Map of pingkuang machinery plant

Comprehensive utilization of coal gangue: pingkuang group is an advanced unit of comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in China, and its comprehensive utilization technology of coal gangue is at the leading level in China. The group has four coal gangue power plants with a total installed capacity of 54mw, among which Gaokeng coal gangue power plant is the earliest coal gangue power plant in China, and its coal gangue power generation technology has been extended to more than 40 home appliance plants in 14 provinces, Foreign experts from the United States, Japan, Germany and so on came to visit. There are four gangue brick factories with an annual output of 100 million gangue bricks and an annual treatment capacity of 200000 tons of gangue. At present, the group is committed to the innovative development of comprehensive utilization projects of gangue, so as to obtain better environmental and economic benefits

Before 1949, there were many articles about Han Yeping, including three types. One is written by the company's managers, which not only introces and propagandizes Han Yeping's business situation to the society, but also reflects and summarizes Han Yeping's business gains and losses. The former includes the illustration of Hanyeping coal and iron plant mining Co., Ltd. and the business history of Hanyeping company; The latter includes the investigation history of Hanyang Iron Works (published in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty), which is compiled by Li Weige, with the report of purchasing machines abroad, details of purchasing expenses abroad, investigation of Pingxiang coal mine by Zhang zanchen, the future of China's iron and steel instry, and the history of the birth of Hanyeping by Ye Jingkui. The second category is people of insight (including government officials) who are concerned about the development of China's instrial and mining instries. According to their own information and survey results, they write articles from different angles to discuss the Han Yeping issue. For example, Gu Lang's investigation of China's top ten mining plants (Shanghai business 1916), Zhou Zenan's contents of Hanyeping company, Liang zongding's visit to China's mining instry, Wu Jingchao's mistakes of Hanyeping company, Qiao Meiyou's imperialist economic aggression and the crisis of Hanyeping, etc Hu Shuhua's opinions on sorting out Hanyeping company and re discussion on sorting out Hanyeping company, etc. The third category is consuls and other expatriates who are worried about the impact of Han Yeping on China's and even the world's coal and iron market, thus damaging their own interests. They pass on information about Han Yeping to the western world through various channels, hoping to attract the attention of the Western steel instry. Foreigners' articles on Han Yeping mainly include: on the history of Daye Iron Mine by Nishizawa (Japan), outline of coal coke and iron ore proction by Hanyang Iron and steel works of China by Ma Ergen (USA), etc. In addition, some general works, such as Ding Gran's iron ore annals of China (1923), China's iron ore and iron and steel instry (1933) and Raymond's foreign investment in China (1933), also involve Han Yeping. Before 1949, the introction of the history of Han Yeping was relatively simple, mainly focusing on the overall development history of Han Yeping, the development history of the factories and mines under Han Yeping, and the development and change of proction scale
according to the change of ownership, the characteristics of operation and management, and the improvement of proction conditions, Han Yeping's overall historical development process can be divided into three periods: government run, government supervised commercial run, and commercial run“ It was first owned by the state, then jointly owned by the state and the business, and then owned by the company. " (11) Hanyang Iron Works was founded ring the official period. Large scale, convenient transportation, but no superior coal to iron. Then in 1896, Sheng Xuanhuai was invited to undertake the business. During the period of official supervision and commercial management, pingkuang mine was mined by itself, one more iron smelting furnace was added, and five steel-making furnaces were built. The governor of Huguang controlled the use of the administrative personnel. During the period of business administration, until February 1908, it was submitted to the Ministry of Commerce for registration, and it was handled in accordance with the commercial law (12) this theory is simple and accurate for the division of historical development of Hanyeping company before 1908, which is still used in the academic circles. However, the history of Hanyeping company after the revolution of 1911 has not been investigated
it is worth noting that at this time, people's understanding of the reasons for Han Yeping's transition from government run to government supervised commercial run is relatively consistent, and most people think that it is the inevitable choice made because of the lack of official power“ Because of the lack of official power, it was handed over to shenggongxuanhuai to undertake the business“ In the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, he played Sheng Xuanhuai's "investment promotion undertaking" (14)“ There is no coal or iron available in the plant, and there is no waste of money. Therefore, there is a suggestion of inviting investment and undertaking. Since the establishment of the plant, it has lasted for six or seven years. However, the proction of iron and steel has not been found, and the Ministry of finance has criticized it. Therefore, there is a suggestion of inviting investment and undertaking“ Han Yeping company was originally run by the government. Because of the depression of business and the loss of capital, it was changed to be run by the government. However, there are few discussions on the reasons for the establishment of Hanyeping's commercial office and Hanyeping's company
with regard to the reasons and time for the establishment of Hanyang Iron Works, Daye Iron Mine and Pingxiang coal mine, the three major enterprises of Hanyeping, it is generally believed that Hanyang Iron Works was established by Zhang Zhidong, governor of Huguang in the 17th year of Guangxu, was taken over by Sheng Xuanhuai in the 22nd year of Guangxu, and was combined with Daye Iron Mine and Pingxiang coal mine in the 34th year of Guangxu, following the example of Shanglv Co., Ltd, Submit to the Ministry of agriculture, instry and Commerce for registration. Daye Iron Mine was explored by Sheng Xuanhuai in the first year of Guangxu. The purchase of Pingdingshan Coal from Yunji iron works began in the 18th year of Guangxu. In the 24th year of Guangxu, Zhang Zhidong and Sheng Xuanhuai signed a contract to imitate the western method and purchase machines for large-scale mining. Zhang zanchen was in charge of the work. ⒇
in addition, many people have made statistics on the proction of each factory over the years. For example, the proction of Daye Iron Mine is divided into three periods. The first period was ring the reign of Emperor Guangxu. The procts were specially used by Hanyang Iron Works, with an annual output of more than 100000 tons; From the first year of Xuantong to the ninth year of the Republic of China, the procts of the second phase were sold to Japan from 300000 tons to 800000 tons; In the third phase, from min 12 to now (i.e. 1935), because the two iron plants of Hanye were shut down one after another on Min 11, there was little domestic use of iron and steel procts, and the procts were exclusively supplied to Japan, with an annual output of more than 300000 tons. "[ 21] "China's mineral resources and minerals" statistics the amount of steel proced by Hanyang Iron Works from 1912 to 1919; Li Weige made statistics on the annual output and energy consumption of Hanyang Iron Works from the 28th year of Guangxu to the first year of Xuantong. By the end of the first year of Xuantong, it had basically reached the energy consumption ratio of 1 ton of iron and 1 ton of carbon[ 23] the evaluation of Han Yeping's operation can be divided into two stages: before the revolution of 1911, most of them positively affirmed its future economic benefits and its significance in the history of China's iron and steel instry; after the revolution of 1911, most of them criticized and criticized the mistakes and blunders in its operation and management
before the revolution of 1911, Han Yeping was still in the process of development and change, and the Chinese people were influenced by the idea that "non steel is not enough to build a country", so they naturally placed high expectations on China's first coal and iron plant and mining enterprise, and gave high evaluation. First of all, the managers are sure that it has high economic benefits and can recover the right to resist foreign goods“ After the smooth operation of the Han Dynasty railway, the import list compiled by the Customs was consulted. In 1906, the import volume of the railway was 106613 tons, and in 1907, it was sharply reced to 51614 tons. It can be said that hantie's boycott of YANGTIE has proved to be a great success "[24]“ Not only is Hanyang pig iron fully used in Shanghai sand turning plant, but there is no imported iron. In addition, Japan and the Pacific region of the United States also like to use Hanyang pig iron, and the number of exports to Japan is particularly large every year. "[ 25] "today, Han Yeping's three major undertakings are the foundation for China to recover its rights and boycott foreign goods" [26]“ Except for the first section of Lu Bao, the Beijing Han railway tracks are all built by Hanchang for more than 2000 Li. Although it is inevitable to lose money, it will cost four hundred thousand yuan in a few years. Make a group of craftsmen "[27]. Although the above commendatory words are exaggerated, they also reflect the business situation of Han Yeping when her business was at its best, and show the expectations of the people at that time. Secondly, some researchers regard it as the starting point of China's modern iron and steel instry“ China knew how to smelt iron and steel hundreds of years ago, but it stuck to the rules and made no progress. The world needs supplies, let alone coping with them. Until now, it has been known that imitating the new method and making iron and steel is the history of Hanchang, that is, the starting point of Chinese steel history "[28]“ Hanyang Iron and steel works is the forerunner of China's new method of iron mining and ironmaking[ Thirdly, some foreigners who pay close attention to Han Yeping highly appraise and expect Han Yeping's construction scale, proct quality and future development prospect. The British Consul in Han said that Hanyang Iron Works "is a famous iron works in the 20th century in China, with the chimney protruding, the roof crisscrossing, the iron furnace outstanding, the rail mill strict, the sound of air rumbling, the hammering sound, the eye touching and the eardrum roaring."[ 30] Ma Ergen, an American, introced that the steel procts of Hanchang "only have five percent of defects."[ 31] at the same time, they all predicted that Han Yeping might become a threat to the great powers. "The rise of Hanyang Iron Works in China has the potential to shake up its clothes and see the mountains at a glance... The Chinese iron market will spread all over the world, and will compete with Britain and the United States, surpassing the world's shopping malls,... This kind of Yellow Peril is more powerful than a strong army, and it is worth considering to trample on the old army."[ 32] in 1909, the article in the times translated by Shanghai Times said: "pig iron (Hanyang Iron Works) has been made into steel in one day, and then into various kinds of steel goods. China, like Japan, is now a big competitor in the steel world The difference of thinking can't stop China from becoming a big steel country. "[ 33]
after the revolution of 1911, the problems Han Yeping had accumulated over the years were so serious that her business could not continue. Especially after the first World War, the two iron and steel plants in Hanyang and Daye were shut down one after another. People's early expectations for it turned into nothing, so the voice of criticism and censure began to rise“ During the 16 years from its establishment to the first year of the Republic of China, there was neither a plan to coordinate the overall situation nor a talent with specialized knowledge. It spent as much as 36 million taels of money. The capital raised before and after that was less than 10 million taels. All of them borrowed from foreign banks. At present, they are heavily in debt and are in a precarious state. "[ 34] after the Republic of China, in the face of Han Yeping's business situation of "struggling to recover, failing to recover", there appeared a number of rational thinking articles on the causes of Han Yeping's failure, and put forward various opinions
most researchers attribute the failure of Han Yeping to internal mismanagement and domestic turmoil. Zeng Shuqi summed up the main reasons for Han Yeping's failure in the 1914 investigation report as "terrain failure (referring to the site selection of Hanyang Iron plant, too far from the mining area, inconvenient transportation and high freight), failure in employment, operation, organization and fortune" [35] According to a brief account of Hanyeping company, the reasons why Hanyeping company failed to achieve good results lie in: (1) improper handling 2 The malpractice is very serious. The directors are not responsible for the malpractice of the factory and mine personnel 3 In the early stage, the price of iron was low and restrained by Japan, so the increase in the price today is limited. "[ 36] Wu Jingchao believes that the reasons for Han Yeping's failure lie in "poor planning, improper employment, poor management and poor environment."[ 37] obviously, the main reason for the failure is attributed to the subjective aspect of the company. The analysis of objective reasons, such as "fate failure" and "bad environment", mainly refers to the domestic social order in which "civil strife happened from time to time" and the ruling authorities at all levels at that time "subsidies were rare, but they were not tired of punishing". There is a certain basis and a certain reason for the argument, but its bias is also obvious
as a senior manager of the company, Li Weige has unique views on this issue. He emphasizes the negative impact of national sovereignty and instry standards on Han Yeping. He believes that the iron and steel instry of any country has gone through a process from a difficult start to a graal development. Han Yeping's early business mistakes were not terrible, and his capital and people were not