Picture of magnet washer
Publish: 2021-04-16 05:23:11
1. Washing machine is a large-scale equipment used to clean ore in black and non-ferrous metallurgical mines, iron and steel, metallurgy, chemical instry and building materials. It is divided into spiral washing machine and cylinder washing machine. Ore washing is the process of removing clay material from ore; It is widely used in phosphate and iron ore washing and desliming instry. It is set before crushing, gravity separation, magnetic separation and flotation operation to eliminate the influence and harm of slime on these operations, improve operation efficiency and obtain good separation index. Ore washing machine is a large-scale equipment used in black and non-ferrous metallurgical mines, iron and steel, metallurgy, chemical instry and building materials to clean ores and stones. The ore washing machine has a large processing capacity and is an ideal equipment for enterprises that meet the requirements of high proctivity on the cleanliness of ores and stones. Ore washing can avoid the blockage of crushing and screening equipment by slimes in raw materials containing slime. If raw materials contain soluble useful or harmful components, ore washing should also be carried out
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2. Heavy medium beneficiation process mainly includes ore preparation, medium preparation, ore separation, medium recovery, medium regeneration and other operations. Typical beneficiation process with ferrosilicon or magnetite heavy suspension as medium
(1) preparation of selected ore
before heavy medium beneficiation, the preparation of selected ore mainly includes crushing, screening, ore washing, dehydration and other operations. Washing and screening can be done simultaneously by spraying water on the screen. In our country, linear vibrating screen and self centering vibrating screen are widely used. The washing water pressure is 100 ~ 125kpa and the water consumption is 0.2 ~ 0.9m3/t ore. The content of fine particles in the proct should not exceed 0.2% ~ 0.3%
(2) medium preparation
when massive ferrosilicon or magnetite is used as additive in this process, it should be crushed in special crushers and grinders to meet the requirements of qualified particle size. The operation process of crushing and grinding is basically the same as that of crushing and grinding raw ore in general concentrator. When the concentrate of sprayed granular ferrosilicon or magnetite or pyrite is used as the weighting material, regrinding is generally not necessary, unless the particle size is coarse. After magnetic separation (to remove non-magnetic impurities) or concentration (when sulfide ore is used as medium), the grinding weight is mixed into a certain concentration of suspension in a stirring tank for separation
(3) ore separation
this operation is the separation of light and heavy minerals in the separation equipment, which is the central link of heavy suspension beneficiation. In the proction process, the most important thing is to stabilize the density of separation medium, so that its fluctuation range does not exceed ± 0.01 The stability of suspension density is closely related to ore preparation and suspension recovery. In order to find out whether the suspension density meets the requirements in time, it should be measured regularly
(4) the medium is removed
the concentrated medium is screened out in the first stage and directly returned to the process for use; The second stage is washed by spraying water on the screening machine to wash off the weight attached to the ore. The two stages of screening can also be carried out on the same screen. The concentrated medium is removed from the front 25% ~ 30% of the length, and the water is added to wash the back. The screens used are linear vibrating screen, self centering vibrating screen and resonance screen. The screen surface is mostly slit screen, the slit width is 2 ~ 3mm or less. I saw it on China * coal washing equipment * trading network
(5) medium regeneration
generally, the mass of concentrated medium removed accounts for about 90% ~ 95% of the mass of the whole working medium, and the rest of the heavy medium adhered to the ore is washed into dilute medium, which is heavily polluted. The operation of purifying and increasing the concentration of dilute medium is called medium regeneration. The regeneration method can be carried out by magnetic separation, flotation or gravity separation according to the different properties of the additive. The purified dilute suspension is dehydrated and concentrated by hydrocyclone and inclined thickener. The purified suspension obtained in this way can be mixed with the newly added weighting substance, and then mixed into an appropriate concentration and returned to the process for use.
(1) preparation of selected ore
before heavy medium beneficiation, the preparation of selected ore mainly includes crushing, screening, ore washing, dehydration and other operations. Washing and screening can be done simultaneously by spraying water on the screen. In our country, linear vibrating screen and self centering vibrating screen are widely used. The washing water pressure is 100 ~ 125kpa and the water consumption is 0.2 ~ 0.9m3/t ore. The content of fine particles in the proct should not exceed 0.2% ~ 0.3%
(2) medium preparation
when massive ferrosilicon or magnetite is used as additive in this process, it should be crushed in special crushers and grinders to meet the requirements of qualified particle size. The operation process of crushing and grinding is basically the same as that of crushing and grinding raw ore in general concentrator. When the concentrate of sprayed granular ferrosilicon or magnetite or pyrite is used as the weighting material, regrinding is generally not necessary, unless the particle size is coarse. After magnetic separation (to remove non-magnetic impurities) or concentration (when sulfide ore is used as medium), the grinding weight is mixed into a certain concentration of suspension in a stirring tank for separation
(3) ore separation
this operation is the separation of light and heavy minerals in the separation equipment, which is the central link of heavy suspension beneficiation. In the proction process, the most important thing is to stabilize the density of separation medium, so that its fluctuation range does not exceed ± 0.01 The stability of suspension density is closely related to ore preparation and suspension recovery. In order to find out whether the suspension density meets the requirements in time, it should be measured regularly
(4) the medium is removed
the concentrated medium is screened out in the first stage and directly returned to the process for use; The second stage is washed by spraying water on the screening machine to wash off the weight attached to the ore. The two stages of screening can also be carried out on the same screen. The concentrated medium is removed from the front 25% ~ 30% of the length, and the water is added to wash the back. The screens used are linear vibrating screen, self centering vibrating screen and resonance screen. The screen surface is mostly slit screen, the slit width is 2 ~ 3mm or less. I saw it on China * coal washing equipment * trading network
(5) medium regeneration
generally, the mass of concentrated medium removed accounts for about 90% ~ 95% of the mass of the whole working medium, and the rest of the heavy medium adhered to the ore is washed into dilute medium, which is heavily polluted. The operation of purifying and increasing the concentration of dilute medium is called medium regeneration. The regeneration method can be carried out by magnetic separation, flotation or gravity separation according to the different properties of the additive. The purified dilute suspension is dehydrated and concentrated by hydrocyclone and inclined thickener. The purified suspension obtained in this way can be mixed with the newly added weighting substance, and then mixed into an appropriate concentration and returned to the process for use.
3. The processing method of tin ore is determined by its own characteristics. As mentioned above, most of the tin concentrates proced in the world are proced in cassiterite deposits, and the density of cassiterite is higher than that of associated minerals. Therefore, the traditional
beneficiation process of tin ores is gravity and gravity beneficiation. However, with the passage of time, the cassiterite particle size in the selected ore becomes smaller and smaller, resulting in cassiterite flotation process and selective flocculation process. In addition, there are many kinds of
iron oxide minerals in Tin Minerals, such as magnetite, hematite and limonite, which can not be well separated from cassiterite by flotation and gravity separation. Therefore, in recent years, magnetic separation has appeared in the tin ore dressing process. The main purpose of this magnetic separation operation is to separate tin from iron, which is different from the dry magnetic separation process for separating tungsten from tin. In a word, the processing method of tin ore has broken through the traditional single gravity separation process and entered a new period of combined use of several processing methods. However, gravity dressing is still the main method of tin ore dressing< The processing of raw ore can be divided into the following contents: ore washing, desliming, crushing, screening, proportioning, slurry mixing, heavy medium pre concentration, etc. For different concentrators, there are either all kinds of contents or only a few of them. The key points are as follows:
desliming operation is the key operation in gravity separation process, which directly affects the separation index. In China's existing concentrators, more than 80% of the raw ore is tin placer. For example, yunxisha tin ore contains 40-60 $% - 10
micron fine slime, which is an interference factor for any mineral processing method. In fact, desliming operation can be divided into two stages, one is the dissociation and dispersion of slime, the other is the separation of slime and sand. These two stages can be
carried out separately or synchronously. The main purpose of desliming is to dissociate and disperse the fine mud mixed with and attached to the coarse particles and the mud mass formed in the fine mud. At present, the desliming equipment used in China includes water gun and various ore washing machines. The dispersed slime can be removed directly by 125 mm (or 75 mm) hydrocyclone after screening (first desliming and then classification); More often, the overflow is first classified by a large diameter hydrocyclone (250 mm or
500 mm), and then deslimed by the small diameter hydrocyclone. In foreign countries, the diameter of desliming cyclone is as small as 50 mm, even 25 mm< In recent years, heavy medium preconcentration has been applied in domestic and foreign tin concentrators. Dachang in Guangxi and Gejiu in Yunnan adopted this process. Important tin concentrators in Australia, Bolivia and the United Kingdom are also using it. In China,
dense medium hydrocyclone is widely used. The d.w.p separator is developed abroad, and its effect is very good. The economic benefit of heavy medium preconcentration mainly depends on the waste removal rate. Generally speaking, if the waste removal rate is less than 20-25%, it has no economic value
in addition, cone concentrators are sometimes used as pre separation equipment< Ore dressing
2. Ore dressing of tin ore generally adopts multi-stage grinding and multi-stage dressing process, because cassiterite is brittle and easier to be over crushed than other associated minerals. The general number of segments is two to four
from the process point of view, if it is necessary to remove sulfide, there is a problem of desulfurization first or later, one-time desulfurization or multiple desulfurization, which should be determined according to the nature of the ore. In the tin separation system itself, according to the experience of our country, a secondary concentrate is proced between the shaker concentrate and the middlings, and it is treated in a centralized way, which is called "secondary concentrate centralized re washing". In addition to some monomeric cassiterite, most of the secondary concentrate is iron tin complex with coarse particle size. This part of the material is separated from the main flow by the re washing process, grinding and separation separately. As a result, the high iron content material can not be mixed into the general middlings, which will affect the separation of middlings. On the other hand, the separation efficiency of the secondary concentrate can be improved
the main equipments for ore dressing are jigs and shakers, and some use various types of chutes
another major problem of ore dressing system is how to rece the over crushing of cassiterite. The key to solve the problem is to try to make the cassiterite which has become a monomer no longer re grinding. At present, multi-stage grinding, multi-stage separation and fine screen as the closed-circuit equipment of grinding are all feasible schemes
narrow grade separation is also a successful experience of tin beneficiation in China
3. Slime treatment
China has accumulated rich experience in slime treatment, which has international advanced level
the slime treatment process is divided into two parts: slime pretreatment and slime separation
the pretreatment part of slime includes concentration and concentration of slime, so as to ensure the quantity balance and quality stability (particle size, concentration, etc.) of ore feeding into the slime separation system< Since the mid-1960s, the tin ore slime treatment process composed of a series of slime separation equipment developed by China has attracted the attention of the international mineral processing instry. The core part of this process is centrifuge belt chute grooved slime shaker, and the final concentrate is obtained from the shaker. In addition, according to recent progress, the possibility of using only two centrifuges to get lean middlings or even rich middlings is becoming a reality
the tin ore slime treatment process with Chinese characteristics has been in a more perfect stage after 20 years of changes. At the same time, foreign slime treatment equipment and processes are constantly emerging, such as the application of small diameter hydrocyclone,
Bartley & mozley turnover bed and cross flow belt, cassiterite flotation process and so on. China is also graally introcing and digesting these new equipment and new processes, so that the slime treatment process is improving< Cassiterite flotation technology appeared 60 years ago. The first cassiterite flotation workshop (50t / D) established in Germany with oleic acid as collector was put into operation in 1938. It has been 50 years since then. However, the cassiterite flotation
process has not been widely used in proction so far. The number of cassiterite flotation workshops that have been put into operation is very small. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the cost of reagents is too high; secondly, the toxic effect of reagents on the environment can not be ignored. However, as far as the mineral processing technology itself is concerned, cassiterite flotation technology has made progress, especially in the aspect of new flotation agents, which has opened up a broader field, especially the emergence of arsenate and phosphonate cassiterite flotation agents (typical examples are toluidic acid and styrene
phosphonic acid), which has significantly improved the flotation efficiency. In China, cassiterite flotation workshops have been established in Yunnan and Guangxi successively. In 1975, Guangxi Changpo concentrator built a cassiterite flotation plant with a capacity of 100 tons / day, using mixed
toluidine arsonic acid as collector, the grade of feed tin is 0.6%, the grade of concentrate tin is 25%, and the tin recovery is 65%
although there are some problems in the practice of cassiterite flotation, with the development of technology and economy, it will be used more widely as one of the methods of tin ore beneficiation< In the early 1970s, the wet high intensity magnetic separator made great progress in iron ore beneficiation, and was soon introced into the tin beneficiation process, and showed more and more important role in tin beneficiation
in tin beneficiation process, it can be generally used in three parts:
(1) magnetic separation of raw ore
after raw ore is prepared, it is treated by magnetic separation before entering the separation operation. In a sense, this can also be called magnetic grading (as opposed to grading by particle size). The non-magnetic part and the magnetic part are respectively fed into the main process of gravity separation. Among them, the non-magnetic part is relatively easy to process, which can obtain higher recovery and concentrate grade, while the magnetic part is more difficult to separate, which can not demand high-quality procts, but proce more middlings or even poor middlings
the same is true for other parts< (2) magnetic separation of secondary concentrate
as mentioned above, the secondary concentrate contains more iron minerals, which is a good part of magnetic separation
(3) concentrate magnetic separation
setting magnetic separation in the above two parts requires the separation of cassiterite and iron ore as much as possible. However, this is in contradiction with the purpose of recing the over crushing of cassiterite. After iron minerals enter the concentrate as a combination, they can be ground more fully, and there is less concern about over crushing cassiterite. Therefore, in practice, this scheme is accepted by more people.
beneficiation process of tin ores is gravity and gravity beneficiation. However, with the passage of time, the cassiterite particle size in the selected ore becomes smaller and smaller, resulting in cassiterite flotation process and selective flocculation process. In addition, there are many kinds of
iron oxide minerals in Tin Minerals, such as magnetite, hematite and limonite, which can not be well separated from cassiterite by flotation and gravity separation. Therefore, in recent years, magnetic separation has appeared in the tin ore dressing process. The main purpose of this magnetic separation operation is to separate tin from iron, which is different from the dry magnetic separation process for separating tungsten from tin. In a word, the processing method of tin ore has broken through the traditional single gravity separation process and entered a new period of combined use of several processing methods. However, gravity dressing is still the main method of tin ore dressing< The processing of raw ore can be divided into the following contents: ore washing, desliming, crushing, screening, proportioning, slurry mixing, heavy medium pre concentration, etc. For different concentrators, there are either all kinds of contents or only a few of them. The key points are as follows:
desliming operation is the key operation in gravity separation process, which directly affects the separation index. In China's existing concentrators, more than 80% of the raw ore is tin placer. For example, yunxisha tin ore contains 40-60 $% - 10
micron fine slime, which is an interference factor for any mineral processing method. In fact, desliming operation can be divided into two stages, one is the dissociation and dispersion of slime, the other is the separation of slime and sand. These two stages can be
carried out separately or synchronously. The main purpose of desliming is to dissociate and disperse the fine mud mixed with and attached to the coarse particles and the mud mass formed in the fine mud. At present, the desliming equipment used in China includes water gun and various ore washing machines. The dispersed slime can be removed directly by 125 mm (or 75 mm) hydrocyclone after screening (first desliming and then classification); More often, the overflow is first classified by a large diameter hydrocyclone (250 mm or
500 mm), and then deslimed by the small diameter hydrocyclone. In foreign countries, the diameter of desliming cyclone is as small as 50 mm, even 25 mm< In recent years, heavy medium preconcentration has been applied in domestic and foreign tin concentrators. Dachang in Guangxi and Gejiu in Yunnan adopted this process. Important tin concentrators in Australia, Bolivia and the United Kingdom are also using it. In China,
dense medium hydrocyclone is widely used. The d.w.p separator is developed abroad, and its effect is very good. The economic benefit of heavy medium preconcentration mainly depends on the waste removal rate. Generally speaking, if the waste removal rate is less than 20-25%, it has no economic value
in addition, cone concentrators are sometimes used as pre separation equipment< Ore dressing
2. Ore dressing of tin ore generally adopts multi-stage grinding and multi-stage dressing process, because cassiterite is brittle and easier to be over crushed than other associated minerals. The general number of segments is two to four
from the process point of view, if it is necessary to remove sulfide, there is a problem of desulfurization first or later, one-time desulfurization or multiple desulfurization, which should be determined according to the nature of the ore. In the tin separation system itself, according to the experience of our country, a secondary concentrate is proced between the shaker concentrate and the middlings, and it is treated in a centralized way, which is called "secondary concentrate centralized re washing". In addition to some monomeric cassiterite, most of the secondary concentrate is iron tin complex with coarse particle size. This part of the material is separated from the main flow by the re washing process, grinding and separation separately. As a result, the high iron content material can not be mixed into the general middlings, which will affect the separation of middlings. On the other hand, the separation efficiency of the secondary concentrate can be improved
the main equipments for ore dressing are jigs and shakers, and some use various types of chutes
another major problem of ore dressing system is how to rece the over crushing of cassiterite. The key to solve the problem is to try to make the cassiterite which has become a monomer no longer re grinding. At present, multi-stage grinding, multi-stage separation and fine screen as the closed-circuit equipment of grinding are all feasible schemes
narrow grade separation is also a successful experience of tin beneficiation in China
3. Slime treatment
China has accumulated rich experience in slime treatment, which has international advanced level
the slime treatment process is divided into two parts: slime pretreatment and slime separation
the pretreatment part of slime includes concentration and concentration of slime, so as to ensure the quantity balance and quality stability (particle size, concentration, etc.) of ore feeding into the slime separation system< Since the mid-1960s, the tin ore slime treatment process composed of a series of slime separation equipment developed by China has attracted the attention of the international mineral processing instry. The core part of this process is centrifuge belt chute grooved slime shaker, and the final concentrate is obtained from the shaker. In addition, according to recent progress, the possibility of using only two centrifuges to get lean middlings or even rich middlings is becoming a reality
the tin ore slime treatment process with Chinese characteristics has been in a more perfect stage after 20 years of changes. At the same time, foreign slime treatment equipment and processes are constantly emerging, such as the application of small diameter hydrocyclone,
Bartley & mozley turnover bed and cross flow belt, cassiterite flotation process and so on. China is also graally introcing and digesting these new equipment and new processes, so that the slime treatment process is improving< Cassiterite flotation technology appeared 60 years ago. The first cassiterite flotation workshop (50t / D) established in Germany with oleic acid as collector was put into operation in 1938. It has been 50 years since then. However, the cassiterite flotation
process has not been widely used in proction so far. The number of cassiterite flotation workshops that have been put into operation is very small. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the cost of reagents is too high; secondly, the toxic effect of reagents on the environment can not be ignored. However, as far as the mineral processing technology itself is concerned, cassiterite flotation technology has made progress, especially in the aspect of new flotation agents, which has opened up a broader field, especially the emergence of arsenate and phosphonate cassiterite flotation agents (typical examples are toluidic acid and styrene
phosphonic acid), which has significantly improved the flotation efficiency. In China, cassiterite flotation workshops have been established in Yunnan and Guangxi successively. In 1975, Guangxi Changpo concentrator built a cassiterite flotation plant with a capacity of 100 tons / day, using mixed
toluidine arsonic acid as collector, the grade of feed tin is 0.6%, the grade of concentrate tin is 25%, and the tin recovery is 65%
although there are some problems in the practice of cassiterite flotation, with the development of technology and economy, it will be used more widely as one of the methods of tin ore beneficiation< In the early 1970s, the wet high intensity magnetic separator made great progress in iron ore beneficiation, and was soon introced into the tin beneficiation process, and showed more and more important role in tin beneficiation
in tin beneficiation process, it can be generally used in three parts:
(1) magnetic separation of raw ore
after raw ore is prepared, it is treated by magnetic separation before entering the separation operation. In a sense, this can also be called magnetic grading (as opposed to grading by particle size). The non-magnetic part and the magnetic part are respectively fed into the main process of gravity separation. Among them, the non-magnetic part is relatively easy to process, which can obtain higher recovery and concentrate grade, while the magnetic part is more difficult to separate, which can not demand high-quality procts, but proce more middlings or even poor middlings
the same is true for other parts< (2) magnetic separation of secondary concentrate
as mentioned above, the secondary concentrate contains more iron minerals, which is a good part of magnetic separation
(3) concentrate magnetic separation
setting magnetic separation in the above two parts requires the separation of cassiterite and iron ore as much as possible. However, this is in contradiction with the purpose of recing the over crushing of cassiterite. After iron minerals enter the concentrate as a combination, they can be ground more fully, and there is less concern about over crushing cassiterite. Therefore, in practice, this scheme is accepted by more people.
4. The processing method of tin ore is determined by its own characteristics. As mentioned above, the vast majority of tin concentrates proced in the world are proced in cassiterite deposits, and the density of cassiterite is higher than that of associated minerals. Therefore, the traditional beneficiation process of tin ores is gravity and gravity beneficiation. However, with the passage of time, the cassiterite particle size in the selected ore becomes smaller and smaller, resulting in cassiterite flotation process and selective flocculation process. In addition, there are many kinds of iron oxide minerals in Tin Minerals, such as magnetite, hematite and limonite, which can not be well separated from cassiterite by flotation and gravity separation. This kind of magnetic separation is mainly for the separation of tin and iron, which is different from the dry magnetic separation process for the separation of tungsten and tin. In a word, the processing method of tin ore has broken through the traditional single gravity separation process and entered a new era of combined use of several processing methods. However, gravity dressing is still the main method of tin ore dressing< The processing technology of tin ore in China is in the forefront of the world, and its characteristics are described as follows:
1: raw ore treatment
the raw ore treatment of tin concentrator can be roughly divided into the following contents: ore washing, desliming, crushing, screening, proportioning, slurry blending, heavy medium preconcentration, etc. For different concentrators, there are either all kinds of contents or only a few of them. The key points are as follows:
desliming operation is the key operation in gravity separation process, which directly affects the separation index. In China's existing concentrators, more than 80% of the raw ore is tin placer. For example, there are 40 ~ 60% - 10 micro meter fine slime in yunxisha tin ore, which is an interference factor for any mineral processing method. In fact, desliming operation can be divided into two stages, one is the dissociation and dispersion of slime, the other is the separation of slime and sand. These two stages can be carried out separately or synchronously. The main purpose of desliming is to dissociate and disperse the fine mud mixed with and attached to the coarse particles and the mud mass formed in the fine mud. At present, the desliming equipment used in China includes water gun, various ore washing machines, etc. The dispersed slime can be removed directly by 125 mm (or 75 mm) hydrocyclone after screening (first desliming and then classification); More often, the overflow is first classified by a large diameter cyclone (250 mm or 500 mm), and then deslimed by the small diameter cyclone (first classified and then deslimed). In foreign countries, the diameter of desliming cyclone is as small as 50 mm, even 25 mm< In recent years, heavy medium preconcentration has been applied in domestic and foreign tin concentrators. Dachang in Guangxi and Gejiu in Yunnan adopted this process. Important tin concentrators in Australia, Bolivia and the United Kingdom are also using it. Dense medium cyclone is widely used in China. The d.w.p separator is developed abroad, and its effect is very good. The economic benefit of heavy medium preconcentration mainly depends on the waste removal rate. Generally speaking, if the waste removal rate is less than 20 ~ 25%, it has no economic value< In addition, cone concentrators are sometimes used as preconcentration equipment
2: ore dressing
the ore dressing of tin ore generally adopts multi-stage grinding and multi-stage dressing process, because cassiterite is brittle and easier to be over crushed than other associated minerals. The general number of segments is two to four
from the process point of view, if it is necessary to remove sulfide, there is a problem of desulfurization first or later, one-time desulfurization or multiple desulfurization, which should be determined according to the nature of the ore. In the tin separation system itself, according to the experience of our country, a secondary concentrate is proced between the shaker concentrate and the middlings, and it is treated in a centralized way, which is called "secondary concentrate centralized re washing". In addition to part of cassiterite, most of the secondary concentrate is iron tin complex with coarse grain size. This part of the material is separated from the main flow by the re washing process, grinding and separation separately. As a result, the high iron content materials can not be mixed into the general middlings, which will affect the separation of middlings. On the other hand, the separation efficiency of the secondary concentrate can be improved
the main equipments for ore dressing are jigs and shakers, and some use various types of chutes
another major problem of ore dressing system is how to rece the over crushing of cassiterite. The key to solve the problem is to try to make the cassiterite which has become a monomer no longer re grinding. At present, multi-stage grinding, multi-stage separation and fine screen as the closed-circuit equipment of grinding are all feasible schemes< It is also a successful experience of tin beneficiation in China
3: slime treatment
China has accumulated rich experience in slime treatment, with international advanced level
the slime treatment process is divided into two parts: slime pretreatment and slime separation
the pretreatment part of slime includes concentration (regrouping) and concentration of slime, so as to ensure the quantity balance and quality stability (particle size, concentration, etc.) of ore feeding into the slime separation system
since the mid-1960s, the tin slime treatment process, which is composed of a series of slime separation equipment developed by China, has attracted the attention of the international mineral processing instry. The core part of this technological process is centrifuge belt chute grooved slime shaker, and the final concentrate is obtained from the shaker. In addition, according to recent progress, the possibility of using only two centrifuges to get lean middlings or even rich middlings is becoming a reality
the tin ore slime treatment process with Chinese characteristics has been in a more perfect stage after 20 years of changes. At the same time, foreign slime treatment equipment and processes are constantly emerging, such as the application of small diameter hydrocyclone, Bartley mozley turning bed and cross flow belt, cassiterite flotation process and so on. China is also graally introcing and digesting these new equipment and new processes, so that the slime treatment process is improving
4: cassiterite flotation
cassiterite flotation technology appeared 60 years ago. The first cassiterite flotation workshop (50t / D) established in Germany with oleic acid as collector was put into operation in 1938. It has been 50 years since then. However, the cassiterite flotation process has not been widely used in proction. The number of cassiterite flotation workshops that have been put into operation is very small. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the cost of reagents is too high; secondly, the toxic effect of reagents on the environment can not be ignored. However, as far as the mineral processing technology is concerned, cassiterite flotation process has made progress, especially in the new flotation agent, which has opened up a broader field, especially the emergence of arsenate and phosphonic acid cassiterite flotation agents (typical examples are toluenesulfonic acid and styrene phosphonic acid), which has significantly improved the flotation efficiency. Cassiterite flotation plants have been established in Yunnan and Guangxi in China. In 1975, a 100 t / D cassiterite flotation plant was built in Changpo concentrator, Guangxi. Mixed toluidine arsonic acid was used as collector. The feed grade of tin was 0.6%, the concentrate grade of tin was 25%, and the recovery rate of tin was 65%
although there are some problems in the practice of cassiterite flotation, with the development of technology and economy, it will be used more widely as one of the methods of tin ore beneficiation
5: magnetic separation
in the early 1970s, the wet high intensity magnetic separator made great progress in iron ore dressing, and was soon introced into the tin dressing process, and more and more showed its important role in tin dressing
in tin beneficiation process, it can be generally used in three parts:
(1) magnetic separation of raw ore
after preparation, the raw ore is treated by magnetic separation before entering the separation operation. In a sense, this can also be called magnetic grading (as opposed to grading by particle size). The non-magnetic part and the magnetic part respectively enter into the main stream of gravity separation. Among them, the non-magnetic part is relatively easy to process, which can obtain higher recovery and concentrate grade, while the magnetic part is more difficult to separate, which can not demand high-quality procts, but proce more middlings or even poor middlings. The same is true for other parts
(2) magnetic separation of secondary concentrate
as mentioned above, the secondary concentrate contains more iron minerals, which is a good part of magnetic separation
(3) concentrate magnetic separation
setting magnetic separation in the above two parts requires the separation of cassiterite and iron ore as much as possible. However, this is in contradiction with the purpose of recing the over crushing of cassiterite. After iron minerals enter the concentrate as a combination, they can be ground more fully, and there is less concern about over crushing cassiterite. Therefore, in practice, this scheme is accepted by more people.
1: raw ore treatment
the raw ore treatment of tin concentrator can be roughly divided into the following contents: ore washing, desliming, crushing, screening, proportioning, slurry blending, heavy medium preconcentration, etc. For different concentrators, there are either all kinds of contents or only a few of them. The key points are as follows:
desliming operation is the key operation in gravity separation process, which directly affects the separation index. In China's existing concentrators, more than 80% of the raw ore is tin placer. For example, there are 40 ~ 60% - 10 micro meter fine slime in yunxisha tin ore, which is an interference factor for any mineral processing method. In fact, desliming operation can be divided into two stages, one is the dissociation and dispersion of slime, the other is the separation of slime and sand. These two stages can be carried out separately or synchronously. The main purpose of desliming is to dissociate and disperse the fine mud mixed with and attached to the coarse particles and the mud mass formed in the fine mud. At present, the desliming equipment used in China includes water gun, various ore washing machines, etc. The dispersed slime can be removed directly by 125 mm (or 75 mm) hydrocyclone after screening (first desliming and then classification); More often, the overflow is first classified by a large diameter cyclone (250 mm or 500 mm), and then deslimed by the small diameter cyclone (first classified and then deslimed). In foreign countries, the diameter of desliming cyclone is as small as 50 mm, even 25 mm< In recent years, heavy medium preconcentration has been applied in domestic and foreign tin concentrators. Dachang in Guangxi and Gejiu in Yunnan adopted this process. Important tin concentrators in Australia, Bolivia and the United Kingdom are also using it. Dense medium cyclone is widely used in China. The d.w.p separator is developed abroad, and its effect is very good. The economic benefit of heavy medium preconcentration mainly depends on the waste removal rate. Generally speaking, if the waste removal rate is less than 20 ~ 25%, it has no economic value< In addition, cone concentrators are sometimes used as preconcentration equipment
2: ore dressing
the ore dressing of tin ore generally adopts multi-stage grinding and multi-stage dressing process, because cassiterite is brittle and easier to be over crushed than other associated minerals. The general number of segments is two to four
from the process point of view, if it is necessary to remove sulfide, there is a problem of desulfurization first or later, one-time desulfurization or multiple desulfurization, which should be determined according to the nature of the ore. In the tin separation system itself, according to the experience of our country, a secondary concentrate is proced between the shaker concentrate and the middlings, and it is treated in a centralized way, which is called "secondary concentrate centralized re washing". In addition to part of cassiterite, most of the secondary concentrate is iron tin complex with coarse grain size. This part of the material is separated from the main flow by the re washing process, grinding and separation separately. As a result, the high iron content materials can not be mixed into the general middlings, which will affect the separation of middlings. On the other hand, the separation efficiency of the secondary concentrate can be improved
the main equipments for ore dressing are jigs and shakers, and some use various types of chutes
another major problem of ore dressing system is how to rece the over crushing of cassiterite. The key to solve the problem is to try to make the cassiterite which has become a monomer no longer re grinding. At present, multi-stage grinding, multi-stage separation and fine screen as the closed-circuit equipment of grinding are all feasible schemes< It is also a successful experience of tin beneficiation in China
3: slime treatment
China has accumulated rich experience in slime treatment, with international advanced level
the slime treatment process is divided into two parts: slime pretreatment and slime separation
the pretreatment part of slime includes concentration (regrouping) and concentration of slime, so as to ensure the quantity balance and quality stability (particle size, concentration, etc.) of ore feeding into the slime separation system
since the mid-1960s, the tin slime treatment process, which is composed of a series of slime separation equipment developed by China, has attracted the attention of the international mineral processing instry. The core part of this technological process is centrifuge belt chute grooved slime shaker, and the final concentrate is obtained from the shaker. In addition, according to recent progress, the possibility of using only two centrifuges to get lean middlings or even rich middlings is becoming a reality
the tin ore slime treatment process with Chinese characteristics has been in a more perfect stage after 20 years of changes. At the same time, foreign slime treatment equipment and processes are constantly emerging, such as the application of small diameter hydrocyclone, Bartley mozley turning bed and cross flow belt, cassiterite flotation process and so on. China is also graally introcing and digesting these new equipment and new processes, so that the slime treatment process is improving
4: cassiterite flotation
cassiterite flotation technology appeared 60 years ago. The first cassiterite flotation workshop (50t / D) established in Germany with oleic acid as collector was put into operation in 1938. It has been 50 years since then. However, the cassiterite flotation process has not been widely used in proction. The number of cassiterite flotation workshops that have been put into operation is very small. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the cost of reagents is too high; secondly, the toxic effect of reagents on the environment can not be ignored. However, as far as the mineral processing technology is concerned, cassiterite flotation process has made progress, especially in the new flotation agent, which has opened up a broader field, especially the emergence of arsenate and phosphonic acid cassiterite flotation agents (typical examples are toluenesulfonic acid and styrene phosphonic acid), which has significantly improved the flotation efficiency. Cassiterite flotation plants have been established in Yunnan and Guangxi in China. In 1975, a 100 t / D cassiterite flotation plant was built in Changpo concentrator, Guangxi. Mixed toluidine arsonic acid was used as collector. The feed grade of tin was 0.6%, the concentrate grade of tin was 25%, and the recovery rate of tin was 65%
although there are some problems in the practice of cassiterite flotation, with the development of technology and economy, it will be used more widely as one of the methods of tin ore beneficiation
5: magnetic separation
in the early 1970s, the wet high intensity magnetic separator made great progress in iron ore dressing, and was soon introced into the tin dressing process, and more and more showed its important role in tin dressing
in tin beneficiation process, it can be generally used in three parts:
(1) magnetic separation of raw ore
after preparation, the raw ore is treated by magnetic separation before entering the separation operation. In a sense, this can also be called magnetic grading (as opposed to grading by particle size). The non-magnetic part and the magnetic part respectively enter into the main stream of gravity separation. Among them, the non-magnetic part is relatively easy to process, which can obtain higher recovery and concentrate grade, while the magnetic part is more difficult to separate, which can not demand high-quality procts, but proce more middlings or even poor middlings. The same is true for other parts
(2) magnetic separation of secondary concentrate
as mentioned above, the secondary concentrate contains more iron minerals, which is a good part of magnetic separation
(3) concentrate magnetic separation
setting magnetic separation in the above two parts requires the separation of cassiterite and iron ore as much as possible. However, this is in contradiction with the purpose of recing the over crushing of cassiterite. After iron minerals enter the concentrate as a combination, they can be ground more fully, and there is less concern about over crushing cassiterite. Therefore, in practice, this scheme is accepted by more people.
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