Does Jinlongshan mine in Jianchi, Hubei Province produce Turquoi
The turquoise deposits in Ma'anshan City are distributed in Xiangshan area of Ma'anshan City, with Bijiashan in the north, Mashan in the south, Huangmeishan in the West and Dajinshan in the East. They are 10 km long in the north and 7 km wide in the East and West, and overlap with the iron and sulfur ore belt in the middle part of Ning Wu. The genetic type of the deposit belongs to weathering crust type. The ore deposit is large in scale, with high grade, large size and bright color. The mined ore can be processed into various handicrafts, and the high grade can be used as jewelry. It is the first discovery in Anhui Province, which provides a new resource base for the development of China's jade instry
There are Nanshan, Aoshan, Bijiashan and dawangshan Turquoise deposits in Maanshan city. The ore bodies occur in the weathering leaching zone and primary zone of Mesozoic Cretaceous volcanic rocks and subvolcanic rocks, which are closely related to the genesis of iron and sulfur deposits. The ore bodies are saccular, vein and bedded. A single ore body is tens of centimeters to more than 100 meters long and 0.02-1.60 meters thick. It often appears in groups and is arranged in parallel or in echelon. The ore structure is mostly cryptocrystalline, fibrous and spheroidal. Ore structure is colloidal structure, nole structure and vein structure. Turquoise is a copper hydrous aluminophosphate mineral, belonging to the turquoise iron Turquoise series. The ore content is 0.2-41.03 kg / m3, and the prospective reserves are more than 1000 tons. Since the 1950s, many proction, scientific research and teaching units have done a lot of geological work in this area. They have explored iron, sulfur, anhydrite, alunite and kaolin, and submitted corresponding geological exploration reports and scientific research achievements. However, they have not done corresponding work on turquoise mine. The main reason is that ordinary geologists do not know it and mistakenly think it is "green kaolin", As a result, this kind of precious gemstone mine has been sleeping underground for a long time. After 1970, China paid more attention to the volcanic iron deposits in East China, and carried out large-scale research on the metallogenic conditions and metallogenic regularity of iron (copper) deposits in this area. Geological experts from all over the country also came to Ma'anshan area for geological research and geological investigation, and found the existence of turquoise in the inner and outer edges of Nanshan and Aoshan iron deposits. At that time, the utilization of this kind of ore in China did not open a market, and the surface ore was yellow green e to oxidation, which had little economic significance and had not attracted enough attention With the acceleration of China's reform and opening up, the output of turquoise in Yunxian County, Hubei Province, has dropped sharply, and it is urgent to find new mineral resources. In 1983, Wang Fuquan wrote an article in the first issue of Chinese geology, which holds that the turquoise in Aoshan iron mine can be recycled when mining iron ore. According to this information, in the 1 ∶ 50000 regional geological survey of xiaodanyang sheet and cihuzhen sheet, led by Zhao Yuchen, the technical director, Xu Guocheng (group leader), Chen Fuyuan and Wu Min of the mineral resources group concted surface exploration and Research on Nanshan turquoise mine. We are not afraid of the deep ditch cutting, regardless of the heat and winter, quietly work carefully. I remember when I first came to the stope of Nanshan Iron ore deposit, I saw blue auspicious lights from time to time, especially after the rain. Turquoise is big vein and nole. Turquoise proced in pyrite vein is blue and indigo. It is really noble and rich. The weight (lump size) of ore is generally 0.1-0.5 kg, some of which can reach several kg, and occasionally dozens of kg of extra large ore with a value of tens of thousands of yuan can be seen. The news that turquoise is of great economic significance has been spread, and the geological exploration work has been seriously disturbed, so the general survey work can only be suspended. Finally, according to the statistical average grade of geological blocks, the ore reserve is estimated to be 432 tons. In 1988, the general survey and evaluation report of Nanshan Turquoise deposit in Maanshan City, Anhui Province was compiled The dawangshan Turquoise deposit was discovered ring the general survey of the kaolin deposit in this area. After the discovery, the main ore body was divided into 40 × 40 meters and 20 meters in some sections × In 1990, the field work was completed. In the same year, Xu Guocheng, Chen Fuyuan and others compiled the geological survey report of dawangshan Turquoise deposit in Maanshan City, Anhui Province. The proven reserves were 41 tons. In the general survey of the deposit, we also found a rare pseudo Turquoise with apatite Megacrysts in China, which is of high economic and research value On the basis of summing up the metallogenic conditions and metallogenic regularity of turquoise deposits, a number of turquoise deposits (spots) such as Aoshan and Bijiashan have been found successively through further work, which has expanded the prospective reserves of turquoise in this area The turquoise deposit in Ma'anshan City has the advantages of convenient transportation, simple mining technology and convenient recovery of iron and sulfur ores. Local governments also organize mining and set up process plants; The annual output of ore is about 10-20 tons. Except for a small amount of turquoise procts processed by local township processing plants, most of the ore is directly sold to Henan, Hubei, Shenzhen and other places. In the future, exploration, mining, instry and trade should be integrated to improve economic benefitsJinlongshan gold deposit in Zhen'an County, Shaanxi Province is under the jurisdiction of Miliang Township, Zhen'an County, on the south slope of Qinling Mountains. It is a micro disseminated antimony gold deposit discovered by the gold forces of the armed police in the dingma mercury antimony ore belt in the Zhenxun basin of southern Qinling Mountains in the late 1980s. After exploration, it has reached a large scale
The Jinlongshan gold deposit is located in the South Qinling Indosinian fold belt of the Qinling fold system, and in the secondary anticline structure of the north wing of the Jinjiling compound syncline There are Cambrian Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian strata in the area. There are only Triassic in Mesozoic and Quaternary in Cenozoic
Fig. 1 geological map of Jinlongshan gold field (according to the gold command of Chinese people's armed police force, 1997)
q-quaternary system; P < sub > 2 < / sub > 1 - Upper Permian longdongchuan formation; P < sub > 2 < / sub > y - Upper Permian irondoutan formation; P < sub > 1 < / sub > SH - Lower Permian shuixiakou formation; C < sub > 1-2 < / sub > T - middle lower Carboniferous tiechangpu formation; C < sub > 1-2 < / sub > s - middle lower Carboniferous sixiakou formation; C < sub > 1 < / sub > y - Lower Carboniferous YUANJIAGOU formation; D < sub > 3 < / sub > n - Upper Devonian nanyangshan formation; D < sub > 2 < / sub > L - Middle Devonian Lengshuihe formation. 1-fracture; 2-vein and No.
Paleozoic are mainly distributed along the periphery of Zhen'an Xunyang basin. With the continuous evolution of sedimentary basin, the sedimentary range of Paleozoic strata is expanding, and the sedimentary center moves northward. The ore bearing strata of Upper Devonian nanyangshan formation and lower Carboniferous YUANJIAGOU formation are developed in the center of sedimentary basin. The Triassic system is distributed in the central part of the study area and forms the core of Jinjiling syncline. It is a set of shallow marine clastic rocks and argillaceous carbonate rocks
1.3 regional tectonic framework
fold structures are well developed in the area, mainly including Jinjiling syncline, which is located in the south of zhen'an-slate fault and is the main body of Indosinian fold in zhen'an-xunyan area, with an axial nearly east-west extension. The core of the anticline is composed of Triassic, Permian and Carboniferous, and its two wings and uplifted ends are composed of Devonian and lower Paleozoic. The main fault structures are Shangnan Danfeng fault, Zhen'an banyanzhen fault, Fengzhen Shanyang fault and Shiquan Ankang Zhushan fault
1.4 regional magmatic activity
no rock mass is found in the study area, but the regional magmatic activity is strong. The intrusive rocks are mainly Indosinian granite, mostly distributed in Fengxian Ningshan area in the west of the study area. On both sides of the study area, there are Variscan and Caledonian granites related to copper, lead and zinc mineralization, and ultrabasic rocks related to chromite, Monzogranite related to REE deposits
2 geological characteristics of the mining area
2.1 ore bearing strata
the ore bodies occur in the upper Devonian nanyangshan formation (d < sub > 3 < / sub > n) and the lower Carboniferous YUANJIAGOU formation (C < sub > 1 < / sub > y) in Xunyang basin. Among them, nanyangshan formation is the main ore bearing horizon of the gold deposit, and the ore bearing rock series generally contains organic matter (Zhang et al., 2000)
The nanyangshan formation is integrated over the Lengshuihe formation. From west to East, it can be roughly divided into three facies stratigraphic sections: carbonaceous argillaceous silty calcareous slate, limestone siltstone shale and silty medium fine grained limestone The lithology of YUANJIAGOU formation is gray dark gray medium thin chert bearing strip (mass) fine limestone, microcrystalline limestone and granular limestone. The rocks are rich in foraminifera and fusulinids2.2 ore control structure
ore control structure has the characteristics of regional fold brittle ctile and ctile brittle shear deformation structure. The South (f < sub > 1 < / sub >) and North (f < sub > 2 < / sub >) faults in the mining area become the largest first-order faults in the area. F < sub > 1 < / sub > and f < sub > 2 < / sub > are wavy curved in strike, the fault plane inclines to N, and the dip angle is 70 °～ eighty °， It is a high angle thrust fault. The Jinlongshan deposit is confined between two faults. The NE and NW trending faults are conjugate contemporaneous faults, and the NW trending faults are developed with large scale and long time sequence. NE trending fault strike 40 °～ sixty °， The section is steeply inclined to NW. The close relationship between Sn trending faults and mineralization is very obvious in both regional and medium and small scales. EW, NE, NW, Sn trending structural composite is an important structural condition for the formation of gold deposits. The M-shaped structural section formed by them and the favorable ore bearing lithologic position are closely related to gold mineralization and alteration e to stress concentration, forming a series of permeable fracture structures including joints, fissures and cleavages. When these permeable fracture structures are developed in the shear zone of favorable ore bearing strata, the broken rocks can directly form instrial ore bodies
The wall rock alteration is relatively simple, and the alteration closely related to Sb Au mineralization is mainly silicification and carbonation, followed by baritization, ILLITIZATION, pyritization, arsenopyrite, limonitization and KAOLINIZATION. Mineralization alteration can be divided into three stages: the early stage is characterized by pyritization, arsenic bearing pyritization, arsenopyrite and weak silicification; In the middle stage, it is still characterized by pyritization, arsenic bearing pyritization and arsenopyrite, but accompanied by paragenetic silicification, iron dolomitization and calcitization; The late mineralization alteration is characterized by coarse-grained pyritization, stibnitization and cinnabarinization, accompanied by intense Jasper like, calcitization, baritization and a small amount of ILLITIZATION. The mineralization and alteration in the early and middle stages are closely related to gold mineralization. Arsenopyrite and arsenopyrite are the main gold bearing minerals3 ore body geological characteristics
3.1 ore body characteristics
the large-scale instrial ore bodies in Jinlongshan mining area are mainly No.1, No.3, No.6 and No.16 ore bodies, and the others are small-scale or only mineralized bodies
The total length and width of No.1 orebody and its outer alteration zone are 380m and 4m respectively. The southwest part of the ore body is vein like, strike 40 °～ sixty ° The northeast part of the orebody is lenticular, strike 60 °～ one hundred ° The overall dip is nw-n, and the local dip is 72 °～ eighty-six ° The ore body is in slow wave shape in strike and dip, and the whole ore body is in complex shape. The actual control orebody length is 230m, the horizontal thickness is 1.03-20.80m, and the average thickness is 6.71m. The maximum elevation of ore body exposed is 906m, and the minimum elevation of engineering control is 746m. Gold grade of ore body 1.04 × 10-6～64.26 × 10 < sup > - 6 < / sup >, with an average of 6.13 × 10-6 The ore body is mainly composed of disseminated pyrite arsenopyrite and disseminated pyrite gold ore. brecciated antimony gold ore occurs in the strongly fractured alteration zone superimposed by local NE trending brittle faults The No.6 orebody is distributed in the east side of the ore block. The structural alteration zone of the gold deposit is more than 1000m in length, 3.00-12.70m in width and 40 in strike °～ fifty-five °， Dip NW, dip 75 °～ eighty-eight ° The control length of ore body is 280m and the horizontal thickness is 0.73-14.92m. The maximum exposed elevation of ore body is 849.6m, the minimum elevation of engineering control is 750.11m, and the inclined depth is 257.60m. Gold grade of ore body 1.00 × 10-6～16.47 × 10 < sup > - 6 < / sup >, with an average of 3.19 × 10-6 Due to the obvious change of thickness, the ore body extends slowly along the strike and tendency, and the ore grade tends to become rich in depth. The orebody generally has a lenticular shape with bifurcated edges, and the surrounding rock blocks are common in the interior. The ore body is mainly composed of disseminated pyrite arsenopyrite and disseminated pyrite gold ore, occasionally brecciated antimony gold oreNo.16 orebody is distributed in the southeast of the ore block, located in the south wing of Jinlongshan anticline. The orebody is controlled by EW trending interlayer faults. The fault length is more than 300m and strike is 90 °～ one hundred and five °， Tendency 180 °～ one hundred and ninety-five °， Dip 75 °～ eighty ° The orebody controlled by the project is 98m long, with a horizontal thickness of 2.06-9.32m and an average thickness of 5.00m. The maximum elevation of ore body exposed is 855m, and the minimum elevation of engineering control is 733m. Gold grade of ore body is 1.13 × 10-6～52.58 × 10 < sup > - 6 < / sup >, with an average of 8.15 × 10-6 The ore body is mainly composed of disseminated pyrite arsenopyrite and disseminated pyrite gold ore
No.3 orebody is located in the axial part of Jinlongshan anticline and occurs in the middle upper lithologic section of nanyangshan formation. It is distributed in EW direction and is mainly controlled by the axial cleavage expansion zone of fold. The length of ore body controlled by surface is 60m, the horizontal thickness is 5-15m, and the gold grade is 1.03 × 10-6～33.53 × 10 < sup > - 6 < / sup >, with an average of 4.13 × 10-6 The ore body is mainly composed of disseminated pyrite arsenopyrite and disseminated pyrite gold ore in the form of lens
3.2 ore composition
the main metal minerals in the ore are arsenopyrite, arsenopyrite, stibnite, pyrite and a small amount of cinnabar and chalrite. Gangue minerals include quartz, calcite, ankerite, sericite and dickite. The main gold bearing minerals are arsenopyrite and arsenopyrite. The gold is submicroscopic (0.014-0.075) μ m) Small round beads and chain balls occur in the accretion zone of arsenopyrite and arsenopyrite grains
3.3 ore fabric and metallogenic stage division
ore structure is mainly euhedral subhedral heteromorphic, inclusion, metasomatism, solid solution separation and dissolution; The structures are (veinlet) disseminated, brecciated, massive and (net) veinlet
The mineralization of the deposit can be divided into three stages: syngenetic sedimentary pre enrichment stage, structural superimposition hydrothermal transformation stage and supergene oxidation secondary enrichment stage. The tectonic superimposition hydrothermal transformation metallogenic stage can be further divided into four metallogenic stages: fold deformation metallogenic stage, secondary fold strain cleavage deformation metallogenic stage, knee fold deformation metallogenic stage and brittle deformation metallogenic stage3.4 ore composition
the ore is rich in Au, Cu, Pb, Zn and other elements, and the content changes greatly. Au is mainly positively correlated with Cu, Ag, Bi and Fe, and the correlation coefficients are 0.86, 0.60, 0.44 and 0.30 respectively, which is basically consistent with the fact that the gold bearing minerals are mainly pyrite and chalrite
4 genetic analysis of the deposit
4.1 characteristics of mineral inclusions
the characteristics of fluid inclusions, liquid phase composition and gas phase composition of Jinlongshan gold belt are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3 (Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fuxin, 1997; Zhang Fu; Zhao Liqing, 1997)
Most of the inclusions are less than 5 μ m. It is generally between 1 and 3 μ From the stage of gold mineralization and antimony mineralization to the stage of carbonation, the inclusions become larger graally. The inclusions are mainly composed of liquid phase and gas-liquid phase, and the gas-liquid ratio is between 5% and 25%. The inclusions are spheroidal, elliptic, elongated and irregular in shape, and are distributed in 40 × Under the microscope of 10 times, it can be seen that there are many gas phases in the form of small black spots in the late samples beating in the liquid inclusions In general, CL < sup > - < / sup > > F < sup > - < / sup >, Na < sup > + < / sup > > k < sup > + < / sup >, belonging to CL < sup > - < / sup > - Na < sup > + < / sup > type According to the determination of mineral fluid inclusions, K < sup > + < / sup > > Na < sup > + < / sup >, Au > sb in the liquid phase of gold bearing ore-forming fluid; Anion (< inlinemediaobject > < imageobject > < imagedata role = 3 "fileref = image / Figure)_ 0234_ 0309.jpg">Congjin
Turquoise associated ore, as the name suggests, is a kind of ore associated with turquoise
associated minerals are difficult to distinguish for players who have just come into contact with turquoise, whether in terms of appearance or value. There are also undesirable businesses selling associated minerals as turquoise, especially lemon pine, which is processed from lemon yellow associated minerals, much like rapeseed yellow, which is very expensive in the market
those who don't understand must ask more, learn more, and understand more before taking action, so as to avoid being deceived
extended data:
for associated mineral turquoise, one name and two representatives should be known
a name: Buffalo Turquoise
Turquoise associated ore is not a new discovery. As early as before, the associated ore was mined and exported to Europe and America. In Europe and the United States, turquoise associated ore has a good name - Buffalo Turquoise
translated as Buffalo Turquoise, because of the translation problems in that era, we call it ox horn stone, which has been handed down orally. Now many people call the associated mineral of turquoise Buffalo Turquoise
two representatives: Violet, lemon stone
violet
the name is very beautiful, let people hear the name is very beautiful. However, it is mostly gray with irregular light purple and blue, which is called violet
lemon Turquoise
this is more than violet. Recently, a kind of "Turquoise" has suddenly appeared in all kinds of literary and entertainment markets, most of which are called lemon turquoise, and more of which are called lemon yellow and lemon green pine
this kind of "Turquoise" is light green or light lemon yellow, with little iron wire and mud thread, and a bit of cream sugar wax. All the merchants who sell this stone, under the same banner as turquoise, tell others that it is a rare mine and sell it at a high price in the name of turquoise