Shortwave miner

1.

Diamond structure is divided into equiaxed tetrahedral cubic and hexagonal diamond

in diamond crystal, carbon atoms are connected by tetrahedral bonding to form an infinite three-dimensional framework, which is a typical atomic crystal. Each carbon atom forms a covalent bond with the other four carbon atoms in SP3 hybrid orbital to form a tetrahedron. Because the C-C bond in diamond is very strong, all the valence electrons participate in the formation of covalent bond, and there are no free electrons, so the diamond is not only hard, but also non-conctive

The hardness of

diamond is 10; Because of the highest hardness in nature, diamond must be cut and processed with diamond powder. The density of diamond is 3.52g/cm3, the refractive index is 2.417 and the dispersion index is 0.044

extended data:

diamond is a kind of single crystal composed of carbon element, which is formed under the conditions of high pressure and high temperature in the deep part of the earth. Diamond is a colorless regular octahedral crystal, which is composed of pure carbon and is linked by carbon atoms with four valence bonds. It is the hardest material known to exist naturally

because the C-C bond in diamond is very strong, all valence electrons participate in the formation of covalent bond, and there are no free electrons, so the hardness of diamond is very high, the melting point is 6900 degrees Fahrenheit, the ignition point of diamond in pure oxygen is 720 ~ 800 ℃, and that in air is 850 ~ 1000 ℃, and it is not conctive

2. Physical and chemical properties of diamond
(1) chemical composition: C. It often contains Cr, Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, CA, Si, N, B, etc
(2) color: light yellow, light yellow brown, light yellow green, brown, colorless (light yellow white, white, excellent white) occupy a certain number, rose, pink, light blue, green, black, Tan are very rare
(3) transparency: both colorless and light colored diamonds are transparent, and the measured transmittance of white and excellent white diamonds in colorless medium is more than 95%. The transparency of dark colored diamonds and ground glass etched diamonds decreases and appears translucent. The increase of inclusion content in diamonds also affects the transparency
(4) hardness: Mohr 10, new Mohr 15, microhardness 10000kg / mm2, microhardness is 1000 times higher than that of quartz and 150 times higher than that of corunm. The hardness of diamond is directional. The hardness of octahedron is higher than that of rhombic dodecahedron, and the hardness of rhombic dodecahedron is higher than that of hexahedron
(5) density: the density of diamond is closely related to the inclusion in diamond crystal. The density of pure diamond with colorless and transparent substance is 3.52g/cm3, and the density with inclusion is 3.44 ~ 3.53g/cm3
(6) polarizability: most diamonds show inhomogeneity under polarized light. Diamond belongs to equiaxed crystal system, which should be homogeneous in theory. However, diamond is formed in the geological body with pressure change, and the internal structure of diamond crystal is locally dislocated e to stress effect, so it shows inhomogeneous inhomogeneity, which is manifested in the inconsistency of extinction, For the first grade gray with very low interference color, few uniaxial crystal interference images can be measured
(7) refractive index (n): 2.4493 λ four hundred and thirty-six μ m)、2.4354( λ four hundred and eighty-six μ m)、2.4237( λ five hundred and forty-six μ m)、2.4176( λ five hundred and eighty-nine μ m)、2.4103( λ six hundred and fifty-six μ m)
(8) reflectance (R): 5.308% in oil and 17.29% in air
(9) lipophilic and hydrophobic: diamond is a kind of lipophilic and hydrophobic mineral. After rubbing oil on the crystal surface, halo can be seen. Oil droplets on the crystal surface diffuse immediately, while water droplets do not diffuse. Therefore, diamond can be separated by oil separation in mineral processing
(10) electromagnetism: diamond is a non-magnetic heavy mineral (P & gt; 2.9) therefore, electromagnetic separation (medium magnetic and weak magnetic) cannot be used in mineral processing
(11) conctivity: most diamonds are dielectrics, resistivity: 5 × one hundred and four Ω. Cm, type I and type II (IIA) diamonds are insulators, and the specific resistance is & gt; one thousand and sixteen Ω. The I-type (H B) diamond is a p-type semiconctor with a specific resistance of 10 ~ 103 cm Ω. When the temperature rises to 600 ℃ or drops to - 150 ℃, the resistance increases
(12) stiffness and strength: diamond has a great elastic molus, which is the highest grinding material in nature, with an elastic molus of 90000kg / mm. Because of its low friction coefficient and high antiwear ability, ball mill and cone mill are used to separate diamond. But diamond is very brittle and can't bear the impact of positive external force
(13) melting point: the melting point of diamond is 4000 ℃, the combustion temperature in air is 850 ~ 1000 ℃, and the combustion temperature in pure oxygen is 720 ~ 800 ℃
(14) luminescence: Diamond proces sky blue and light green fluorescence under X-ray, light yellow and sky blue fluorescence under long wave and short wave ultraviolet, but a considerable part of it does not emit light. Some in the sun after exposure to light blue phosphorescence. Blue and green fluorescence were observed under cathode ray
(15) gloss: it belongs to the standard diamond luster. Due to the melting effect and ground glass image, it can appear grease luster or gloss weakening
(16) dispersion: the dispersion of diamond is 0.044. Under the irradiation of natural light, it has a certain incidence angle to proce the decomposed spectral color on the diamond surface, commonly known as fire color
(17) thermal conctivity: diamond has good thermal conctivity, with the thermal conctivity of 669.89 ~ 2009.66w / (M? The thermal conctivity of type Ⅱ (Ⅱ a) diamond is 2.5 times that of copper at liquid nitrogen temperature and 5 times that of copper at room temperature
(18) thermal expansion: the coefficient of thermal expansion is small
(19) cleavage: | 111 | medium, | 110 | incomplete
(20) fracture surface: shell like
(21) chemical stability: the chemical property is very stable, it does not decompose in acid and alkali, but dissolves in molten sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and sodium carbonate.

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4. Diamond is the application of its hardness can be used to cut glass
graphite can be used for bomb drawing, pencil lead drawing, battery cell drawing, etc.

physical properties: diamond is very hard, graphite has conctivity, lubricity and softness

chemical properties: normal temperature is very high, temperature can be burned
recibility

5. The chemical formula is C
the chemical properties of graphite
graphite is a crystalline mineral of carbonaceous elements, and its crystalline framework is hexagonal layered structure, as shown in Figure 1-1. The distance between each mesh layer is 3.40 people, and the distance between carbon atoms in the same mesh layer is 1.42a. It belongs to hexagonal system with complete lamellar cleavage. The cleavage surface is mainly composed of molecular bonds and has weak attraction to molecules, so it has good natural floatability
the graphite is soft and black gray; Greasy, can pollute the paper. The hardness is 1-2, and increases to 3-5 with the increase of impurities along the vertical direction. The specific gravity is 1.9-2.3. Under the condition of oxygen isolation, its melting point is above 3000 ℃, which is one of the most temperature resistant minerals
there is no pure graphite in nature, which often contains impurities such as SiO2, A1203, Fe0, Cao, P2O5 and Cu0. These impurities often appear in the form of quartz, pyrite, carbonate and other minerals. In addition, there are water, asphalt, CO2, H2, CH4, N2 and other gas parts. Therefore, the analysis of graphite, in addition to the determination of fixed carbon content, must also determine the volatile and ash content
the technological characteristics of graphite are mainly determined by its crystalline morphology. Graphite minerals with different crystalline forms have different instrial values and uses. In instry, natural graphite can be divided into three types according to different crystalline forms
1. Dense crystalline graphite
dense crystalline graphite is also called massive graphite. This kind of graphite crystal is obvious, and the crystal can be seen by naked eye. The particle diameter is greater than 0.1 mm. The crystal arrangement is disordered and dense massive structure. This kind of graphite is characterized by high grade, carbon content of 60% ～
65%, sometimes 80% ～ 98%, but its plasticity and greasiness are not good, such as flake graphite< 2. Flake graphite
graphite crystal is flake; It is metamorphosed under high pressure and can be divided into large scale and fine scale. The special
point of this kind of graphite ore is that the grade is not high, generally in the range of 2-3%, or 100-25%. It is one of the best floatable ores in nature. After more grinding and more
separation, high-grade graphite concentrate can be obtained. The floatability, lubricity and
plasticity of this kind of graphite are superior to other types of graphite; Therefore, it has the greatest instrial value
3. Cryptocrystalline graphite
cryptocrystalline graphite is also known as amorphous graphite or earthy graphite. The crystal diameter of this kind of graphite is generally less than 1 micron, and it is an aggregate of microcrystalline graphite. The crystal form can only be seen under the electron microscope. This kind of graphite is characterized by earthy surface, lack of luster and poor lubricity. High grade. 60-80% in general. A few are more than 90%. The beneficiability of ore is poor< Because of its special structure, graphite has the following special properties:
1) high temperature resistant type: the melting point of graphite is 3850 ± The weight loss and coefficient of thermal expansion are very small even after ultra-high temperature arc burning. The strength of graphite increases with the increase of temperature. At 2000 ℃, the strength of graphite is doubled
2) conctivity and thermal conctivity: the conctivity of graphite is 100 times higher than that of ordinary non-metallic minerals. The thermal conctivity exceeds that of steel, iron, lead and other metal materials. The thermal conctivity decreases with the increase of temperature. Even at very high temperature, graphite becomes an insulator
3) lubricity: the lubricity of graphite depends on the size of graphite flakes. The larger the flakes are, the smaller the friction coefficient is, and the better the lubricity is
4) chemical stability: graphite has good chemical stability at room temperature, and is resistant to acid, alkali and organic solvent corrosion
5) plasticity: graphite has good toughness and can be made into very thin sheets every year
6) thermal shock resistance: when graphite is used at room temperature, it can withstand the drastic change of temperature without damage. When the temperature changes suddenly, the volume of graphite does not change much and there will be no cracks< br /> http://..com/question/1247151.html (1) chemical composition: C. It often contains Cr, Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, CA, Si, N, B, etc
(2) color: light yellow, light yellow brown, light yellow green, brown, colorless (light yellow white, white, excellent white) occupy a certain number, rose, pink, light blue, green, black, Tan are very rare
(3) transparency: both colorless and light colored diamonds are transparent, and the measured transmittance of white and excellent white diamonds in colorless medium is more than 95%. The transparency of dark colored diamonds and ground glass etched diamonds decreases and appears translucent. The increase of inclusion content in diamonds also affects the transparency
(4) hardness: Mohr 10, new Mohr 15, microhardness 10000kg / mm2, microhardness is 1000 times higher than that of quartz and 150 times higher than that of corunm. The hardness of diamond is directional. The hardness of octahedron is higher than that of rhombic dodecahedron, and the hardness of rhombic dodecahedron is higher than that of hexahedron
(5) density: the density of diamond is closely related to the inclusion in diamond crystal. The density of pure diamond with colorless and transparent substance is 3.52g/cm3, and the density with inclusion is 3.44 ~ 3.53g/cm3
(6) polarizability: most diamonds show inhomogeneity under polarized light. Diamond belongs to equiaxed crystal system, which should be homogeneous in theory. However, diamond is formed in the geological body with pressure change, and the internal structure of diamond crystal is locally dislocated e to stress effect, so it shows inhomogeneous inhomogeneity, which is manifested in the inconsistency of extinction, For the first grade gray with very low interference color, few uniaxial crystal interference images can be measured
(7) refractive index (n): 2.4493 λ four hundred and thirty-six μ m)、2.4354( λ four hundred and eighty-six μ m)、2.4237( λ five hundred and forty-six μ m)、2.4176( λ five hundred and eighty-nine μ m)、2.4103( λ six hundred and fifty-six μ m)
(8) reflectance (R): 5.308% in oil and 17.29% in air
(9) lipophilic and hydrophobic: diamond is a kind of lipophilic and hydrophobic mineral. After rubbing oil on the crystal surface, halo can be seen. Oil droplets on the crystal surface diffuse immediately, while water droplets do not diffuse. Therefore, diamond can be separated by oil separation in mineral processing
(10) electromagnetism: diamond is a non-magnetic heavy mineral (P & gt; 2.9) therefore, electromagnetic separation (medium magnetic and weak magnetic) cannot be used in mineral processing
(11) conctivity: most diamonds are dielectrics, resistivity: 5104 Ω. Cm, type I and type II (IIA) diamonds are insulators, and the specific resistance is & gt; one thousand and sixteen Ω. The I-type (H B) diamond is a p-type semiconctor with a specific resistance of 10 ~ 103 cm Ω. When the temperature rises to 600 ℃ or drops to - 150 ℃, the resistance increases
(12) stiffness and strength: diamond has a great elastic molus, which is the highest grinding material in nature, with an elastic molus of 90000kg / mm. Because of its low friction coefficient and high antiwear ability, ball mill and cone mill are used to separate diamond. But diamond is very brittle and can't bear the impact of positive external force
(13) melting point: the melting point of diamond is 4000 ℃, the combustion temperature in air is 850 ~ 1000 ℃, and the combustion temperature in pure oxygen is 720 ~ 800 ℃
(14) luminescence: Diamond proces sky blue and light green fluorescence under X-ray, light yellow and sky blue fluorescence under long wave and short wave ultraviolet, but a considerable part of it does not emit light. Some in the sun after exposure to light blue phosphorescence. Blue and green fluorescence were observed under cathode ray
(15) gloss: it belongs to the standard diamond luster. Due to the melting effect and ground glass image, it can appear grease luster or gloss weakening
(16) dispersion: the dispersion of diamond is 0.044. Under the irradiation of natural light, it has a certain incidence angle to proce the decomposed spectral color on the diamond surface, commonly known as fire color
(17) thermal conctivity: diamond has good thermal conctivity, and the thermal conctivity is as high as 669.89 ~ 2009.66w / (m ᦇ 8226); The thermal conctivity of type Ⅱ (Ⅱ a) diamond is 2.5 times that of copper at liquid nitrogen temperature and 5 times that of copper at room temperature
(18) thermal expansion: the coefficient of thermal expansion is small
(19) cleavage: | 111 | medium, | 110 | incomplete
(20) fracture surface: shell like
(21) chemical stability: the chemical property is very stable, it does not decompose in acid and alkali, but dissolves in molten sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and sodium carbonate.

6. Diamond
Color: the common colors are light yellow, light yellow brown, light yellow green, brown, colorless (light yellow white, white, excellent white) occupy a certain number, rose, pink, light blue, green, black, Tan are very rare
transparency: both colorless and light colored diamonds are transparent, and the measured transmittance of white and excellent white diamonds in colorless medium is more than 95%. The transparency of dark colored diamonds and ground glass etched diamonds decreases and appears translucent. The increase of inclusion content in diamonds also affects the transparency
hardness: Mohr 10, new Mohr 15, microhardness 10000kg / mm2, microhardness 1000 times higher than quartz, 150 times higher than corunm. The hardness of diamond is directional. The hardness of octahedron is higher than that of rhombic dodecahedron, and the hardness of rhombic dodecahedron is higher than that of hexahedron
density: the density of diamond is closely related to the inclusions in diamond crystal. The density of pure diamond with colorless and transparent substance is 3.52g/cm3, and the density is 3.44 ~ 3.53g/cm3 when there are inclusions
polarizability: most diamonds show inhomogeneity under polarized light. Diamond belongs to equiaxed crystal system, which should be homogeneous in theory. However, diamond is formed in geological body with pressure change, and the internal structure of diamond crystal is locally dislocated e to stress effect, so it shows inhomogeneous inhomogeneity, which is manifested in the inconsistency of extinction, For the first grade gray with very low interference color, few uniaxial crystal interference images can be measured
refractive index (n): 2.4493 λ four hundred and thirty-six μ m)、2.4354( λ four hundred and eighty-six μ m)、2.4237( λ five hundred and forty-six μ m)、2.4176( λ five hundred and eighty-nine μ m)、2.4103( λ six hundred and fifty-six μ m)
reflectance (R): 5.308% in oil and 17.29% in air
lipophilic and hydrophobic: diamond is a kind of lipophilic and hydrophobic mineral. After rubbing oil on the crystal surface, halo can be seen. Oil droplets on the crystal surface diffuse immediately, while water droplets do not diffuse. Therefore, diamond can be separated by oil separation in mineral processing
electromagnetism: diamond is a non-magnetic heavy mineral (P & gt; 2.9) therefore, electromagnetic separation (medium magnetic and weak magnetic) cannot be used in mineral processing
conctivity: most diamonds are dielectrics, resistivity: 5 × one hundred and four Ω. Cm, type I and type II (IIA) diamonds are insulators, and the specific resistance is & gt; one thousand and sixteen Ω. The I-type (H B) diamond is a p-type semiconctor with a specific resistance of 10 ~ 103 cm Ω. When the temperature rises to 600 ℃ or drops to - 150 ℃, the resistance increases
stiffness and strength: diamond has a great elastic molus, which is the highest grinding material in nature, with an elastic molus of 90000kg / mm. Because of its low friction coefficient and high antiwear ability, ball mill and cone mill are used to separate diamond. But diamond is very brittle and can't bear the impact of positive external force
melting point: the melting point of diamond is 4000 ℃, the combustion temperature in air is 850 ~ 1000 ℃, and the combustion temperature in pure oxygen is 720 ~ 800 ℃
luminescence: Diamond proces sky blue and light green fluorescence under X-ray, and light yellow and sky blue fluorescence under long wave and short wave ultraviolet, but a considerable part of it does not emit light. Some in the sun after exposure to light blue phosphorescence. Blue and green fluorescence were observed under cathode ray
gloss: it belongs to the standard diamond luster. Due to the melting corrosion and ground glass image, it can appear grease luster or gloss weakening
dispersion: the dispersion of diamond is 0.044. Under the irradiation of natural light, it has a certain incidence angle to proce the decomposed spectral color on the diamond surface, commonly known as fire color
thermal conctivity: diamond has good thermal conctivity, with the thermal conctivity of 669.89 ~ 2009.66w / (m # 8226); The thermal conctivity of type Ⅱ (Ⅱ a) diamond is 2.5 times that of copper at liquid nitrogen temperature and 5 times that of copper at room temperature
thermal expansion: the coefficient of thermal expansion is small
cleavage: | 111 | medium, | 110 | incomplete
fracture: shell like<

graphite
morphology: single crystals are usually flake or plate-shaped, but complete ones are rare. The aggregates are usually scaly, massive and earthy; Color: iron black streaks: bright black transparency: opaque luster: semi metallic luster hardness: 1-2 cleavage and fracture: parallel cleavage extremely complete; Specific gravity: 2.21-2.26g/cm3; specific surface area: 5-10m2 / g; other properties: the sheet is flexible, slippery, easy to pollute hands, and has good conctivity; It is characterized by black iron, low hardness, complete cleavage, slippery feeling and hand dyeing; If the zinc particles wetted by copper sulfate solution are placed on graphite, the spots of copper can be precipitated, but not on molybdenite similar to graphite
there are also special properties of graphite. 1) High temperature resistant: the melting point of graphite is 3850 ± The weight loss and coefficient of thermal expansion are very small even after ultra-high temperature arc burning. The strength of graphite increases with the increase of temperature. At 2000 ℃, the strength of graphite is doubled. 2) Conctivity and thermal conctivity: the conctivity of graphite is 100 times higher than that of ordinary non-metallic minerals. The thermal conctivity exceeds that of steel, iron, lead and other metal materials. The thermal conctivity decreases with the increase of temperature. Even at very high temperature, graphite becomes an insulator. Graphite can conct electricity because each carbon atom in graphite only forms three covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, and each carbon atom still retains one free electron to transfer charge. 3) Lubricity: the lubricity of graphite depends on the size of graphite scale. The larger the scale is, the smaller the friction coefficient is, and the better the lubricity is. 4) Chemical stability: graphite has good chemical stability at room temperature, and can resist acid, alkali and organic solvent corrosion. 5) Plasticity: graphite has good toughness and can be rolled into thin sheets. 6) Thermal shock resistance: when graphite is used at room temperature, it can withstand the drastic change of temperature without damage. When the temperature changes suddenly, the volume of graphite changes little and there will be no cracks.

7. Physical and chemical properties of diamond
(1) chemical composition: C. It often contains Cr, Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, CA, Si, N, B, etc
(2) color: light yellow, light yellow brown, light yellow green, brown, colorless (light yellow white, white, excellent white) occupy a certain number, rose, pink, light blue, green, black, Tan are very rare
(3) transparency: both colorless and light colored diamonds are transparent, and the measured transmittance of white and excellent white diamonds in colorless medium is more than 95%. The transparency of dark colored diamonds and ground glass etched diamonds decreases and appears translucent. The increase of inclusion content in diamonds also affects the transparency
(4) hardness: Mohr 10, new Mohr 15, microhardness 10000kg / mm2, microhardness is 1000 times higher than that of quartz and 150 times higher than that of corunm. The hardness of diamond is directional. The hardness of octahedron is higher than that of rhombic dodecahedron, and the hardness of rhombic dodecahedron is higher than that of hexahedron
(5) density: the density of diamond is closely related to the inclusion in diamond crystal. The density of pure diamond with colorless and transparent substance is 3.52g/cm3, and the density with inclusion is 3.44 ~ 3.53g/cm3
(6) polarizability: most diamonds show inhomogeneity under polarized light. Diamond belongs to equiaxed crystal system, which should be homogeneous in theory. However, diamond is formed in the geological body with pressure change, and the internal structure of diamond crystal is locally dislocated e to stress effect, so it shows inhomogeneous inhomogeneity, which is manifested in the inconsistency of extinction, For the first grade gray with very low interference color, few uniaxial crystal interference images can be measured
(7) refractive index (n): 2.4493 λ four hundred and thirty-six μ m)、2.4354( λ four hundred and eighty-six μ m)、2.4237( λ five hundred and forty-six μ m)、2.4176( λ five hundred and eighty-nine μ m)、2.4103( λ six hundred and fifty-six μ m)
(8) reflectance (R): 5.308% in oil and 17.29% in air
(9) lipophilic and hydrophobic: diamond is a kind of lipophilic and hydrophobic mineral. After rubbing oil on the crystal surface, halo can be seen. Oil droplets on the crystal surface diffuse immediately, while water droplets do not diffuse. Therefore, diamond can be separated by oil separation in mineral processing
(10) electromagnetism: diamond is a non-magnetic heavy mineral (P & gt; 2.9) therefore, electromagnetic separation (medium magnetic and weak magnetic) cannot be used in mineral processing
(11) conctivity: most diamonds are dielectrics, resistivity: 5 × one hundred and four Ω. Cm, type I and type II (IIA) diamonds are insulators, and the specific resistance is & gt; one thousand and sixteen Ω. The I-type (H B) diamond is a p-type semiconctor with a specific resistance of 10 ~ 103 cm Ω. When the temperature rises to 600 ℃ or drops to - 150 ℃, the resistance increases
(12) stiffness and strength: diamond has a great elastic molus, which is the highest grinding material in nature, with an elastic molus of 90000kg / mm. Because of its low friction coefficient and high antiwear ability, ball mill and cone mill are used to separate diamond. But diamond is very brittle and can't bear the impact of positive external force
(13) melting point: the melting point of diamond is 4000 ℃, the combustion temperature in air is 850 ~ 1000 ℃, and the combustion temperature in pure oxygen is 720 ~ 800 ℃
(14) luminescence: Diamond proces sky blue and light green fluorescence under X-ray, light yellow and sky blue fluorescence under long wave and short wave ultraviolet, but a considerable part of it does not emit light. Some in the sun after exposure to light blue phosphorescence. Blue and green fluorescence were observed under cathode ray
(15) gloss: it belongs to the standard diamond luster. Due to the melting effect and ground glass image, it can appear grease luster or gloss weakening
(16) dispersion: the dispersion of diamond is 0.044. Under the irradiation of natural light, it has a certain incidence angle to proce the decomposed spectral color on the diamond surface, commonly known as fire color
(17) thermal conctivity: diamond has good thermal conctivity, and the thermal conctivity is as high as 669.89 ~ 2009.66w / (m ᦇ 8226); The thermal conctivity of type Ⅱ (Ⅱ a) diamond is 2.5 times that of copper at liquid nitrogen temperature and 5 times that of copper at room temperature
(18) thermal expansion: the coefficient of thermal expansion is small
(19) cleavage: | 111 | medium, | 110 | incomplete
(20) fracture surface: shell like
(21) chemical stability: the chemical property is very stable, it does not decompose in acid and alkali, but dissolves in molten sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and sodium carbonate

the gas proced by diamond combustion is CO2 C + O2 = ignition = CO2

8. Physical and chemical properties of diamond
(1) chemical composition: C. It often contains Cr, Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, CA, Si, N, B, etc
(2) color: light yellow, light yellow brown, light yellow green, brown, colorless (light yellow white, white, excellent white) occupy a certain number, rose, pink, light blue, green, black, Tan are very rare
(3) transparency: both colorless and light colored diamonds are transparent, and the measured transmittance of white and excellent white diamonds in colorless medium is more than 95%. The transparency of dark colored diamonds and ground glass etched diamonds decreases and appears translucent. The increase of inclusion content in diamonds also affects the transparency
(4) hardness: Mohr 10, new Mohr 15, microhardness 10000kg / mm2, microhardness is 1000 times higher than that of quartz and 150 times higher than that of corunm. The hardness of diamond is directional. The hardness of octahedron is higher than that of rhombic dodecahedron, and the hardness of rhombic dodecahedron is higher than that of hexahedron
(5) density: the density of diamond is closely related to the inclusion in diamond crystal. The density of pure diamond with colorless and transparent substance is 3.52g/cm3, and the density with inclusion is 3.44 ~ 3.53g/cm3
(6) polarizability: most diamonds show inhomogeneity under polarized light. Diamond belongs to equiaxed crystal system, which should be homogeneous in theory. However, diamond is formed in the geological body with pressure change, and the internal structure of diamond crystal is locally dislocated e to stress effect, so it shows inhomogeneous inhomogeneity, which is manifested in the inconsistency of extinction, For the first grade gray with very low interference color, few uniaxial crystal interference images can be measured
(7) refractive index (n): 2.4493 λ four hundred and thirty-six μ m)、2.4354( λ four hundred and eighty-six μ m)、2.4237( λ five hundred and forty-six μ m)、2.4176( λ five hundred and eighty-nine μ m)、2.4103( λ six hundred and fifty-six μ m)
(8) reflectance (R): 5.308% in oil and 17.29% in air
(9) lipophilic and hydrophobic: diamond is a kind of lipophilic and hydrophobic mineral. After rubbing oil on the crystal surface, halo can be seen. Oil droplets on the crystal surface diffuse immediately, while water droplets do not diffuse. Therefore, diamond can be separated by oil separation in mineral processing
(10) electromagnetism: diamond is a non-magnetic heavy mineral (P & gt; 2.9) therefore, electromagnetic separation (medium magnetic and weak magnetic) cannot be used in mineral processing
(11) conctivity: most diamonds are dielectrics, resistivity: 5 × one hundred and four Ω. Cm, type I and type II (IIA) diamonds are insulators, and the specific resistance is & gt; one thousand and sixteen Ω. The I-type (H B) diamond is a p-type semiconctor with a specific resistance of 10 ~ 103 cm Ω. When the temperature rises to 600 ℃ or drops to - 150 ℃, the resistance increases
(12) stiffness and strength: diamond has a great elastic molus, which is the highest grinding material in nature, with an elastic molus of 90000kg / mm. Because of its low friction coefficient and high antiwear ability, ball mill and cone mill are used to separate diamond. But diamond is very brittle and can't bear the impact of positive external force
(13) melting point: the melting point of diamond is 4000 ℃, the combustion temperature in air is 850 ~ 1000 ℃, and the combustion temperature in pure oxygen is 720 ~ 800 ℃
(14) luminescence: Diamond proces sky blue and light green fluorescence under X-ray, light yellow and sky blue fluorescence under long wave and short wave ultraviolet, but a considerable part of it does not emit light. Some in the sun after exposure to light blue phosphorescence. Blue and green fluorescence were observed under cathode ray
(15) gloss: it belongs to the standard diamond luster. Due to the melting effect and ground glass image, it can appear grease luster or gloss weakening
(16) dispersion: the dispersion of diamond is 0.044. Under the irradiation of natural light, it has a certain incidence angle to proce the decomposed spectral color on the diamond surface, commonly known as fire color
(17) thermal conctivity: diamond has good thermal conctivity, and the thermal conctivity is as high as 669.89 ~ 2009.66w / (m ᦇ 8226); The thermal conctivity of type Ⅱ (Ⅱ a) diamond is 2.5 times that of copper at liquid nitrogen temperature and 5 times that of copper at room temperature
(18) thermal expansion: the coefficient of thermal expansion is small
(19) cleavage: | 111 | medium, | 110 | incomplete
(20) fracture surface: shell like
(21) chemical stability: the chemical property is very stable, it does not decompose in acid and alkali, but dissolves in molten sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and sodium carbonate
= = = = = = = = = = =
I hope these will help you!

9. Introction to diamond
1. The name of the mineral is diamond, which is derived from adamant, which means hard and inviolable material. It is recognized as the king of gems. The chemical composition of diamond is 99.98% carbon. In other words, diamond is actually a kind of carbon crystal with high density< The Mohr hardness of diamond is 10, which is the highest in natural minerals. But don't think that a diamond with high hardness will never be damaged. In fact, the brittleness of diamonds is also quite high, and they will still break when they collide with each other
3. Diamonds are cut into different shapes according to the shape of their original stones. Among them, eight popular shapes are: round, oval, olive pointed, heart-shaped, pear shaped, square, triangular and beryl shaped. Round drill is the most common shape
4. Diamond is a natural mineral. The main procing areas of diamonds are Australia, South Africa and India; The United States, India, Israel and Belgium are the bases for diamond processing and cutting. Belgium, in particular, is recognized as the world's diamond carving trade center< The chemical composition of diamonds is carbon, which is the only single element in gemstones. It belongs to equiaxed crystal system. The crystal morphology is octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron, tetrahedron and their aggregation. The pure diamond is colorless and transparent, showing different colors e to the mixing of trace elements. Strong diamond luster. The refractive index is 2.417 and the dispersion is medium, which is 0.044. Homogeneous body. The thermal conctivity is 0.35 cal / cm? Seconds? Degree. The most sensitive reaction was measured by thermal conctivity meter. The hardness is 10, which is the hardest mineral known at present. The absolute hardness is 1000 times that of quartz and 150 times that of corunm. I'm afraid of heavy impact. After heavy impact, I will cleave and break it. A group of cleavage is complete. The density is 3.52 g / cm3. Diamond has luminescent, sunlight, night can emit light cyan phosphorescence. X-ray irradiation, emitting sky blue fluorescence. The chemical property of diamond is very stable, it is not easy to dissolve in acid and alkali at room temperature, and acid and alkali will not affect it
the differences between diamonds and similar gemstones and synthetic diamonds. The common substitutes or fakes in GEM market are colorless gem, colorless spinel, cubic zirconia, strontium titanate, yttrium aluminum garnet, yttrium gallium garnet and artificial rutile. Synthetic diamond was first developed by Japan in 1955, but it was not mass proced. Synthetic diamonds are rare in the market because they cost more than natural diamonds. Diamond with its unique hardness, density, dispersion, refractive index can be distinguished from similar gemstones. For example: imitation diamond cubic zirconia is colorless, with strong dispersion (0.060), strong luster, high density, 5.8g/cm3, and obvious hand weighing feeling. Yttrium aluminum garnet dispersion soft, the naked eye is difficult to distinguish it from diamonds< Modern science and technology provide new ideas and methods for exploring the formation of diamonds. Diamond is the hardest and simplest gem in the world. It is a natural crystal with cubic structure composed of carbon. The composition of its treasure map diamond is basically the same as that of our common coal, pencil lead and sugar. Carbon element crystallizes to form graphite (black) under high temperature and pressure, while precious diamond (white) crystallizes in high temperature, extremely high pressure and recing environment (usually a kind of anoxic environment). In order to understand the origin of diamonds, first take a look at the original rock containing diamonds
since the discovery of diamonds in India, we have been hearing stories of people picking up diamonds on rivers and beaches. This is because the original rock containing diamonds in the upper reaches of the river is weathered and broken, and the diamonds are carried downstream with the current, and the heavy diamonds are buried in the gravel. What is the original rock of diamond? In 1870, diamonds were excavated from the Loess of a farm in South Africa. Since then, the excavation of diamonds has been transferred from the river bed to the loess. Under the loess is a hard dark blue rock, which is called kimberlite. What is kimberlite? Kimberlite is a kind of alkaline ultrabasic volcanic rock formed in the deep part of the earth, which contains a lot of volatile components such as carbonate gas. This kind of rock often contains fragments of peridotite and eclogite from the deep part of the earth. The main mineral components include olivine, phlogopite, carbonate, pyroxene, garnet, etc. The study shows that kimberlite magma was formed below 150 km deep in the earth. Because this rock was first found in Kimberley, South Africa, it was named after the place
another kind of protolith containing diamonds, LAMPROITE, is a kind of peralkaline magnesian volcanic rock, which is mainly formed by leucite and volcanic glass, and can contain pyroxene, olivine and other minerals. The typical origin is Argyle, Western Australia
scientists have studied diamonds from different mines in the world and found that the formation conditions of diamonds are generally 4.5-6.0gpa (equivalent to the depth of 150-200km) and 1100-1500 ℃. Although theoretically speaking, diamonds can be formed in various periods / stages of the earth's history, most of the diamonds mined at present mainly formed in the two periods of 3.3 billion years ago and 1.2-1.7 billion years ago. For example, the age of some diamonds in South Africa is about 4.5 billion, which indicates that these diamonds began to crystallize in the deep part of the earth shortly after the birth of the earth. Diamonds are the oldest gemstones in the world. The formation of diamonds needs a long historical process, which can be confirmed by the fact that diamonds are mainly proced in the ancient stable continent of the earth. In addition, the impact of extraterrestrial stars on the earth proces instantaneous high temperature and high pressure, which can also form diamonds. For example, in 1988, the former Soviet Academy of Sciences reported that diamonds were found in meteorites, but the diamonds formed by this effect have no economic value.