Sedimentation and mineralization tank

1. What is the drainage method with shaft and sedimentation tank?
shaft drainage is an engineering technical measure to arrange wells and pump groundwater to control groundwater level. Shaft drainage can form regional large area groundwater level drop, so as to prevent secondary salinization of irrigated land or remove high salinity groundwater

2. The reason why there are small red insects floating in the sedimentation tank of papermaking wastewater is that there is organic matter in the tank. If there is suitable temperature and pH value in the water, and there is organic matter (nutrients), there will be microorganisms. What kind of microorganisms exist is determined by the original microbial population in the water body
the principle of dealing with these microorganisms is the same as that of farmers. There are a lot of drugs available, and the dosage is very small. If they are well controlled, they will not affect the emission standards. It is inconvenient for me to tell you what drugs to use. You'd better go to the nearby countryside to find an agricultural materials company and take the samples of the insects. He will tell you what medicine can be used to remove the insects. According to the life cycle of the insect, the cost of the drug is not high.

3. The difference between ore body and mineralized body lies in their different grades. The useful component content of ore body is higher than the cut-off grade, while the useful component content of mineralized body is lower than the cut-off grade, so it can not be used at present. For example, the cut-off grade of gold ore body is mostly 1g / T, and any geological body with thickness greater than this standard is the ore body. Then half of the cut-off grade is defined as the standard of mineralized body, that is, 0.5g/t, that is, the geological body with grade between 0.5-1g/t is the mineralized body. This is only based on the current economic and technical indicators. In the future, if the mineral processing technology is improved, the cut-off grade will be lowered, and then part of the mineralized body will become an ore body. Therefore, the essence of the two is the same, and both contain useful components, but the boundary conditions of the two are different, and the ore body is richer in useful components than the mineralized body
mineralized alteration zone is not the same concept as ore body and mineralized body. The mineralized alteration zone is mainly a zone formed by hydrothermal fluid passing through a certain area (such as fault, etc.), and its mineral composition and chemical composition are different from those of surrounding rock. In this zone (mineralized alteration zone), ore bodies will be formed where useful components are enriched, and mineralized bodies may or may not be formed where useful components are not enriched. In other words, there will be many substances in the hydrothermal solution, some of which are useful to us (such as gold). When the hydrothermal solution carries these substances, these substances will graally precipitate, and the areas where these substances precipitate will form mineralized alteration zones, but the hydrothermal solution will also affect the chemical properties of the areas through which it flows, If the rock chemical properties of the flow area are active, skarn will be formed. There is not much to say here, only that certain minerals, such as pyrite, arsenopyrite and stibnite, will be formed after the material in the hydrothermal solution is precipitated. These minerals are formed in the mineralized alteration zone. More importantly, these minerals also contain useful minerals, so even if these minerals cannot be used, But the useful minerals can be used (for example, gold is contained in these minerals). If the local position is favorable, these minerals will be enriched and form ore bodies. If the local position is unfavorable, some of them will be precipitated and form mineralized bodies, or even no mineralized bodies can be formed. Therefore, mineralized alteration zones are distinguished according to the minerals related to the useful components, while ore bodies and mineralized bodies are distinguished according to the content of the useful components (i.e. most gold deposits, for example, mineralized alteration zones are distinguished according to the gold bearing minerals arsenopyrite, stibnite, realgar and orpiment, while ore bodies and mineralized bodies are distinguished according to the gold content in mineralized alteration zones)< In conclusion, ore bodies and mineralized bodies are essentially the same, but whose useful components are more abundant; The mineralized alteration zone is an area where the hydrothermal fluid flows, and the ore bodies and mineralized bodies occur in the hydrothermal alteration zone.

4.

Mineralization series refers to a group of mineralization type combinations with the same or similar mineralization process in a certain geological environment, which are closely related in time and space, and have genetic relationship in Genesis

according to the geological tectonic environment, metallogenic geological process, metallogenic material source and the relationship of metallogenic time and space, the tungsten, molybdenum, tin, lead zinc, silver, gold and copper deposits in the area can be divided into magmatic mineralization series, metamorphic hydrothermal mineralization series, sedimentary mineralization series, sedimentary transformation mineralization series and supergene mineralization series (table 2-1-1)

table 2-1-1 tungsten molybdenum tin lead zinc silver gold copper mineralization series in Southeast Anhui Province. According to the mineralization association with certain characteristics formed in different metallogenic stages, and based on the mineralization and metallogenic characteristics, it can be divided into W, Mo, Au, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag subseries related to the late Jurassic deep source high-level intermediate acid intrusive rocks, W, Sn, Mo subseries related to the early Cretaceous granite, and W, Sn, Mo subseries related to the early Cretaceous granite The copper mineralization subseries related to the spilite keratophyre of Mesoproterozoic metamorphic marine volcanic deposits and the copper mineralization Subseries of Qingkou metamorphic volcanic rock series

The sub series of W, Mo, Cu, Au, Pb, Zn and Ag related to the late Jurassic deep source high-level intermediate acid intrusive rocks are mainly distributed on both sides of the nearly EW trending Qimen Sanyang fault and NE trending ningguon Wucheng fault, and the intrusive bodies are controlled by the slip nappe structure and NE trending fault zone of Jixi and Lantian Paleozoic basins. The main lithology is granodiorite porphyry, plagioclase porphyry and biotite monzonite porphyry. The characteristics are as follows: 1) the main material composition is derived from the upper mantle, part of which is the lower crust, with the characteristics of hypabyssal and ultra hypabyssal. The structure of the rock is porphyry and fine porphyry, in which the quartz phenocrysts are characterized by melting erosion after crystallization. ② They are mainly small rock plants (bodies), some of which are vein like and distributed in groups and belts. Some rock bodies are characterized by cryptoexplosion, such as Sanbao in Qimen, Jingushan in Shexian, tongjianxia and so on. ③ The geochemical anomalies of Cu, Au, Pb, Zn, Ag, W and other elements are generally developed in the intrusions and their surrounding areas, and the ore-forming intrusions often have geomagnetic anomalies. ④ Sulfides are widely developed in the rocks and show the characteristics of burnt skin after weathering. ⑤ Strong alteration is developed in the small rock and its surrounding rock, mainly including silicification, potassic, sericitization, chloritization, hornfelization, pyritization, etc. The main mineralization types related to the mineralization sub series are magmatic hydrothermal type, porphyry type and skarn type, such as Dongyuan tungsten molybdenum deposit, Sanbao copper lead zinc deposit, Xiaoyao tungsten deposit, Jixia tungsten deposit and Wuxi gold polymetallic deposit

The tungsten, tin and molybdenum mineralization subseries related to the early Cretaceous granites are mainly distributed in the Taiping fold fault zone, the northeast section of ningguon Wucheng fault and both sides of Langqiao lidongkeng fault. The intrusions generally occur as batholith, rock stock and rock branch. The main rock types are granite, porphyry granite and granite porphyry. The rocks are medium coarse grained, porphyritic and variegated. The characteristics of magmatic differentiation and evolution are obvious, and the related elements such as W, Sn, Mo, Bi and be are enriched in the evolution, thus forming magmatic hydrothermal W, Sn and Mo deposits. For example, xiwukou and gumenkeng granite porphyry are similar to W, Sn and Mo deposits in porphyry granite

The Mesoproterozoic meta spilite keratoporphyry copper mineralization subseries are mainly distributed in the north of jiling island arc belt and the south of Qimen Sanyang fault. The copper bearing rocks are mainly meta spilite, diabase spilite pillow lava, spilite keratophyre and quartz keratophyre. Mineralization is mostly banded (stratabound) and disseminated. The mineralization zone is controlled by NE trending and nearly EW trending ctile shear zones. The wall rock alteration is mainly chloritization, tremolite, yangqihua and silicification, such as shuizhukeng, dakeng and Huangtuling copper deposits in Shexian county

The copper mineralization subsequence of the Qingkou metamorphic intermediate basic volcanic rock series is mainly distributed in the north margin of the zhanggongshan uplift and the Likou structural area on the north side of the Qimen Sanyang fault. The copper mineralization occurs in the Qingkou metamorphic volcanic rock series, which are the puling and Jingtan formations of the Qingkou. The puling formation is composed of basalt, basaltic andesite, basaltic tuff and basaltic andesitic tuff. The rocks have dense massive and almond like structures, and porphyry structures are developed; Jingtan formation is composed of andesite, dacite, rhyolite porphyry and rhyolitic tuff, such as qimentanli, pikeng and Taiping shangdai copper deposits. Copper mineralization is mostly controlled by fractures and volcanic breccia structure, and the ore grade is medium poor. The wall rock alteration is mainly chloritization, albitization and sericitization. The known procing areas of the mineralization subseries are generally ore occurrences, so the degree of exploration and research is low, and the research data are few

(2) metamorphic hydrothermal mineralization series the formation mechanism of this kind of mineralization series has not been found out yet, but the author thinks that the fluid phase separation of volcanic sedimentary rocks of ore-forming materials under regional metamorphism and strong shear is the general feature of ore-forming fluids in shear zones, which reflects the basic control of shear zones on mineralization (chi Guoqiang, 1994). The fluid phase separation usually occurs at the place where the fluid pressure drops suddenly, and the expanding space of the shear zone sucks in the ore-forming fluid and becomes the place where the ore-forming material precipitates

The mineralization series in southeastern Anhui Province are mostly gold and gold polymetallic deposits, which mainly occur in the Qingkouan epimetamorphic rock series in the jiling island arc area and are controlled by the ctile shear zone and its upper brittle fracture zone. The research data show that the strong deformation zone is the main source area of metamorphic ore-forming fluid, and the weak deformation zone and the secondary shear zone and fracture related to the main shear zone are the gold reservoir areas. The gold in the ctile shear zone is mainly derived from pyroclastic sedimentary rocks and partly from volcanic rocks. The enrichment of gold deposits experienced collisional orogenic ctile shear, strong structural and chemical replacement of rock strata, migration and precipitation of gold bearing material and fluid, resulting in the formation of gold bearing quartz veins and gold bearing mylonites, especially in the expansion and occurrence change of secondary shear zone, which is more favorable for the enrichment of gold materials, and some sections underwent magmatic intrusion, The gold material is brought into and located in the top and both sides of the fracture zone of the rock mass (vein), forming the fracture altered rock type gold deposit

(3) sedimentary mineralization series the sedimentary mineralization series in southeastern Anhui Province mainly occur in the early Sinian and Early Cambrian black rock series and Mesozoic continental red sedimentary rock series, which can be divided into marine sedimentary black rock series AG, V, Mo mineralization subseries and terrigenous clastic sedimentary Cu, Au mineralization subseries, and the former is widely distributed

(1) silver, vanadium and molybdenum sub series of marine sedimentary black rock series. It occurs mainly in the black strata of the early Sinian Lantian formation and the Early Cambrian Hetang formation and huangling formation. Mineralization is widely distributed in the area of Dong Shitai Huangshan and Yixian County, with a nearly East-West distribution; Another mineralization area is distributed in the northeast of Shexian Jixi Yangxi southeast of Ningguo, generally in the northeast direction. The black rock series is a set of shallow marine siliceous carbonaceous clay rock association and clay carbonate rock association, such as Xikeng and liubeidang deposits

(2) copper and gold mineralization Subseries of terrigenous clastic deposits. They are mainly distributed in Mesozoic continental red sedimentary basins, and the ore bearing rock series are red strata of Early Jurassic Yuetan formation and early Cretaceous Huizhou formation. Yuetan formation is mainly composed of quartz sandstone, carbonaceous shale and tuffaceous siltstone; Huizhou formation is mainly composed of brownish gray massive conglomerate, purplish red thick calcareous sandstone and sandstone interbedding. Copper mineralization is generally weak. At present, no ideal mineralization enrichment area has been found, such as lianhuajian, Yuetan gold deposit in Xiuning and Guilin copper deposit

(4) sedimentary reformation mineralization series this mineralization series refers to the mineralization formed by magmatic thermal transformation after syngenetic deposition. The metallogenic series of sedimentary transformation in the area is marine syngenetic sedimentary mineralization, and then enriched by magmatic hydrothermal process to form Ag Pb Zn deposits (spots), such as Xikeng and liubeidang Ag Pb Zn deposits. Ore bodies occur in the Sinian Lantian formation and Cambrian Hetang formation. Fault structures are developed in the mining area, and granodiorite bodies (branches) are distributed. The mineralization characteristics show that the Ag Pb Zn deposits are formed on the basis of marine deposits through magmatic heat source transformation and enrichment

(5) supergene mineralization series (such as Yuetan placer gold deposit and lianhuajian gold deposit in Xiuning County) refers to the placer gold deposit and resial slope gold deposit formed by transportation, accumulation or resial accumulation under the influence of weathering, crushing, dissolution and other external forces

5.

Epithermal gold deposit is one of the most important types of gold deposits in the world, and it is also one of the hot spots in the field of deposit research. In recent years, great progress has been made in the study of this type of gold deposits, including the classification of this type of gold deposits, the formation and evolution of ore-forming fluids and their metallogenic characteristics. The study shows that there are obvious differences not only in mineral assemblages, but also in tectonic setting and metallogenic mechanism between the two types of gold deposits. The albite sericite type is mainly distributed in the extensional environment, and the ore body is formed e to fluid boiling (Watanabe, 1999). The acid sulfate type gold deposit is mainly formed in the compression stress field, and the fluid mixing leads to the precipitation of ore-forming materials

according to the metallogenic geological environment, volcanic facies, metallogenic mode, mineral assemblage, alteration characteristics and metallogenic geochemical environment of gold deposits in the ore belt, the gold deposits related to Early Carboniferous volcanism in the area can be divided into epithermal gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits, and the former can be divided into ice feldspar sericite type and silicified rock type (table 3-3). The metallogenic characteristics are summarized as follows:

(1) the albite sericite type is represented by the Axi Gold Deposit, which occurs in the continental intermediate acid volcanic rocks of the fifth lithologic member of the lower Carboniferous Dahalajunshan formation. The mineralization is related to the early Early Carboniferous volcanism and its accompanying volcanic structure system. The gold deposit is finally located in the ring fault system in the shallow part of the volcanic system (caldera pass) in the early Early Carboniferous (early ne Weixian) volcanic geothermal range. The mineralization took place after the volcanic activity period. The host rocks are the intermediate acid volcanic rocks and subvolcanic rocks (quartz hornblende andesite porphyrite) of the lower Carboniferous Dahalajunshan formation. The wall rock alteration related to the mineralization includes silicification, magmatism and magmatism Sericitization, plagioclasization, chloritization, pyrophyllization, carbonation, etc. The ore body is vein like and large-scale. The mineralization is mainly fissure filling vein, supplemented by disseminated metasomatism. The metallogenic temperature is 120-180 ℃, and the metallogenic pressure is 72 × 10⁵～135 × The ore-forming fluid is mainly meteoric water. The ore-forming medium is neutral to weakly alkaline. The salinity of fluid inclusions is 0.35% - 9.5%, with an average of 3.6%. The ore-forming geochemical environment is rective environment. The ore-forming materials come from volcanic rocks and basement rocks. The common mineral assemblages are quartz, plagioclase, sericite, chlorite, calcite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, dark red silver ore, silver gold ore, native gold, ilmenite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalrite, galena, selenite, selenite, hornblende, etc. In the aspect of ore fabric, breccia structure and stratoid structure are well developed, pyrite and pyrite are common in meta gelatinous and zonal fabric, showing low pressure environment and low temperature saturation environment in each stage. The gold deposits are mainly native gold and silver gold, the grain size is generally small, and the fineness of native gold is not high (700-800). The main characteristic element assemblages are Au, as, Sb, TE and Se, which are common elements in low temperature and are also geochemical front elements of general gold deposits, indicating that the mineralization depth is not large. δ< sup>34S1.50‰～10.51‰， δ< sup>18O5‰～15‰， δ D-59‰～-114‰

Table 3-3 main types and characteristics of gold mineralization in Tulasu ore belt

(2) the silicified rock type is represented by the gold deposits of yimande, jingxikaibulake and the southwest of tuhulasu. This type of gold deposit is a special epithermal gold deposit in this area, which has a certain prospecting prospect. Compared with the Axi (albite sericite type) gold deposit, it has obviously different metallogenic characteristics, and is similar to the nansa type (silicified rock type) in Japan in macroscopic view. However, so far, no typomorphic minerals such as plutonic alunite and sulfur salt have been found in this type of gold deposit, so it is temporarily named "silicified rock type"

The silicified rock type gold deposits are bedded and stratoid, characterized by low grade and large ore quantity, and the scale of gold mineralization is large. There are obvious differences between the silicified rock type gold deposit and the albite sericite type gold deposit, mainly in the host rocks, ore controlling conditions, metallogenic location, mineralization alteration characteristics and ore body morphology

The silicified rock type gold deposit occurs in the sedimentary conglomerate, sedimentary breccia and acid tuff of the second lithologic member of the lower Carboniferous Dahalajunshan formation. The gold mineralization is far away from the crater, and the mineralization is related to interlayer fracture zone and stripping zone. The gold deposit is finally located in the early Early Carboniferous (early Dunne Weixian), and the main ore bearing rocks are strongly silicified volcanic breccia and strongly silicified tuffaceous gravelly sandstone. The mineralization is dominated by disseminated metasomatism, and the orebodies are distributed in a plane type. The metallogenic temperature is 88-98 ℃ and the metallogenic pressure is 59 × The mineralization depth is 230 m, the ore-forming fluid is mainly meteoric water, the pH value of ore-forming medium is 5.5 (pH = 5.56 at 200 ℃, indicating neutral), the salinity of fluid inclusion is 0.39% ～ 2.25%, and the ore-forming environment is recing environment. δ< Sup > 34 < / sup > s is - 5.2 ‰ - 4.0 ‰, δ< Sup > 18 < / sup > O is 12.8 ‰ - 17.2 ‰, δ D is - 88 ‰～ - 117 ‰. The main characteristic element assemblages are Au, Ag, as, Hg, Sb, Se, Bi, etc. The main wall rock alteration is silicification, pyritization, sericitization, chloritization and KAOLINIZATION. The common mineral assemblages include quartz, sericite, calcite, chlorite, sericite, native gold, pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, potassium vanadium and pyrite

(3) the porphyry type is represented by the gamante gold deposit, which is controlled by the subvolcanic dome structure system in the wulatailangbula volcanic structural uplift belt. The gold deposit occurs in the structural fracture zone near the internal and external contact zone of quartz feldspar porphyry (subvolcanic rock), and the mineralization is related to quartz feldspar porphyry, The gold deposit was finally located in the early Early Carboniferous (early nevisian). The host rocks of the gold deposit are brecciated crystal tuff, tuff lava and quartz feldspar porphyry in the fourth lithologic member of Lower Carboniferous Dahalajunshan formation. The main mineralization type is fracture filled quartz vein, supplemented by disseminated metasomatism. The ore mineral assemblages are quartz, sericite, pyrite, calcite, chalrite, chalcocite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, goethite, pyrite and native gold. The metal mineral assemblage is complex sulfide type. The common ore fabrics are sparse disseminated structure, breccia structure, network vein structure and banded structure. Wall rock alteration related to gold mineralization includes silicification, sericitization, chloritization, pyritization and carbonation. The metallogenic temperature is 80 ~ 350 ℃, and there are two peaks, one is 120 ~ 180 ℃, the other is 300 ~ 350 ℃, and the metallogenic pressure is 128 × 10⁵ ～210.9 × The mineralization depth is 500-800 m, and the salinity of ore-forming fluid is 1.99% - 9.35%, δ< Sup > 34 < / sup > s is - 0.8 ‰～ - 5.2 ‰, δ D is - 94 ‰～ - 101 ‰, δ< Sup > 18 < / sup > O is 7.4 ‰ - 10.7 ‰. The ore-forming fluid is the mixture of meteoric water and magmatic water. The ore-forming element assemblages include Au, Ag, as, Hg, Se, Cu, Pb, Zn, etc

In addition, there are porphyry type gold deposits related to the middle and late Middle Carboniferous ultra hypabyssal intrusions (such as tawurbeek) and sedimentary conglomerate type gold mineralization (Axi) occurring in the conglomerate at the bottom of the lower Carboniferous achalahe formation. The mineralization has nothing to do with Early Carboniferous volcanism, but its gold bearing gravel is the transformation of Axi Gold ore body. The existence of porphyry type gold deposits in the late Middle Carboniferous indicates that the gold mineralization continued to the Middle Carboniferous and was related to the ultrahypabyssal porphyry

This book mainly discusses the metallogenic conditions and characteristics of epithermal gold deposits

6.

In the process of alteration, the chemical composition of rocks has changed significantly (table 2-13), and the change increases with the increase of alteration intensity. In the process of fading alteration of diabase, hornblende, phyllite and volcanic rocks, Na (1.65 times) is mainly increased, followed by Ca (1.12 times) and Si (1.10 times). Mg (decreased by 48%) and Fe (decreased by 39%) decreased significantly. Therefore, the fading alteration is actually the sodium replacement of removing magnesium and iron. Minerals such as pyroxene, garnet and magnetite were formed in the process of dark alteration and mineralization in the central part of the area. Magnesium, iron and calcium were transferred from solution to rock to form skarn and magnetite ore bodies. Therefore, the dark color alteration is the replacement of Mg, Fe and CA with dealkali. The above three alteration zones constitute the alteration system of the deposit. In fact, they are composed of light and dark alteration zones. They are closely related in space, but the alteration process is complementary. The light color alteration is deionization, that is, the Na in rocks increases significantly, while the Fe decreases significantly. The dark color alteration is accompanied by deionization of iron, magnesium and calcified skarnization. The former releases a large amount of Fe, while the latter needs a large amount of Fe. They are carried out almost at the same time and in the same place. The result is that the Fe released ring albitization migrates to the central part and precipitates as skarn minerals and magnetite. Therefore, there is a very close relationship between mineralization and alteration in the mining area. The intensity of alteration and the width of alteration zone are positively related to the intensity of mineralization and the width of alteration zone. That is to say, the stronger the alteration is, the better the mineralization is, the wider the alteration zone is and the wider the ore zone is. In particular, the stronger the albitization and the larger the range, the wider the mineralization zone and the more rich ore. During the fading alteration process of diabase, Na content increases, Na < sub > 2 < / sub > o content increases by 2.05% (3.14% in original rock and 5.19% after alteration), and Fe is activated by 2.53% (6.41% in original rock and 3.88% after alteration). Therefore, a large amount of Fe is released in the process of fading alteration. The geological map and profile map of the mining area show that the scale of mineralized altered rock is more than 2km × 1km × 1km = 2km < sup > 3 < / sup >, if half of the whole altered rock is faded altered rock, the volume of faded altered rock is more than 1km < sup > 3 < / sup >, and the amount of Fe released can form 116 million tons of iron ore with 50% TFE content. This amount can meet the needs of the formation of iron ore and skarn

Table 2-12 alteration mineralization zoning and characteristics of Cihai Iron Deposit

7. The fourth is water-saving pretreatment
1. Common pretreatment
2. Pretreatment purpose
3. Enrichment and separation, enrichment and separation
4. Solvent extraction
5. Solid phase extraction
6. Adsorption
7. Ion exchange
8. Coprecipitation
section 5. Physical index test
1. Physical index test (9)
2. Water temperature and surface water temperature
3 Preparation of odorous water
4. True color
5. Turbidity
6. Transparency
7. Water solid, total solid, dissolved solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid, total solid There are three meanings of suspended solids
8. Salinity (an important indicator of salinity hydration measurement is used to evaluate the total salt content of water, and the main indicator of farmland irrigation water applicability evaluation is generally used for water)
9. Conctivity of the same type of water is the same as conctivity
10. Oxidant potential (the oxidant potential of water must be measured on site)