Guangzhichi mine
As we all know, pegmatite research has a long history of one century at home and abroad, and has accumulated a lot of in-depth research results. In the early stage, the fine classification and phase separation of felsman and jinzburg (1929-1932) in Russia clearly pointed out that pegmatite was not magmatic rock, and its formation temperature was less than 700 ℃, which did not reach the melting point of common granite. Pegmatite can be divided into six phases from below 700 ℃ to above 400 ℃, and it is pointed out that pegmatite is in supercritical state. Later, they divided the facies according to biotite mica Muscovite (Guo Chengji, 1965, etc.), or according to the depth of formation, or from bottom to top, uth, NBTA, libe. Later, nex (2001, 2003) also classified pegmatites in the rosin area of Namibia into six categories: A, B, C, D, e and F, which were clearly described as six different periods. Wang Shengyun (2011-2013), a doctoral student of Beijing Institute of geology of nuclear instry, also made an in-depth analysis of the six facies rocks, petrochemistry, dating and microscopic relationship
The pegmatite type uranium deposit has also been studied for a long time in China. In the 1950s and 1960s, the uranium geological team found many places of this type of uranium deposit and made exploration. The reserve report of Hongshiquan uranium deposit was submitted in 1986. 212 geological team has done a lot of scientific research work. In 1982, Wang MuQing and others of the three institutes concted special research. In 1983, Rong Jiashu and Xia Yuliang supplemented their work. The Chenjiazhuang deposit in Danfeng area of Shaanxi Province has a master's thesis by Xu Zhan (1983-1985). In 1990, Feng Mingyue, Rong Jiashu and others concted a special regional study of the North Qinling Mountains, and published a monograph "pegmatite uranium deposit in the North Qinling Mountains" in 1996. In 1983, after investigating the geology of pegmatite type uranium deposit in Danfeng area, I predicted that there would be at least ten thousand tons of uranium reserves in this area. Now, it has been confirmed. It will certainly surpass it in the future The comprehensive geological characteristics, metallogenic process and genesis of pegmatite and pegmatite uranium deposit have been revealed and clarified in detail through the systematic study of researchers in various units in the above periods. However, what is the metallogenic uranium source of pegmatite type uranium deposits? Heat source? Ore forming fluid? Formation mechanism? So far, it is not clear. Here are our preliminary findings In fact, pegmatite is a transitional proct between magmatic and hydrothermal processes. Pegmatite is not local melting, not to magmatic stage. In the past, we have proved that both magma and hydrothermal solution are caused by mantle juice alkali metasomatism. The main difference is the formation temperature. Magma is the proct of high potential alkali metasomatism, hydrothermal solution is the proct of low potential alkali metasomatism, while pegmatite and migmatite are in the middle, which are the procts of equipotential alkali metasomatism (DU Letian, 1996, 2012). See Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6-1 (1) alkaline metasomatism of low potential mantle juice, the upwelling of mantle juice is very fast, and the temperature of shallow part is too low to reach the melting point of rock, so it can only form hydrothermal process 2) The alkaline metasomatism of equipotential mantle juice and subliquid line formed pegmatite and migmatite 3) The alkaline metasomatism of high potential mantle juice is mostly in the deep part, and the temperature of mantle juice is much higher than 1000 ℃, so it can form all kinds of magmatic rocks in the mantle and crust.
2) the protolith of U-bearing pegmatite in Chenjiazhuang is the proct of plastic transformation of muddy sandy clastic formation (non slurry and non liquid) in the Proterozoic Qinling group (Xu Zhan, Du Letian, 1988)
Both the Hongshiquan, Chenjiazhuang and GUANGSHIGOU pegmatite uranium deposits, and the rohsing and rohsinan pegmatite uranium deposits in Namibia, South Africa, have a common feature: strong potassium metasomatism in the compression environment of orogenic belt, K < sub > 2 < / sub > o content of uranium bearing pegmatite (increased to 5% - 8%), and strong potassium feldsparization (microcline) under microscope. The outcrop rock color is typical brick red (reddening). The K < sub > 2 < / sub > o content of Chenjiazhuang and GUANGSHIGOU orebodies is shown in table 6-1
Table 6-1 petrochemical composition of uranium procing pegmatites (W < sub > b < / sub > /%)
4) biotite (biotite + quartz) and hornblende (amphibole + quartz) are well developed. This may be the enrichment mechanism of pegmatite type uranium. For example,
biotite quartz schist and gneiss are not properly named. They are actually biotite (k metasomatized) sedimentary metamorphic rocks (biotite after K microcline). In the past, single minerals were isolated, such as biotite and quartz silicification. In fact, this is an inseparable alteration intergrowth combination of the two. Biotite metasomatized plagioclase and potash feldspar of the protolith, and the resial quartz must be precipitated at the same time (because the content of SiO < sub > 2 < / sub > in biotite is much lower than that of plagioclase and potash feldspar). Therefore, they should be collectively called biotitization (similar to sericitization and greisenization). Under the microscope, see Figure 6-2
The amphibole quartz schist and gneiss are actually brecciated metasomatic rocks. In the same way, amphibole is also a low silicon mineral, and excess quartz will be precipitated after replacement of pyroxene, so it should be collectively called hornfeltization. This is Na's accountin Fig. 6-2, the fine-grained Bi + Q between the left and right PL plagioclase crystals is the intergrowth mineral assemblage (metasomatic PL and KF) of the biotite alteration. The ore-forming minerals uraninite, monazite, zircon, apatite and garnet are regularly distributed in the biotite assemblage. The mechanism of alteration co generation also exists in the rosin deposit in Namibia (Wang Shengyun, 2013)
It should be emphasized that all rock forming minerals (such as potash feldspar, albite, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, amphibole, etc.) in pegmatite have a common characteristic of crystallization chemistry, that is, they do not contain incompatible trace elements such as u, th, REE < sup > 3 + < / sup >, Zr < sup > 4 + < / sup >, Nb < sup > 5 + < / sup > which are higher than divalence into their lattice isomorphism. These rock forming minerals have the characteristics of self purification, and the better the crystallization is, the more the trace elements are excluded. Only independent minerals (i.e. accessory minerals) can be formed and relatively enriched. It can also be explained why uraninite and other accessory minerals are always concentrated in biotite. The highest uraninite content in Chenjiazhuang deposit is 13800g / T (xuzhan, 1988); The U content of ores in Lijiawan is as high as 2.36% (Feng Mingyue, Rong Jiashu, et al., 1996). In the 1950s, we systematically determined the uranium contents of rock forming minerals and accessory minerals in granite: the U contents of quartz and feldspar are very low, both in (1-2) × The uranium content of the whole rock is 90% concentrated in accessory minerals (DU Letian, 1960) Fig. 6-2 distribution of uraninite in various minerals5) valence disproportionation and valence disproportionation rule (DU Letian et al., 1984) are important factors for rare element enrichment. The lower the content of monovalent Na < sup > + < / sup >, K < sup > + < / sup > alkali metasomatism or bivalent elements (such as Fe < sup > 2 + < / sup >, CA < sup > 2 + < / sup >, Mg < sup > 2 + < / Sup >) is, the more favorable the increment of Al < sup > 3 + < / sup >, Si < sup > 4 + < / sup > is. two × 2 = 1 + 3, two less two, for 1 + 3, the ion valence is divided into two, which is called valence disproportionation. The total amount of FeO + CaO + MgO in U-bearing pegmatite is less than 2% (general granite is more than 2%). This is the reason why the lack of dark minerals in the granite uraninite is higher and mineralization (this is particularly prominent in the Luoxin deposit). There are relatively more FeO and MgO in the pegmatite uranium deposits in Danfeng, China, which is caused by the concentration of biotite. Alkali metasomatism is the most powerful way to eliminate divalent elements and make them migrate away. The more univalent Na < sup > + < / sup > or K < sup > + < / sup > is brought in, the more other ore-forming elements higher than bivalent are required to enter, so as to achieve charge balance with the negative bivalent of large anion o < sup > 2 - < / sup >
The uranium source may come from the uranium preconcentration of multi-stage granite. It has long been found that granites have more important uranium preconcentration than their parent rocks. For example, the uranium content of Huagang rocks in South China is generally U > 9 × 10 < sup > - 6 < / sup > (protolith stratum about 5 × 10-6 U content of gneiss of the former Qinling group and the early huichizi pluton (0.1-3) in Danfeng area × 10-6 To Piaochi granite u ≈ (4-5) × 10-6 Then to Chenjiazhuang small rock mass, u can reach 10 × 10-6 The progressive increment of u in this multi-stage granite also significantly enriched u in Namibia, which evolved from a, B, C to D, e granite mineralization (Wang Shengyun, 2013) Based on the detailed investigation and study of mantle xenoliths in Basalts in China and around the world, we decipher that mantle fluid is supercritical h-a-c-o-n-s fluid, which is called mantle juice for short. Many incompatible elements in the crust and mantle, such as Na, K, Li, Rb, CS alkali metal group, th, Zr, HF, Nb, Ta, REE, Ba, Ti, F, Cl, s, N, P and so on, are carried and migrated by the mantle juice. The formation of large-scale granites and pegmatites can not be isochemical, but must be brought in by a large amount of K, Na and heat (non isochemical transformation). It is not enough to consider only the heat flow of pegmatite formation in the academic circle. There must be the addition of foreign fluid components. The basic geochemical genesis of pegmatite uranium deposits can be summarized as the following three stages:alkali rich mantle juice (also thermal fluid) → intense high temperature subliquid linearitization (i.e., equipotential alkali metasomatism, preconcentration of trace elements such as uranium extracted from TuYan), pegmatite → biotitization and enrichment of uraninite. Uraninite always contains high valence ore-forming elements, such as REE < sup > 3 + < / sup >, th < sup > 4 + < / sup >, Nb < sup > 5 + < / sup >, Ta < sup > 5 + < / sup >, etc
8) in recent years, we found that various incompatible elements (Na, K) of mantle fluid, including u, migrated into uranium bearing rock or strata in the form of high-pressure and high-temperature hydride gas phase, forming Luoxin type ore bearing pegmatite (DU Letian, 2014). As for the hydrides extracted from u in deep zone and from U-bearing rock mass and strata, it needs to be studied in the future
The protoliths of pegmatites in Hongshiquan, Danfeng and Luoxin areas of Namibia are all the procts of granite evolution, and the protoliths of these granites are typical uranium bearing carbonaceous siliceous mudstone series. This has been studied in China for many years. Proterozoic carbonaceous siliceous mudstone series is the largest deep uranium reservoir in the earth (DU Letian, 1981). There are two major premises for the occurrence of pegmatite type uranium deposits in Namibia: (1) the Proterozoic U-rich carbonaceous siliceous mudstones; (2) the large-scale granitization of these U-bearing (and of course many other trace elements) Proterozoic strata (if some of them have lower temperature and can not reach the melting slurry, they will become pegmatites). In the past, some researchers believed that the protolith of the Luoxin pegmatite was the Damala rock series (swith, 1965; Miller，1983 The pegmatite bodies are zonated vertically and temporally, and each zonation is enriched with different rare elements: the uranium rich zones are mainly located in the deep and early stage; Li and be are mostly in the upper and late stage. It is decided by the denudation level of the pegmatite body in different exposed parts, so the ore bearing types of pegmatite body are obviously different Why does the pegmatite type uranium deposit always occur outside the granite body instead of inside the granite body? It shows that the melting point of the megacryst is lower than that of the granite; Pegmatization of sedimentary metamorphic rocks in contact zone does not need high mantle temperature. The mineral, chemical composition and rock structure of pegmatite are very uneven, which indicates that melt homogenization is not achieved. This kind of inhomogeneous structure is just beneficial to the relative enrichment of u, but it is disadvantageous if it is completely homogenized and dispersed after melting Finally, it is worth noting. According to dahlkamp's (1996) introction to the genesis of pegmatite type uranium deposits in gejialuoxin area, there was a comparison between the northern zone and the central zoneSome minerals emit light and change color under the irradiation of invisible light sources such as ultraviolet light. Mineralogists call this phenomenon the fluorescence of minerals, and the minerals with fluorescence are fluorescent minerals
fluorescence is proced by the potential change of some electrons in minerals after absorbing energy under the irradiation of ultraviolet light. The excited electrons in minerals are called excitons. Different excitons in minerals will emit different colors of fluorescence, and not all the same minerals have the same excitons or the same number of excitons. Therefore, when we identify minerals with ultraviolet light, we should pay attention to this point: the mineral samples proced in place a will emit fluorescence, while the same minerals proced in place B may not emit light or have slightly different fluorescence
all visible light and invisible light are different forms of electromagnetic waves, and their difference lies in the length of wavelength. The human eye can only see a small part of all the spectra, mainly including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple and other monochromatic or their different combinations. The wavelength of infrared light is shorter than that of red light, the wavelength of ultraviolet light is shorter than that of violet light, and the wavelength of visible violet light is 380-450 μ M. Ultraviolet rays are usually divided into long wave, medium wave and short wave. The wavelength of UVB is 350-380 μ M; UVB is 300-350 μ M; The short wave ultraviolet radiation is 200-300 μ M
about 15% of the fluorescent minerals can be proced by UVB. UVB can also make some minerals emit fluorescence, but because UVB lamp is difficult to make, it has not been improved until recent years, so the fluorescence phenomenon of UVB has not been paid much attention. About 90% of the fluorescent minerals can be fluoresced by short wave ultraviolet. Short wave ultraviolet light source is harmful to people's eyes (may cause blindness). Minors should use it under the supervision of alts. Shorter wavelengths of invisible light, such as X-rays and γ X-ray and so on can also make the fluorescent minerals proce fluorescence, but X-ray and X-ray can not γ The use of radiation is dangerous
it is a fashion to collect fluorescent minerals. Although many collectors are not qualified to use X-ray or high-energy electron gun, they can buy ultraviolet lamps or flashlights with different wavelengths on the market to test. After ultraviolet irradiation, fluorescent minerals can emit very colorful visible light
The following table lists the common fluorescent minerals loved by collectors:
long wave ultraviolet fluorescent minerals
proced in Greenland: hackmanite and sodalite under natural light and long wave ultraviolet light
short wave ultraviolet fluorescent minerals
yudidite crystal under natural light and short wave fluorescence The fluorescence phenomenon of calcite crystal under natural light and short wave fluorescence
Minqin county is located in the northeast of Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province, the lower reaches of Shiyang River Basin, Wuwei in the south, Jinchang in the west, and zuoyouqi in Inner Mongolia in the northeast and northwest. It is a green gem embedded in the ancient Silk Road. The specific geographical location is 101 east longitude ° 49′41〃—104 ° 12 ′ 10 ″, 38 n ° 3′45〃—39 ° 27 ′ 37 ″. It is 206 kilometers long from east to west and 156 kilometers wide from north to south, covering a total area of 15900 square kilometers. The lowest altitude of the county is 1298 meters, the highest altitude is 1936 meters, and the average altitude is 1400 meters. It is composed of three basic landforms: Desert, low mountains and hills, and plain< Minqin is a temperate continental arid climate zone, surrounded by Tengger and Badain Jaran deserts in the East, West and North. The climate characteristics of the continental desert are very obvious. It is cold in winter and hot in summer, with few precipitation, sufficient light and large temperature difference between day and night. The annual average water loss is 110mm, evaporation is 2644mm, the temperature difference between day and night is 25.2 ℃, and the annual average temperature is 7.8 ℃, The sunshine ration is 3073.5 hours and the frost free period is 162 days, which is especially suitable for crop growth
cultural tourism
Minqin has a long history and outstanding people. As early as 2800 years ago, human beings lived and multiplied here, creating the "Shajing culture". During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Wuwei County and Xuanwei county were set up in the county, and then Wuwei County was set up. In addition to Xuanwei County in Qianliang, Zuli county was set up near Wuwei County in Han Dynasty. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Xiangwu county and Wu'an county were established. In the early Tang Dynasty, Ming Wei Fu and Ming Wei Shu were set up. In the first year of Dazu in Tang Dynasty (701), ting army was set up in the northeast of the county, and later it was reced to ting garrison. Ming Hongwu, set Linhe Wei. Hongwu 29 years (1396), home town fanwei. In 1724, it was changed into Zhenfan county. In 1928, the Republic of China changed its name to Minqin. Minqin is known as "living outside the Great Wall, literature in the first of all Xia" reputation, history "cultural movement of the best in Hexi", is the province's cultural Township and ecation county
there are many places of interest and cultural relics in the county, which have high historical and artistic value. There is the unique suwu mountain named after suwu in China. According to experts' research, it is the place where suwu herded sheep; Hongyashan reservoir, the largest desert reservoir in Asia, is like a bright pearl inlaid in the vast sea; Here is the most complete landlord manor in the West - ruianbao, magnificent and unique in shape; Here is the famous kingdom of Psammophytes at home and abroad - Psammophyte garden. Technology and courage have turned this desert into a resort of Psammophytes. Rich history and culture, unique desert scenery attract many tourists<
Minqin population
by the end of 2009, the total population of the county was 313100, and the permanent resident population was 303100, among which the rural population was 225800, accounting for 74.5%, and the urban population was 77300, accounting for 25.5%; The Han nationality accounts for more than 99%, and there are mainly 14 ethnic minorities, including Hui, Tibetan, Mongolian, Tu, Dongxiang, Yi and Manchu, with a population of less than 1%< The county has 18 townships and 249 villages including Donghu Town, Xiqu Town, Shoucheng Town, hongshaliang Town, Quanshan Town, datan Town, shuangcike Town, Dongba Town, Yanglu Town, suwu Town, Sanlei Town, Daba Town, Xue Town, Changning Town, Chongxing Town, Caiqi Town, Nanhu town and Hongshagang town
Minqin ecation
Minqin always has the style of respecting culture and ecation, respecting teachers and ecation, and talents come forth in large numbers. In recent years, the college entrance examination ranks first in all counties of Gansu Province and takes the lead in Wuwei. In 2008, the county's general college entrance examination key admission 400 people, the admission rate of 7.42%; 1293 students were enrolled in more than two courses, with an admission rate of 23.98%; 1562 students were enrolled in more than three courses, with an admission rate of 28.97%; All kinds of colleges and universities admit 3947 people, with a comprehensive admission rate of 67.26%. In 2009, 423 students were enrolled in the college entrance examination, with an admission rate of 7.19%; 1264 students were enrolled in more than two courses, with an admission rate of 26.2%; 1689 students were enrolled in more than three courses, with an admission rate of 35.01%; All kinds of institutions of higher learning enrolled 4625 people, an increase of 678 people over 2008, with a comprehensive admission rate of 82.02%, an increase of 14.76% over the same period last year; 80 candidates were admitted to "985" Engineering Colleges and 162 candidates were admitted to "211" engineering colleges. In 2010, 423 students were enrolled in the college entrance examination, with an admission rate of 7.38%; There are 2023 students with bachelor degree or above, and the admission rate is 35.27%; All kinds of colleges and universities admit 5164 people, 539 more than in 2009, with a comprehensive admission rate of 90.04%. 111 candidates were admitted to "985" Engineering Colleges and 215 candidates were admitted to "211" Engineering Colleges and universities
characteristic resources
Minqin is rich in natural resources. Due to the long sunshine time, strong light radiation, large temperature difference between day and night and unique natural conditions, it is very suitable for sugar accumulation of crops, especially melons and fruits. The county's grain proction is mainly high-quality wheat, corn and beer barley, with an annual total output of 150 million kg. It is an important commodity grain base county in Gansu Province; Agricultural and sideline procts are well-known. Longan Daban black melon seeds, fennel, Yellow River melon, brandy melon and other famous procts are sold overseas; Licorice, Cynomorium songaricum, Nostoc flagelliforme, Sammy and other valuable wild resources have great potential for exploitation and good prospects for development. The proven mineral resources in the county mainly include coal, salt, gypsum, mirabilite, limestone, crystal stone, phosphorus, iron, copper, nickel, potash brine, etc. The total coal reserves are 580 million tons, mainly distributed in Xidayao mining area and Hongshagang mining area; The total salt reserves are about 252000 tons; Gypsum reserves are about 700000 tons, distributed in langpianquan mountain and alagu mountain; The total reserves of graphite ore are 6.67 million tons; Graphite reserves are 60083 thousand tons, distributed in Tangjia EBO mountain area; Glauber's salt reserves are 7.38 million tons, which are distributed in the areas of xixianchi, tujing, tangjiahaizi and suwushan; Iron ore reserves of 349000 tons, distributed in Hongyashan area. Coal ash powder is low in sulfur content, and its heat is about 4000 kcal. It is mainly used in instry; The average grade of graphite ore is 9.11%, which is a good ore-forming condition in Northwest China; The rest of the minerals are scattered with low grade
economic profile
Minqin is full of vitality in economic development. In order to build a beautiful home and optimize the living and living environment, in recent years, the cadres and masses of Minqin County have made concerted efforts to carry forward the Minqin spirit of "diligence, tenacity, learning and truth-seeking", earnestly implement Premier Wen's important instruction spirit of "never let Minqin become the second lop Nur", and adhere to the guidance of the scientific outlook on development, In order to accelerate the transformation of economic development mode as the main line, to create a national water-saving model county and sand control demonstration county as the goal, implement the three major strategies of ecological security, instrial county, science and ecation County, vigorously promote the key management of Shiyang River Basin, accelerate the construction of County Economic growth pole with the county as the center and Hongshagang as the sub center, and cultivate and expand coal, electricity and chemical instry, clean energy, environmental protection and environmental protection The four major instries of green agriculture and modern service have built Minqin into an ecological barrier area in the Shiyang River Basin, a pilot area for the city's economic transformation, a green instry and clean energy development zone, and a science, ecation, and humanities demonstration area. Efforts have been made to realize the leap forward development of the county's economy and society. The comprehensive treatment of the county's ecological environment has achieved certain results, and the comprehensive economic strength has been continuously enhanced, Infrastructure conditions have been improved, the living standards of urban and rural people have been continuously improved, and the economy and society have maintained a good momentum of sustained, rapid and healthy development. In 2009, the annual GDP reached 3.248 billion yuan, an increase of 10.71%; Large caliber fiscal revenue was 88.08 million yuan, an increase of 24.34%; The general budget revenue was 51.29 million yuan, an increase of 36.8%; The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 7980 yuan, an increase of 9.8%; The per capita net income of farmers was 4746 yuan, an increase of 14.1%; The total retail sales of social consumer goods reached 934 million yuan, an increase of 17.42%
Minqin is a promising land with unlimited development potential; Minqin county is a hot land that we are looking forward to, and it will give investors rich returns. Minqin has opened its door to the outside world. We warmly welcome friends from all walks of life at home and abroad to come here for on-the-spot investigation, trade negotiations, investment, tourism and sightseeing, so as to create a great cause and rebuild brilliance.
(1) self color: the color that is directly related to the inherent chemical composition of minerals in origin. For example, the cherry red of hematite (the same component of rust) and the emerald green of malachite. For a mineral, self color is quite fixed and characteristic. The self color is caused by some electronic transition process of some element in the mineral. Among them, there are complex physical and chemical processes. The ions that can cause color formation are called pigment ions, and the most common ones are divalent and trivalent iron ions
(2) other colors: colors caused by factors not inherent in minerals. For example, the red color of ruby is caused by the substitution of trivalent aluminum in corunm by trivalent chromium; Other colors can also be proced by fine mechanical admixtures of dyeing impurities in minerals. For a mineral, its color will vary with the impurity composition. In addition, when there are some lattice defects in the mineral lattice, it will also cause other colors, such as the purple of amethyst
(3) false color: it is caused by physical optical processes such as interference and diffraction of light. The common false colors in minerals are as follows
1) Brown: refers to the self coloring of different minerals on the surface of some sulfide minerals e to oxidation film. The blue purple mottled color on the oxidized surface of bornite (also common copper procts) is a common color. It is caused by the interference of two reflected light beams on the interface of both sides of the oxide film
2) halo: refers to the rainbow like color halo along the fracture surface in colorless and transparent mineral crystals, in which different colors are generally distributed in bands and arranged strictly in a certain color order, which is the same as the color of gasoline film on the water surface. They are common in transparent crystals with complete cleavage such as muscovite and diopside. The halo is proced by the interference of two beams of reflected light on the interface of both sides of the wedge-shaped fracture surface
3) variegation: refers to the non-uniform distribution of blue, green, yellow, red, etc. in minerals, which flicker or change slowly with the observation angle. Precious Opal and some elongated stones are typical minerals with variegation. Color variation is caused by the diffraction of different colored light e to the existence of some periodic structure of the same order of magnitude in the visible light wavelength in minerals
4) opalescent: also known as albumen, it refers to a kind of opalescent in minerals, which is similar to egg white with soft light blue tone. It is caused by the diffuse reflection of the incident white light by many other minerals or colloidal particles which are much smaller than the wavelength of visible light. The opalescence can be seen in Moonstone and opal.
1 Geological characteristics and sample collection of the experimental area (1) geological characteristics of the experimental area. This paper selects chaima gold area and Shenjiawan gold area of Baguamiao gold deposit for ASD (analytical spec tral devices spectral mineral analyzer) alteration mineral mapping method test
Chaima gold deposit is located in the West extension of Baguamiao gold deposit, which is in the same brittle ctile shear zone with Baguamiao gold deposit, and is controlled by the combination of BAGUAMIAO huangcaogou NWW thrust fault zone and BAGUAMIAO Shenjiawan ne intensive fault zone. Chaima gold deposit is similar to Baguamiao gold deposit in metallogenic structural conditions and mineralization alteration characteristics. The main alteration types are silicification, sericitization, pyritization and pyrrhotite. The surface limonitization is strong. Shenjiawan gold deposit is similar to Baguamiao gold deposit in that the main alteration types are silicification, limonitization, iron dolomitization, chloritization and discoloration Shenjiawan gold deposit is located at the intersection of BAGUAMIAO Shenjiawan NE trending fault (joint) intensive zone and hunshuigou tonglinggou NWW trending tectonomagmatic rock zone, and its metallogenic structural conditions are similar to Baguamiao gold deposit. The medium acid dikes are developed in the mining area, small in scale but large in quantity, filling along NWW and NE trending faults. The orebody occurs in quartz vein fracture zone and quartz network vein zone in banded limestone intercalated with ferrodolomite silty phyllite in the third lithologic member of xinghongpu formation (d < sub > 3 < / sub > x < sub > 3 < / sub >), and is controlled by NWW and NE trending faults. Silicification, limonitization, iron dolomitization, chloritization and discoloration are generally developed in the area, while pyritization, spots and NE trending joints are developed in some areas(2) sample collection × Each sampling point adopts GPS positioning to collect coordinate data. The size of the sample should reach the size of the hand specimen, and the quartz vein should be avoided when collecting
2. Analysis and treatment
the terraspec Series Portable spectral mineral analyzer (ASD) developed by American ASD company was used in this method test. The instrument uses 512 array PDA detector and two independent InGaAs detectors. The detection wavelength range is 350-2500nm, covering all the visible, near-infrared and short wave infrared wavelength ranges; It has the advantages of high sensitivity, high spectral resolution, small sampling interval and short scanning time. It can measure 10 spectra per second and observe the spectral curve in real time. It can realize the rapid identification of altered minerals in the field
ASD portable short wave infrared spectrometer is a practical instrument for rapid identification of layered silicate, clay, carbonate and some sulfate minerals, which are difficult to be identified by naked eyes. Through the spectral reference database of different geological environments and computer data processing software, supplemented by field observation and necessary petrological analysis, the information of altered mineral assemblages in the study area can be obtained from the spectral lines obtained from ASD measurements
the spectral curves of ASD samples were identified by TSG (the spectral geologist) software. The software is developed by ausspec international of Australia, which stores a large number of mineral standard spectral lines. The software automatically compares the collected spectral curves with the standard spectral lines in the database to identify the mineral types of the tested samples. Practice has proved that the accuracy of the software for mineral identification is 99%. After comparing and verifying the processed data or alteration information with the known geological and rock mineral identification data of the mining area, and determining the accuracy and effectiveness of ASD instrument measurement method, the alteration mineral mapping is finally carried out
Due to the limitation of the wavelength range of ASD instrument, it is not sensitive or even unable to identify the minerals in some samples, so the number of spectra collected is less than the number of samples. 1071 samples were collected in chaima gold mine and 1053 spectra were obtained; 646 samples were collected from Shenjiawan gold mine and 628 spectra were measured. In addition, e to the weak alteration in the peripheral gold area of BAGUAMIAO, ASD instrument could not identify the altered minerals in some samples, including 104 spectra in chaima gold deposit and 53 spectra in Shenjiawan gold deposit First of all, ASD can only quickly identify hydroxyl bearing minerals such as layered silicate, chain silicate, carbonate and some sulfate minerals, so it is difficult to distinguish the test results of silicification and albitization from the mineral composition of the original rock, so it is not analyzed hereaccording to the ASD test results, 14 kinds of alteration minerals were identified on the surface, which were ranked as follows: Muscovite (sericite), illite, chlorite, siderite, calcite, ankerite, sodium muscovite, brucite, iron bearing chlorite, magnesite, opal, gypsum, tourmaline and epidote, and the main alteration minerals were muscovite, illite, tourmaline and epidote Chlorite, siderite and calcite (volume fraction > 10%). The mineral identification is shown in Fig. 4-49 and Fig. 4-50
Fig. 4-49 altered mineral assemblage histogram of chaima gold mine
Fig. 4-50 altered mineral assemblage histogram of Shenjiawan gold mine
(2) typical altered mineral assemblage characteristics
in order to understand the altered mineral assemblage of chaima gold mine and Shenjiawan gold mine, the test data of chaima gold mine and Shenjiawan gold mine were statistically analyzed, The statistical results are shown in table 4-18 and table 4-19
Table 4-18 statistics of altered mineral assemblages in chaima gold mine
Table 4-19 statistics of altered mineral assemblages in Shenjiawan gold mine
it can be seen from table 4-18 and table 4-19 that the altered minerals in the two mining areas are mainly sericite, followed by illite and carbonate. However, chaima gold deposit is different from Shenjiawan gold deposit. The carbonation degree of chaima gold deposit is obviously stronger than that of Shenjiawan gold deposit
(3) comparison and verification of altered minerals in order to verify the reliability of ASD instrument, some samples tested by ASD instrument were identified. The comparison shows that the minerals identified by ASD instrument are consistent with the results of rock and mineral identification, and the results are shown in table 4-20. In view of the limitation of identification accuracy of testing instruments and software, generally speaking, minerals with content less than 5% are not easy to be identified
Table 4-20 comparison results of rock ore identification and ASD altered mineral identification in chaima gold mine. Combined with the characteristics of alteration zoning of hydrothermal deposits, the distribution law of altered minerals is found out, so as to determine the possible occurrence location of rock mass or ore body
It can be seen from Fig. 4-51 and Fig. 4-52 that the alteration intensity of Sericite (dolomite) and ILLITIZATION in chaima gold mine is obviously related to the degree of mineralization, the sericite alteration around the ore body is strong, and the sericitization in the southeast of the mining area is obviously stronger than that in the northwest of the mining area The alteration intensity of sericite and illite in Shenjiawan gold deposit is slightly different (Fig. 4-53 to Fig. 4-55). The alteration intensity of Sericite is obviously proportional to the mineralization degree. The stronger the mineralization is, the stronger the alteration degree of Sericite is. Illite alteration is mainly located between ore belts. The closer to the ore body, the stronger the alteration intensity It can be seen from the distribution map of altered minerals (Fig. 4-56, FIG. 4-57) that the altered minerals of chaima gold mine and Shenjiawan gold mine are mainly sericite (sericite / muscovite and illite), and the alteration intensity and range around the ore body are obviously larger than those far away from the ore body. The difference is that the carbonation intensity and distribution range of chaima gold mine is larger than that of Shenjiawan gold mine, and the carbonate mineral types of chaima gold mine are also more than that of Shenjiawan gold mine. This may be related to the host strata of the two mining areas. The host strata of chaima gold mine are mainly carbonate rocks and clastic rocks, while the host strata of Shenjiawan gold mine are mainly clastic rocks
Fig. 4-51 alteration degree diagram of Muscovite (sericite) in chaima gold mine
Fig. 4-52 alteration intensity diagram of illite in chaima gold mine
ASD analysis and alteration mineral mapping show that alteration minerals in chaima gold mine area are mainly ILLITIZATION and sericitization, and they often develop together, so sericitization and sericitization can be used in chaima gold mine area The areas where sericitization, ILLITIZATION and carbonation develop are favorable for mineralization. The mineral alteration in Shenjiawan gold deposit is mainly sericitization, accompanied by ILLITIZATION. The areas with sericitization and ILLITIZATION may have prospecting potential
(2) test on mapping method of altered minerals in Chigou copper molybdenum deposit1. Geological characteristics and sample collection of the test area
(1) geological characteristics of the test area
the Chigou copper molybdenum deposit is located 25km West of Shanyang County. The exposed strata of the mining area are Middle Devonian Chigou formation, which is a set of light metamorphic fine clastic rock carbonate rock, Seven small (porphyry) bodies are exposed on the surface of Chigou porphyry (Group) (Fig. 4-58). The No.1 granite body is composed of monzonitic granite and belongs to acidic plutonic facies. It is irregular in plane and generally EW trending, which is supposed to be a small rock stock; No. II-VII pluton is porphyry quartz diorite and porphyry diorite, belonging to intermediate acid hypabyssal ultrahypabyssal facies. It is also irregular in plane and strike in SN vein (No. III pluton is supposed to be a tubular porphyry); From south to North (i.e. from I to VII), the evolution trend is from acid to medium acid. The formation of the rock mass group is controlled by the intersection of NWW trending faults and Chigou normal faults (including NE trending secondary faults). The rock mass is intruded into the Chigou formation of Devonian system, and has intrusive or fault contact relationship with it. Cu Mo mineralization is mainly developed near the internal and external contact zone between rock mass and surrounding rock
Fig. 4-53 geological sketch of Shenjiawan gold deposit
Fig. 4-54 alteration intensity diagram of Muscovite (sericite) in Shenjiawan gold deposit
Fig. 4-55 alteration intensity diagram of illite in Shenjiawan gold deposit
Fig. 4-56 alteration mineral distribution diagram of chaima gold deposit
the Chigou rock mass and surrounding rock are strongly altered, and the main alteration types are hornfelization, dolomitization and dolomitization Potassic silicification, sericitization and rapanization followed by KAOLINIZATION and skarnization
(2) sample collection in order to analyze the mineralization alteration characteristics of Chigou copper molybdenum deposit and study its relationship with mineralization, the ASD mapping experiment of altered minerals was carried out. The mapping range is 0.78km < sup > 2 < / sup >, and the sampling network is generally 50m × 50m, local encryption to 25m × Each sampling point adopts GPS positioning to collect coordinate data. A total of 336 surface samples and 300 borehole samples were collected. The size of the samples collected was hand samples, and no quartz vein samples (not rocks containing hydroxyl minerals) were collected
The analysis and treatment method of the test samples of Chigou copper molybdenum mine is the same as that of BAGUAMIAO peripheral gold mine Fig. 4-57 distribution map of altered minerals in Shenjiawan gold mine Fig. 4-58 geological map of Chigou area and mapping scope of ASD altered minerals; Figure 4-59) montmorillonite, illite, halloysite, siderite, palygorskite, muscovite, chlorite, amphibole, magnesia chlorite, opal, ferrotourmaline, chlorite, phlogopite, calcite, epidote, magnesia clay, ankerite, biotite, gypsum, ankerite and phengite Table 4-21 alteration of surface samples in Chigou area02. I decided to go to Luyi first and walk southward from the entrance of the monastery to the swamp. The swamp goes left through the connecting area to the goddess ruins. All the way through the ruins of the periphery, in the underground ruins to see the faint of Luyi. Loi joined the team
03. After entering the deepest part of the ruins and praying at the altar, Luyi became a saint and learned the skill of divine blessing. Just about to leave, fate appears and leaves after dialogue
04. Return to the monastery (touch the crystal ball of the altar of fate to return directly to the outer layer of the ruins), and meet the abbot in the conference hall. After the plot, he goes south from the swamp to the carriage house, talks with Hulun, and then takes the carriage to Shenyou city
05. Decide to stay first and go to the city the next day. In front of the hotel to see the magic dance. After staying in the hotel for one night, Luyi tells about the situation of chatting and divining with magic dance, and decides to try to sneak into the city. Talk to magic dance and learn that she has been looking for disillusionment for hundreds of years. In the room on the left side of the town, I asked the children about how to sneak into the city and learned that they could enter through the sewer. Let the children take them to the sewer
06. On the second floor of the sewer, I saw the snake man eating the king's body, and the boss killed the snake man. Continue to break the door all the way forward, through the king's Hall of Shenyou City, through the treasure room, to the place where the princess is imprisoned. After talking with the soldiers, they enter the border and rescue the princess
07. Take a carriage to huochui town to look for the traces of shamans. He was planning to stay in the hotel when he learned that a shaman was going to hold a ceremony. See Wang Dingchui on the platform, boss fight down the purple flame demon he left behind and go to the second floor of the hotel to persuade him to join
08. From the north of huochui town to qitongshan Road, we found a landslide along the mountain. Return to huochui Town, leave from the east exit, see the wolf king (you can kill it or ignore it, strongly recommend to kill it), continue to go east to douhun village. I see wusheng in the left room
09. From the north of douhun village, I came to douhun village cemetery and met Li. After returning to huochui Town, one night later, he went northward to the place where the landslide occurred and encountered the wusheng (must be defeated). After Li Xiansheng defeated wusheng, he joined (he traveled northward all the way to qitongshan road and saw two houses in which a girl named Mei lived)
10. At the top of the mountain, he came to the top of the Shaman's tower. After summoning the black crystal, Wang Dingchui saw his ancestors in his mind. When he woke up, he returned to huochui town and drove back to Shenyou City Hotel
11. Restore Princess damage on the second floor of the hotel, and Princess Qingqing joins in. Breaking into the palace and fighting all the way, I meet the strongest magic swordsman in the sea at the entrance of the palace. The boss fights and kills them. After entering the royal court, the plot is followed by a single fight between fatis and the boss of the demon king, and then the plot occurs (note that this option will affect the following plot - choose the first one as Qingqing plot and the second one as Luyi plot)
12. Qingqing rejoins when she leaves Shenyou city. Take a carriage to Shengtian city (end of demo version)
13. Shengtian City inquires about Lancelot's residence. Lancelot's family in the northeast corner sees a thief child and learns about Lancelot
14. Get out of the city from the northwest corner of Shengtian City, go out from the east side of the ferry to the lookout training place, go eastward to Wangfu cliff, and go northward to Xueyuan. Cross the snow to the village of snow! The language here is English. Please have a dictionary
15. See magic dance and Lancelot in the room. One night later Lancelot joined. Get help from snow elves before leaving
16. Go back to the palace and fight with the Cavaliers who are merciful. Boss fights with the Cavaliers' sub captain. Enter the king's room and join the fantasy dance after the plot. Arrive at the ferry from the northwest of Shengtian city and cross the shore by boat
17. They decided to go to the nomadic tribe before going to the puzzle cave. From the ferry to the north, we can see that there are many ways out, and the branch road with a sign in the middle faces east. When I came to the nomadic tribe, I saw the elder's plot, but I got nothing. Come to the hillside at night (Qingqing plot is different from Luyi plot)
18. Come to the confused mountain road, find the confused cave and enter. After the bottom plot, Qingqing leaves the team
19. Leave bewilderment cave, accept the suggestion of magic dance and go to the magic city. Walk west from the crossroads to the magic city. After enough transfer, stay in a hotel in the northeast of the city. After the plot and recollection, fatis left alone. From the west side of the city, all the way to the harbor
20. Luyi and others came to the harbor from the tree of life. Li and Huanwu went to the governor's house in the northwest of the harbor. After they had been shut up, they came to the old governor's house in the southeast of the harbor to learn about the situation
21. Li and Huan dance go to the governor's office and leave after the plot. After two boss battles outside the port, he went to the southwest of the port to take a boat (it was suggested that he should return to all parts of the world first, and there was no chance in a short time)
22. Cross the sea to the western continent, walk all the way west from the shore, learn about the situation in the mercenary village, and then continue to go west to the wishing tower
23. On the way to the top floor of the wishing tower, I saw the Messiah and restored my memory. Fatis was transferred to be the king of the sword, and could be equipped with the holy sword. Leave the wishing tower and return to the east by boat
24. I came to the magic city to see Kui Shen. After the war, the boss saw Wang Yifei and Wen Ruxue abusing the magic army, and Lancelot came to help. Fadis and others enter the room of yanatasha in the city. After the boss fought against the demon king, fatis entered the demon world
25. Follow the road. After the plot, you can reach the heaven from the northwest transmission array of demon world. At the same time, magic dance also entered the magic world, the same route into the heaven
26. On the first day, after guarding the Palace boss and fighting against the demon king, you can use the teleportation array to return to the human world for rectification. After everything is ready, you can return to the heaven from the original teleportation array of the monastery ruins. He left from the north of the palace and fought wildly with the demon army of mietian. The next day, he came to the occupied palace and killed mietian<
description of special magic stone (non magic)
01. You can get the time reversal stone in the monastery grove, and this magic stone can be saved automatically (after time transmission, it is a magic stone, but it was an empty treasure chest before). When there are more than 5 characters in the team, you can equip those who don't fight with this magic stone. The refining of this magic stone is to choose the saving rule
02. The stone of lingpao can be found outside the underground space-time transmission array of the monastery. This magic stone can turn spirit into shell firing. It has little use when the level is low. It is quite powerful when it is promoted to the top level. If you have more spirit in the later stage, you can equip the weaker player with this magic stone
03. Master Hulun's house in the Abbey carriage house can get perspective stone to check the enemy's status. This magic stone upgrade requires very little spirit, but it doesn't have much effect
04. Get the reverse stone at the competing skeletons in the relic. This stone is of little use in the later stage, but the effect is quite remarkable when the spirit value is relatively low in the early stage. You can use this magic stone combined with blood enriching skills and use special effects constantly. If someone wants this magic stone in the magic city, they can get coupons from the soul soul gold chain store
05. When you leave the monastery, talk to Lin and Lin will give you a resurrection stone with rich sources. When Lin and Wang Dingchui are traveling, Wang Dingchui asks Wen Ruxue to make this magic stone and give it to Lin to protect her (there will be a prompt at the corresponding time, and also in the dream). The function of magic stone is self-evident. It can be directly revived when it dies. The refining of this magic stone is to increase the number of resurrections
06. You can buy magic stone in the hotel of Shenyou city. It is recommended not to buy it at this time. There is a child in front of the hotel who can buy a newspaper to understand the latest riddles. After guessing with the riddle king, he gets the green resurrection stone (Demo does not have it)
07. There is blue resurrection stone in the southeast corner of the first floor of the sewer. Note that the tricolor resurrection stone is very important. You must get it, otherwise it will be difficult to fight in the medium term. These resurrection stones are used for 10 times without equipment. However, you can wash these magic stones in holy heaven spirit gold exchange to increase the number of times you can use them
08. You can get the parity inversion stone from the treasure house of Shenyou city. This magic stone can rebound damage to the enemy. When you reach the top level, it can rebound 8 times damage to the enemy. It is a necessary equipment to kill Mi Yimei with one hit. This magic stone can be equipped for a long time
09. If you have enough money, you can buy one for Wang Dingchui. It will be much easier to fight with the wolf king
10. Huochui town locks the room and rushes in (that's Lin's home). There are unreachable items in the left cupboard. After repeated attempts, fatis will kick the cupboard and get the red resurrection stone
11. The most practical magic stone in the game is the knowing one. This magic stone can make a knowing strike, and the knowing strike can double the spiritual and soul gains after the battle, which is very meaningful before Qingqing training. The key is to fight against the wolf king. Please refer to the battle guide
12. After Li joined in, douhun village talked with Mrs. carlosode Zhenyu many times. She would ask you to go to holy heaven city to find a lost magic stone, and return it to her after finding it in the hotel. She could give her a "magic stone", which can turn the magic aimed at one person into a magic aimed at all. It is a very useful super magic stone (it works better with the auxiliary magic stone)
13. After Li joins, he can get soul guard stones at his own childhood home (ask carlosode for the key), which can rece the damage to the soul. It's still useful to practice this kind of guard stones to a certain extent, especially in boss combat
14. Play a percussion game with a local elf on the mountain road of Qitong. After winning, you can get the keystone. This magic stone damages the enemy by pressing the keyboard, and it's direct damage regardless of defense. Power increased after upgrade
15. After the stone is pushed out of the road in the treasure house of the Shaman's tower, you can get the counterattack stone in the far right. When attacked, you will automatically use the normal attack to counterattack the enemy
16. There is also a stone in the Shaman's tower, which can attack the enemy twice in a row
17. After the magic swordsman of Shenyou City defeated the sea minister, he got the "stone of heavy damage". When he was seriously injured, he used the magic stone skill, which did not consume spirit. It was a useful auxiliary magic stone when his medium-term defense was low
18. Holy heaven city can ask Wen Ruxue to create a magic stone that will kill in one hit and win the direct battle, which is invalid for boss battle. After this request, you can get this magic stone in magic city
19. Holy city hotel can resist magic stone, enhance defense and have a certain chance to resist damage. It is suggested that the stone should be returned to the wife of carlosode in douhun village
20. Fairy snow, ice crystal girl presents spirit Guardian stone. This magic stone can turn life damage into consumption of spirit
21. Li and Huan dance go to the governor's office and leave after the plot. After two boss battles outside the port, he went to the southwest of the port to take a boat (it was suggested that he should return to all parts of the world first, and there was no chance in a short time)
22. Cross the sea to the western continent, walk all the way west from the shore, learn about the situation in the mercenary village, and then continue to go west to the wishing tower.