ① Background: since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, family status has been the main basis for selecting officials< (2) the process of establishment and Perfection:
① in the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, the method of examination by subjects was adopted to select officials< (2) the imperial examination system in China began to be established when Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty formally set up the Jinshi Section< (3) in the time of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the scale of traditional Chinese culture was expanded; (4) in the time of Empress Wu Zetian, the palace examination and martial arts examination were initiated< (5) Tang Xuanzong: re examination of poetry and Fu
among the permanent examination subjects in Tang Dynasty, Jinshi and Mingjing were the most important< (3) evaluation:
1) centralize the power of selecting officials from the local to the central, and strengthen the centralization
2) the employment system has been improved, so that talented scholars have the opportunity to enter the government at all levels and expand the ruling base
3) it promoted the development of ecation, and the atmosphere of scholars studying hard prevailed
4) it promotes the development of literature and art and is concive to the prosperity of Tang poetry
5) it has a profound impact on China and the world
6) as time goes on, the mind is bound< The official birth of the imperial examination system in China is:
A, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty B, Empress Wu Zetian of Tang Dynasty C, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty D, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty
2. The following statements about the role of the imperial examination system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties are not correct:
a. the selection of officials broke the restrictions of family status B. weakened the imperial power c. It was concive to the selection of talents D Promote the development of culture and ecation
3. About the role of the imperial examination system, the following statements are not correct:
A. breaking the situation of not being an official without family background; B. the power of the state to select officials is taken back from the central government; C. to a certain extent, it embodies the characteristics of open examination and equal competition; D. forbidding the children of high-ranking officials to become officials in Korea The incorrect description of the history of Sui Dynasty is that it ended the long-term division, realized the unification of the country, founded and improved the imperial examination system, opened the famous water conservancy project, and was a short-lived feudal dynasty Among the following emperors in Tang Dynasty, those who paid more attention to the imperial examination did not include:
A, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty B, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty C, Empress Wu Zetian D, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty
7. The following statements about the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty are wrong:
A, the imperial examination in Tang Dynasty is to become a scholar The most important subjects in Ming Dynasty were: B. Tang Taizong expanded the scale of traditional Chinese culture; C. Tang Xuanzong's poetry and Fu became the main examination content of Jinshi; D. examination topics were mainly within the scope of four books and five classics; 8. During the Tang Dynasty, scholars studied hard and the development level of ecation was higher because of the following reasons:
a. the promotion of imperial examination system; B. the need to strengthen centralization of power
C The inevitable result of high economic prosperity D. the promotion of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries
9. The poem "Emperor Taizong really made a long plan, and made all the heroes white headed" says that Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty:
A, good at employing people B, humbly accepting admonition C, being an official in the imperial examination D, being diligent in administration and loving the people
interesting questions: * Meng Jiao, a poet of Tang Dynasty, took part in the imperial examination. After several times failing in the imperial examination, nearly half a hundred years later, he finally won the gold medal, I can't help but feel high spirited and write down the poem of "happy and anxious, once I see all the flowers in Chang'an". Which of the following phenomena does Meng Jiao's story reflect
A. "the rich don't need to buy good land, but there are thousands of millet in the book" B. "no one asks about ten years of hard work, and the world knows how to become famous at one fell swoop"
C. "there is no seed for generals, and men should be self-improvement" D. "in the old days, the front swallow of Wangxie hall flew into ordinary people's home"
e. "Emperor Taizong really had a long plan, Make a hero white head "
completion time: minutes parents spot check recitation: Master 100%? Master 90%? Signature:
learning date: Month Day
learning procere: read and recite dictation parents spot check
(June 8) lesson 5" he Tong Yi Jia "
I
4. A nation without a sense of crisis is a nation without hope
when I say that China's economy is on the brink of the most dangerous situation, it is by no means alarmist or mystifying! In my new book "China's economy is on the brink of the most dangerous", I want to tell the Chinese people and officials who "only want face but not interior" how dangerous and terrible China's economy is today. We are on the verge of collapse of the world economy, but we don't know it. We are used to underestimating our opponents and overestimating our own strength. Today, I want to make our crisis clear so as to arouse the sense of crisis among the Chinese people. Otherwise, our economy will really turn over. Look at the United States. The reason why it is strong today is the sense of crisis; The sense of crisis has become a part of the American spirit. Because only crisis can unite people and strengthen the centripetal force of the country
crisis is not terrible. What is terrible is that we turn a blind eye to crisis and whitewash peace; What is more terrible is that when the crisis comes, we will adopt the method of "treating the head with a headache and treating the foot with a sore foot" to create a bigger crisis. We often say that "achievement is the main thing". Our media has said enough, so I won't talk about it. In this book, I will focus on our economic problems and crises. After my research, I found that today's problems in China's economy can not be solved only by relying on the current economic system and economic means. We should also look for other ways“ For this, readers can read this book in detail. At the same time, through this book, I also try to sort out a road map of China's next "economic reform" for you to judge
I would like to stress that my prediction has never been missed. In "Lang Xianping said: New Imperialism in China 2" published in early 2010, I warned you that the United States would launch a war on exchange rate, cost and trade against us. How many people think I am a fool and how many people think I am a worrier. At that time, I also warned you not to use tomorrow's overcapacity to solve today's overcapacity, otherwise, when we run out of fiscal savings, the economy will definitely hit the bottom again
now? The exchange rate war led to the loss of competitiveness of China's exports, the return of high-end jobs to the United States, and the transfer of low-end jobs to Southeast Asia. China's imports continued to soar as a result of the cost war, and the US dollar consumed by oil imports surged by 45.3% in 2011; The trade war led to the precise decapitation of China's fast-growing exports, from photovoltaic to tires. Not only are foreign trade enterprises in a mess, but the cost war has also targeted enterprises benefiting from 4 trillion yuan. For example, 60% of bauxite in aluminum instry is imported, and 80% of iron ore in iron and steel instry is imported. All these instries, driven by 4 trillion yuan, are now suffering huge losses in the whole instry
what is more terrible is that the serious inflation caused by 4 trillion yuan directly leads to the serious shrinkage of people's wealth; As a result, domestic demand is weak and labor costs are rising rapidly, which has further hit the manufacturing instry. The direct result is a quiet layoff in China's manufacturing instry. The intensity of layoffs and the extent of economic downturn in many instries are even worse than the 2008 financial crisis. It turns out that the leading enterprises in the instry take the lead in large-scale layoffs, and the focus of layoffs is often on the manufacturing links of their core businesses, such as the home appliances business of Midea and cygnet, the mobile phone and battery OEM business of BYD, and the clothing business of Youngor. However, the state-owned enterprises that dare not lay off their employees have to choose to cut their salaries substantially. The retail instry, which directly reflects the cold and warm domestic demand, is in a mess. From the fall of Li Ning to the decline of Gome's profits, it shows that the purchasing power of the people is falling sharply
but even so, many Chinese still have a strong sense of superiority and always like to regard the threat of others as their strong proof. The strategic focus of the United States is back to Asia, and China is contained in military, trade and economic aspects. However, many of us turn a blind eye to this threat. Whether it is the South China Sea crisis, the East China Sea crisis, or the changes in the Middle East, these people's dreams of arrogance cannot be awakened. On the contrary, the reason why the United States has become the only superpower in the world is that it has been aware of crisis for a long time. It can be said that the crisis consciousness of the United States has even reached the pathological state of "paranoia". At the beginning, the reason why the United States fabricated evidence to "frame up" Saddam Hussein, regardless of the strong opposition of the international community, also wanted to take unilateral actions and launch war was because the United States felt that Saddam was a threat
in fact, this is the normal situation in the United States. Looking back on history, the United States not only pursues containment strategy against big countries such as Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union and Japan, but also has never been soft on small countries. As long as the United States feels that you are challenging its regional interests. Do you know that Hawaii, the world's famous tourist instrial city, was invaded by the armed forces of the United States. The United States led the army to overthrow the local royal family directly, and the fuse was that the interests of American sugar merchants in Hawaii were threatened. In addition, the United States has subverted such Latin American countries as Nicaraguan, Guatemalan, Chile, Peru and Argentina, and even encouraged military forces to overthrow democratically elected governments. Unfortunately, our people never seem to be interested in these histories
let me say something that Chinese people are more interested in. Remember the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in the fry in 1999? Maybe, many people will say remember, but in my opinion, we forget at all. First of all, NATO's operation has not been authorized by the UN Security Council at all; Secondly, the so-called "ICTY" later accused Yugoslavia leader Milosevic of more than 60 crimes. After five years of trial, no result was found. In 2006, Milosevic died in prison. This kind of tactics of destroying the regular army by air strikes and supporting the opposition to subvert the existing regime has been staged in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya. More than 20 years after the end of the cold war, American military action has never stopped
we always accuse the United States of cold war thinking. In fact, we are totally mistaken. This sense of crisis has always been deeply rooted in the spirit of the United States. It has not only profoundly affected the international policy of the United States, but also has always affected the domestic policy of the United States. In his state of the Union address, Obama mentioned four "challenges" and four "threats" in 2009; In 2010, three "challenges" and one "threat" were mentioned; Three "challenges" were mentioned in 2011; Four "challenges" and four "threats" were mentioned in 2012. In the eyes of the United States, China is both a challenge and a threat
what worries us is that we are not aware of the crisis, but full of wrong thinking, such as "non left or right", "non public or private", "macro-control, micro enlivening" and "leapfrog development" (actually "leap forward" thinking). Just like paranoia, persecution and the United States go hand in hand, these four kinds of wrong thinking have been perplexing China's economic construction and reform and opening up.
when I say that China's economy is on the brink of the most dangerous situation, it is by no means alarmist or mystifying! In my new book "China's economy is on the brink of the most dangerous", I want to tell the Chinese people and officials who "only want face but not interior" how dangerous and terrible China's economy is today. We are on the verge of collapse of the world economy, but we don't know it. We are used to underestimating our opponents and overestimating our own strength. Today, I want to make our crisis clear so as to arouse the sense of crisis among the Chinese people. Otherwise, our economy will really turn over. Look at the United States. The reason why it is strong today is the sense of crisis; The sense of crisis has become a part of the American spirit. Because only crisis can unite people and strengthen the centripetal force of the country
crisis is not terrible. What is terrible is that we turn a blind eye to crisis and whitewash peace; What is more terrible is that when the crisis comes, we will adopt the method of "treating the head with a headache and treating the foot with a sore foot" to create a bigger crisis. We often say that "achievement is the main thing". Our media has said enough, so I won't talk about it. In this book, I will focus on our economic problems and crises. After my research, I found that today's problems in China's economy can not be solved only by relying on the current economic system and economic means. We should also look for other ways“ For this, readers can read this book in detail. At the same time, through this book, I also try to sort out a road map of China's next "economic reform" for you to judge
I would like to stress that my prediction has never been missed. In "Lang Xianping said: New Imperialism in China 2" published in early 2010, I warned you that the United States would launch a war on exchange rate, cost and trade against us. How many people think I am a fool and how many people think I am a worrier. At that time, I also warned you not to use tomorrow's overcapacity to solve today's overcapacity, otherwise, when we run out of fiscal savings, the economy will definitely hit the bottom again
now? The exchange rate war led to the loss of competitiveness of China's exports, the return of high-end jobs to the United States, and the transfer of low-end jobs to Southeast Asia. China's imports continued to soar as a result of the cost war, and the US dollar consumed by oil imports surged by 45.3% in 2011; The trade war led to the precise decapitation of China's fast-growing exports, from photovoltaic to tires. Not only are foreign trade enterprises in a mess, but the cost war has also targeted enterprises benefiting from 4 trillion yuan. For example, 60% of bauxite in aluminum instry is imported, and 80% of iron ore in iron and steel instry is imported. All these instries, driven by 4 trillion yuan, are now suffering huge losses in the whole instry
what is more terrible is that the serious inflation caused by 4 trillion yuan directly leads to the serious shrinkage of people's wealth; As a result, domestic demand is weak and labor costs are rising rapidly, which has further hit the manufacturing instry. The direct result is a quiet layoff in China's manufacturing instry. The intensity of layoffs and the extent of economic downturn in many instries are even worse than the 2008 financial crisis. It turns out that the leading enterprises in the instry take the lead in large-scale layoffs, and the focus of layoffs is often on the manufacturing links of their core businesses, such as the home appliances business of Midea and cygnet, the mobile phone and battery OEM business of BYD, and the clothing business of Youngor. However, the state-owned enterprises that dare not lay off their employees have to choose to cut their salaries substantially. The retail instry, which directly reflects the cold and warm domestic demand, is in a mess. From the fall of Li Ning to the decline of Gome's profits, it shows that the purchasing power of the people is falling sharply
but even so, many Chinese still have a strong sense of superiority and always like to regard the threat of others as their strong proof. The strategic focus of the United States is back to Asia, and China is contained in military, trade and economic aspects. However, many of us turn a blind eye to this threat. Whether it is the South China Sea crisis, the East China Sea crisis, or the changes in the Middle East, these people's dreams of arrogance cannot be awakened. On the contrary, the reason why the United States has become the only superpower in the world is that it has been aware of crisis for a long time. It can be said that the crisis consciousness of the United States has even reached the pathological state of "paranoia". At the beginning, the reason why the United States fabricated evidence to "frame up" Saddam Hussein, regardless of the strong opposition of the international community, also wanted to take unilateral actions and launch war was because the United States felt that Saddam was a threat
in fact, this is the normal situation in the United States. Looking back on history, the United States not only pursues containment strategy against big countries such as Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union and Japan, but also has never been soft on small countries. As long as the United States feels that you are challenging its regional interests. Do you know that Hawaii, the world's famous tourist instrial city, was invaded by the armed forces of the United States. The United States led the army to overthrow the local royal family directly, and the fuse was that the interests of American sugar merchants in Hawaii were threatened. In addition, the United States has subverted such Latin American countries as Nicaraguan, Guatemalan, Chile, Peru and Argentina, and even encouraged military forces to overthrow democratically elected governments. Unfortunately, our people never seem to be interested in these histories
let me say something that Chinese people are more interested in. Remember the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in the fry in 1999? Maybe, many people will say remember, but in my opinion, we forget at all. First of all, NATO's operation has not been authorized by the UN Security Council at all; Secondly, the so-called "ICTY" later accused Yugoslavia leader Milosevic of more than 60 crimes. After five years of trial, no result was found. In 2006, Milosevic died in prison. This kind of tactics of destroying the regular army by air strikes and supporting the opposition to subvert the existing regime has been staged in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya. More than 20 years after the end of the cold war, American military action has never stopped
we always accuse the United States of cold war thinking. In fact, we are totally mistaken. This sense of crisis has always been deeply rooted in the spirit of the United States. It has not only profoundly affected the international policy of the United States, but also has always affected the domestic policy of the United States. In his state of the Union address, Obama mentioned four "challenges" and four "threats" in 2009; In 2010, three "challenges" and one "threat" were mentioned; Three "challenges" were mentioned in 2011; Four "challenges" and four "threats" were mentioned in 2012. In the eyes of the United States, China is both a challenge and a threat
what worries us is that we are not aware of the crisis, but full of wrong thinking, such as "non left or right", "non public or private", "macro-control, micro enlivening" and "leapfrog development" (actually "leap forward" thinking). Just like paranoia, persecution and the United States go hand in hand, these four kinds of wrong thinking have been perplexing China's economic construction and reform and opening up.
5.
Oil is not only one of the main energy sources of human beings, but also one of the sources of human environmental pollution. According to statistics, more than 8 million tons of oil enter the world environment every year, polluting soil, groundwater, rivers and oceans. With the exploitation and utilization of oil in the Loess Plateau, the area has the characteristics of large proction area, many oil wells, low proction and backward development technology. Its pollution to the natural environment is becoming more and more serious, which directly affects the ecological and living conditions of the region. The situation in some areas has been extremely serious, which has threatened the local agricultural proction and the living environment of farmers. Petroleum has become one of the key pollutants in this area. The soil and rivers in this area have been polluted by petroleum in varying degrees
The Ordos Basin is a multi cycle superimposed oil and gas bearing basin, covering an area of 320000km, covering Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. The basement of the basin is Archean Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rock series, the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic rift trough basins, and the sediments are shallow sea clastic carbonate rift filling type; In Early Paleozoic, it was a cratonic basin, and the sediments were epicontinental carbonate platform type; From Late Paleozoic to Middle Triassic, it was a cratonic depression basin, and the sediments changed from coastal carbonate to continental clastic platform; During the Late Triassic to Cretaceous, it was a large inland depression basin, and the sediments were of lacustrine and fluvial facies; The main body of the basin is a gentle west dipping slope, and the sediments are tridactyl laterite and thick Aeolian Loess; There are faulted basins around. The four petroleum systems explored and developed in the basin belong to stratigraphic lithologic reservoirs The source rocks of Yanchang formation are mainly black mudstone, shale and oil shale of deep lacustrine and shallow lacustrine facies in Yanchang formation, and the hydrocarbon generation centers are distributed in Majiatan Dingbian Huachi Zhiluo Binxian area in the south of the basin, with the thickest source rocks of 300-400M, The favorable oil generating area is 60000 km < sup > 2 < / sup > (Fig. 3-3). The reservoir rocks are distributed around the oil generating sag. Five large deltas and delta front sandbodies, such as Dingbian, Wuqi, Zhidan, Ansai and Yan'an, are distributed on the gentle slope of the north wing, and fluvial facies sandbodies and underwater sedimentary sandbodies, such as Huanxian and Xifeng, are developed on the steep slope of the south wing. The conditions of reservoir and permeability are improved by fractures and secondary pores of laumontite. The traps are controlled by compaction structure and the lateral deformation of lithology in upward dip direction is blocked The oil-bearing system of Yan'an formation sandstone reservoir in Lower Jurassic is mainly composed of the source rocks of Yanchang Formation of Upper Triassic deposited in fresh brackish lake facies, which belongs to mixed kerogen; The Jurassic Yan'an formation deposited in swamp facies coal measures is the auxiliary source rock, which belongs to humic kerogen. The yishicun coal measures in the south of Northern Shaanxi are characterized by high oil content. At the end of Triassic, the whole Ordos Basin was uplifted by Indosinian movement. The erosion landform is formed at the top of Triassic, and the Yanchang formation is cut in the form of paleochannel. The largest Gansu Shaanxi ancient river converges Qingxi ancient river, Ningshan ancient river and Zhiluo ancient river from southwest to northeast, and its opening extends to the South (Fig. 3-4). During Indosinian, the Zhanhe channel of erosion surface cut the Yanchang Formation and became a channel for oil and gas to flow down. The oil and gas from the erosion surface first migrated and accumulated to the bottom sandstones of Fuxian formation and Yan'an formation in the ancient river bed, and also migrated and accumulated to the upper sandstone bodies of Yan'an formation and the beach sandbodies on both sides of the ancient river bed
Fig. 3-3 sedimentary facies of Yanchang Formation of Late Triassic in Ordos Basin. Hydrocarbon generation center: Yulin Yan'an area in the East and Huanxian Qingyang area in the west, procing sapropel type cracking gas. The Caledonian movement uplifted the Ordos Basin as a whole and weathered and eroded for 130 Ma, resulting in the formation of peneplain paleokarst landform on the top of the Ordovician system. In the central part of the basin, there are wide buried platforms with north-south strike, and there are buried ditches and depressions around them. Under the double effects of the cover of the overlying Carboniferous coal measures bauxite and the lateral shielding of the Ordovician salt gypsum layer on the east side, the basin is covered by the Carboniferous coal measures bauxite, The buried platform became a large area subtle trap for gas migration and accumulation (Fig. 3-5)
Carboniferous Permian coal measures gas bearing system in Ordos Basin is composed of fluvial lacustrine facies and tidal flat facies, while Permian is composed of marine continental transitional facies and inland fluvial lacustrine facies, mainly composed of clastic rocks, with only a small amount of carbonate rocks in Carboniferous. The source rocks are mainly coal measures of Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation and lower Permian Shanxi formation, which are composed of vitrinite and sericite. Kerogen belongs to humic type, and the main component of coalbed methane is methane. The thickness of coal seam in Dongsheng and Yulin area is 20m, and the thickness of dark mudstone is 50-90m, with a range of about 70000km < sup > 2 < / sup >; In Fuxian and Huanxian areas, the thickness of coal seam is 5-10m, and the thickness of dark mudstone is 10-100m, with a range of 60000 km < sup > 2 < / sup >. The reservoir is mainly composed of sandstone, and the main provenance is in Daqingshan and niaolashan areas in the north. The sand bodies of each layer are superposed, which is spectacular. The sedimentary center of Shanxi formation is located in the Luochuan Qingyang area in the south of the basin, and the sand bodies in the north of the basin are the most developed. There are six large sand bodies extending into the basin, and each large sand body is controlled by the ancient river network, showing a complex strip. The reservoir condition is improved by fracture and epigenetic diagenesis, and the trap is blocked by compaction structure and lithology in upward direction
Fig. 3-4 schematic diagram of Gansu Shaanxi ancient river in early Jurassic of Ordos Basin, Different levels of management, equipment configuration and environmental conditions make the situation of pollution sources more complex. Petroleum pollutants may be proced in every step of oil exploitation (Fig. 3-6)
The specific description of petroleum pollutants proced in different operation periods of oil exploitation is as follows:1. This is caused by the oil pollution of flushing the surface and equipment, mud loss ring tripping and mud circulation system leakage ring drilling. The concentration of the wastewater is 50-1200mg / L, and the amount of water varies from several tons to tens of tons. In addition, in some cases, before reaching the high oil-bearing reservoir, a certain number of low oil-bearing formations must pass through, which causes the oil to be carried to the surface with the drilling mud. At the same time, a small amount of high concentration oil may be ejected when the ground pressure is high
Fig. 3-5 top paleogeomorphology map of Ordovician system in Ordos Basin (according to fan Zhengping et al., 2000)
Fig. 3-6 source and pollution pathway of petroleum pollutants ring oil exploitation process
2. During oil proction period
oil proction period (including normal operation and well washing), sewage includes oil proction wastewater and well washing wastewater. In the underground oil-bearing formation, oil and water exist at the same time. In the process of oil recovery, oil and water are pumped to the surface at the same time. These oil-water mixtures are sent to the oil selection station of the crude oil gathering and transportation system for dehydration and desalination. The waste water that has been removed is oil extraction waste water, also known as "proced water". As the oil proction wastewater is proced by crude oil dehydration treatment, it contains not only a variety of salts and gases dissolved into the formation in the high temperature and high pressure oil layer, but also some other impurities. What's more, e to the influence of the dewatering effect of the oil separation station, the crude oil petroleum pollutants are carried in this part of wastewater; In addition, in the study basin, there are some simple dehydration methods such as gravity separation, which are more common in single well dehydration wells. Generally, the pumping concentration of oil well wastewater is thousands of mg / L, and the average discharge of single well is tens of M < sup > 3 < / sup > / d. Well flushing wastewater is the wastewater proced by periodic flushing of water injection wells or oily wastewater proced by further overhaul or well flushing operation e to equipment damage, oil reservoir blockage, pipeline corrosion and other reasons after a period of oil proction
The leakage of crude oil ring storage and transportation may cause a certain amount of crude oil leakage or oily wastewater ring storage and transportation of crude oil, as well as some intermediate links in the process of centralized pipeline transportation Accident pollution includes natural factors and human factors: natural accidents include blowout, equipment failure and traffic accidents caused by landslides in vehicle transportation. In Yan'an area, the surface loess structure is loose and the hydraulic erosion is severe, and the pollution accidents caused by landslides are more frequent. Man made accidents refer to pollution accidents such as overturning caused by man-made traffic accidents when oil proction equipment and pipelines are damaged and crude oil vehicles are transported. Accident pollution has the characteristics of large amount of pollution, serious harm and difficult to predict(2) the impact of oil exploitation on water and soil environment can proce pollution in all aspects of oil proction. The main pollution object is soil, followed by surface water. The pollution of groundwater is mainly indirect pollution. In Ordos Basin, there is no obvious indicator that oil leakage or infiltration pollutes groundwater, that is, no oil pollutants are detected in groundwater. However, in the process of oil development, the quality of groundwater has changed significantly, the degree of mineralization has increased significantly, and other indicators have also changed greatly
(1) the impact of landing crude oil on the soil environmentafter a large amount of leaked crude oil enters the soil, it will affect the survival of soil microorganisms, cause soil salinization, destroy soil structure, and increase the content of petroleum pollutants. After the crude oil leakage, the pollution (expansion) area of the crude oil in the impermeable bedrock and clay heavy soil is larger, while the influence expansion area in the loose soil is smaller. In particular, the heavy clay soil is mostly cultivated soil, and the crude oil covering on the surface will rece the soil permeability and soil fertility. At the beginning of the leakage accident, the crude oil infiltrated into the soil to a certain depth. With the extension of the leakage time, the infiltration depth increased little. According to the field investigation in Longdong oilfield and Shanbei oilfield, the landing crude oil generally accumulated in the depth of more than 50 cm inside the soil. Therefore, the main pollution of the soil after the crude oil leakage is the cultivation layer
(2) vertical infiltration law of petroleum pollutants in soil in Ordos basin the climate is dry, the rainfall is less, the surface is mostly covered by Gobi gravel, the soil is poorly developed, and the sand content is high. Therefore, the petroleum pollutants proced by oil field development in the basin are more likely to migrate along the soil aeration zone, which endangers the ecological environment. Its migration rate is determined by the adsorption capacity of soil to pollutants. Generally, the specific gravity of crude oil is less than 1, which is neither static nor similar to the rapid migration of soluble matter in soil for a long time. In order to find out the migration status of oil in soil, the method of field sampling analysis was used
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