Automatic ore pass drawing machine

1.

In the forum session of this summit, the guests on the scene had an in-depth discussion on the theme of "trends and trends of media", and made wonderful interpretations according to their own enterprise characteristics and instry experience. Ms. Ma Jinghua, former vice president of public relations of BMW Huachen, brand director of Volkswagen and now vice president of International Department of Dalian Tiansi museum ecation group, said:

I very much agree that any business must have a strategic goal. Its vision, mission and goal should be clear. 5g and blockchain are technologies, and this primary and secondary must be clear. Especially in the future, brand communication is very important. The basic principles of brand building, the relationship between elements and consumers, how to maintain the value of the brand, how to measure the value of the brand, and the basic business rules will not change. I hope you can work hard to understand these rules, learn these things and keep them in your mind, At this time, you won't lose your direction when the big waves come, and you won't be dazed by the colorful technology

specifically, 5g is characterized by low delay and high transmission speed, which puts forward high requirements for the quality of media personnel and public relations personnel. Then there are changes in the channels and methods of content distribution. The Internet of everything, media of everything, smart city and smart home brought by 5g, including everyone, have become media. In this case, how do you influence the public and spread your information? We should consider it from a higher level, because of its low delay, high speed, coupled with the rise of short video, the sense of customer experience is high, and the requirements are also high. As a public relations and media, how to adapt

as a media company or media personnel, we should have a clear strategy. What should my company do when the two technologies are interwoven. In my opinion, 5g or blockchain is actually the best tool to improve influence. We seize this opportunity, conform to this trend and take advantage of it to strengthen ourselves. It's an opportunity. It's an era of influence. It's very rare

I learned a little bit about blockchain because one of my classmates wrote the first book on blockchain technology popularization in China. As Mr. Fu said, the core of blockchain is the protection of the originator, the protection of the originator and the works, which gives the originator a platform and standard to measure their self-worth and procts. This provides a great protection for the creation of media and the creation of content by media practitioners. In the future, as long as everything we write is good and unique, there will be more than n people to buy and praise it. In fact, it has become very popular in the United States

blockchain is also helpful for distribution channels. Any rough and disorderly things you make will have traces, and the good things you write will be confirmed, widely quoted, and create higher value. You have the right to be yourself. Therefore, media companies must make blockchain strategy as soon as possible, seize the opportunity

this article comes from the author of car home, which does not represent the standpoint of car home

2. 1、 The principle of mine construction area selection
on the basis of making full use of the existing proction and living facilities and natural conditions of the mine, a safe, environmental protection and resource utilization mine should be built with less investment. We should make full and reasonable use of the mine's geological reserves, adopt suitable mining methods, and recover as many geological resources as possible. In order to improve the economic benefits of the mine, we should make full use of the existing facilities and equipment of the mine and increase the investment as little as possible. Select and use the mature technology in our country, and the mining and processing equipment with high degree of mechanization and energy saving which are suitable for the mining and processing conditions of the deposit have been adopted and mastered by the mine. On the premise of meeting the normal proction of the mine, auxiliary facilities should be simplified or entrusted to social forces to rece investment< Second, the main scheme design of the mine construction
the development system adopts the footwall shaft development scheme, = 5500mm. The shaft is used to lift up and down the ore, waste rock, personnel and materials. The single-layer double cage is used to lift. The wellhead elevation is + 59M and the bottom elevation is - 315m. In the footwall of the ore vein, there are seven stage transportation roadways (0 m, - 50 m, - 100 m, - 150 m, - 200 m, - 250 m and - 300 m), which are arranged outside the moving zone of the ore body, because they are used as the return air roadways in the previous stage, and are lifted in multiple middle sections
the thickness of the ore body is generally 5-30m, with an average of 16.8m, and the dip angle is about 60 °， It belongs to steeply inclined medium thick ore body. The ore body is mainly composed of copper bearing pyrite. The proctor's coefficient f is 6-8. It belongs to relatively solid ore body, but it mostly contains fracture structure and fracture zone, so the stability of ore body is not very good. The hanging wall rock is unstable, and the footwall rock is relatively stable. The ore body contains sulfur, and has certain caking and oxidizing properties. Therefore, the filling mining method can only be used, but if it is well controlled, the sublevel caving method is also technically feasible. According to the design task, it is a small and medium-sized mine. Combined with the geological data, it adopts the drift mining method of reinforced concrete false roof sublevel caving method. The stage height is 50m, the length of ore block is 50m, and the width is the width of ore body. The ore blocks are arranged along the strike, and each ore block is provided with a pedestrian lifting raise and a pass mine. After the ore caving, it is transported by an electric scraper and poured into the pass through the connecting road, After that, the ore passes through the ore pass to the ore bin, and the vibrating drawing machine is used for ore drawing.

3.

Caving mining method is a mining method to realize ground pressure management by caving surrounding rock. In the caving method, it is not necessary to divide the mining area (ore block) into two steps of room and pillar mining, but single step mining. Therefore, this kind of mining method eliminates the disadvantages of poor safety conditions, large ore loss and dilution when mining pillars. When adopting caving mining method, the surrounding rock and surface must be allowed to collapse. This book mainly introces sublevel caving with sill and sublevel caving without sill

This method has the following basic characteristics:

(1) the stage is divided into several sections, and the ore is mined section by section from top to bottom

(2) ore drawing, transportation and secondary crushing are all carried out in the special roadway g in the bottom pillar, and the bottom pillar will be mined together with the next section

(3) the surrounding rock collapses naturally or forcibly in the process of mining, and the ore drawing is carried out under the caving overburden

The application of this mining method has accumulated rich experience in China. This method is used in many nonferrous metal mines in Zhongtiaoshan, Tongguanshan and Yunnan

The typical scheme is shown in Fig. 5-5-10. This scheme occupies the most important position in sublevel caving with sill pillar in China. This method divides the stage into several mining areas for mining, and the mining areas are arranged along the strike. The length of mining area is mainly determined by reasonable harrowing distance, generally 25-30m, mostly 40m; The width of mining area is equal to the thickness of ore body, generally 10-15m; The stage height is 50m; The mining area is divided into two sections with the height of 25m and the height of bottom column of 6-8m

The work of mining preparation includes transportation and auxiliary roadway, ore drawing pass, ventilated pedestrian raise, electric rake roadway, trench roadway, douchuan and funnel neck, cutting raise, rock drilling roadway, etc

in the hanging wall of the ore body, one inner vein and one outer vein transportation roadway are arranged respectively in the footwall. In the transportation level, the vein crossing roadway is arranged at the junction of two adjacent mining areas, and the annular transportation system of loading in the vein crossing roadway is adopted. Each section is arranged with an inclined 60 ° Above the pass, straight through the vein roadway. Each 1-2 mining areas is equipped with a footwall external air inlet, pedestrian and material patio, which is connected with the electric rake road of each section by a connecting road. The "V" type trench bottom structure is adopted, and two funnels are arranged with the distance of 5-5.5 m and the slope angle of 50 ° In order to form trench, two trench roadways should be excavated first in each section. The electric rake road and trench roadways are connected by douchuan and bucket neck. The specifications of douchuan and bucket neck are 2.5 M × 2.5 m The vertical distance between trench roadway and electric rake road is 4.5 M. In addition to the trench roadway can be used as rock drilling roadway, each section is also arranged with a rock drilling roadway with a section of 2.5 M × 2.5 m, depending on the drilling equipment

Fig. 5-5-10 sublevel caving mining method with sill pillar for vertical deep hole caving. Cutting of trench: in trench roadway, drill upward fan-shaped medium deep hole and blast corresponding deep hole of upper rock drilling roadway at the same time to form "V" trench once or successively, as shown in Figure 5-13. The blasting parameters are basically the same as the mining parameters of thin ore, but e to the great clamping property of vertical "V" surface, the medium deep holes on both sides should be properly densified, and the low distance of holes should be less than the minimum resistance line. The cutting technology of trench is simple, efficient and easy to ensure the construction quality. However, the trench structure cuts the bottom column severely, which reces the stability of the bottom column

cutting vertical groove is to create a free surface for caving and form necessary compensation space to meet the requirements of crushing expansion of caving ore. The cutting vertical groove should be adapted to the ore caving, and should be opened according to the maximum contour of ore collapse. The position and quantity of vertical trough depend on the shape of ore body and mining plan. The cutting groove is formed by medium deep hole, and only a few mines use shallow hole

At present, medium and deep hole caving and deep hole caving are widely used in the mines with sill pillar sublevel caving in China. The blast hole layout of deep hole caving mainly adopts fan type (Fig. 5-5-11). Fan shaped arrangement means that the holes in a row of blastholes are arranged radially from a certain point (or two points) as the center (called radiation center or radiation point). The hole spacing of the fan-shaped deep hole increases graally from the orifice to the bottom of the hole

the minimum resistance line of blasthole, that is, the distance between rows of blasthole. It is an important parameter of medium deep hole caving. Whether it is reasonable or not is directly related to the quantity of ore collapse per meter blast hole, the yield of large block and the quantity of rock drilling

In practical work, the selection of minimum resistance line mainly depends on the firmness of ore, pore size and explosive type. For example, when the firmness of the ore is high, the aperture is small, and the explosive power is low, the value of the minimum resistance line can be selected smaller, otherwise, it can be selected larger

Fig. 5-5-11 fan shaped deep hole schematic diagram of deep hole caving

according to the data summarized from actual proction experience, the minimum resistance line values currently adopted in the mine are roughly as follows:

Introction to exploration, mining and beneficiation of solid minerals

where D - blasthole diameter, mm; W -- minimum resistance line, M

In terms of blasting technology, some mines have successfully applied the new technology of extrusion blasting, which improves the quality of ore collapse and improves the proction capacity of ore block

squeezing blasting is to squeeze the loose medium of adjacent sections to obtain compensation space or excavate small compensation space for blasting, so as to control the loose coefficient of caving ore within 1.1 ~ 1.2. Due to the small compensation space, the caving ore can not meet the requirements of crushing expansion, so the ore is crushed twice in the extrusion state ring the blasting process. This kind of extrusion blasting method can rece the block yield and improve the ore drawing proction capacity. Generally, the ore is transported by electric harrow, and the harrow distance is 30-40m

The sublevel caving mining method is to lower the ore in the overburden. The caving ore has at least one waste rock contact surface. The mixing and blending of these waste rocks is the main source of ore loss and dilution ring ore drawing, so the ore drawing management is extremely important. Reasonable ore drawing management should make the ore loss and dilution small and the stope ore drawing capacity large. In order to improve the ore drawing index of sublevel caving with sill pillar, the ore drawing should be carried out evenly between the hoppers of the electric rake road ring ore drawing, so as to make the contact surface of waste rock and ore drop evenly. There are two cases: when the burden of ore in each funnel is roughly equal, the equal amount of uniform ore drawing can be adopted; when the burden of ore in each funnel is not equal, the unequal amount of uniform ore drawing can be adopted. At this time, the electric rake road is responsible for the funnel with large amount of ore and releases more ore each time; It is responsible for the funnel with small amount of ore and releases less ore each time

(2) pillarless sublevel caving method

1. Overview the pillarless sublevel caving method was used in Xiangshan pyrite mine of Anhui Province in 1964, and was successfully used in Damiao iron mine of Hebei Province in 1967, and was rapidly promoted in metal mines, especially in iron mines. Decades of proction practice has proved that this mining method has the outstanding advantages of high strength, high efficiency, low cost, simple process, high degree of mechanization and proction safety

in this mining method, not only the top pillar and inter pillar of the mining area are cancelled, but also the bottom pillar with complex structure is removed, which simplifies the mining area structure. The characteristics of this mining method are: in the ore body, generally 10m × The mining roadway is excavated with a mesh of 10m, and the upward fan-shaped deep holes are drilled in the roadway; With the ore caving, the surrounding rock is full of goaf. The ore caving is transported from the end of the mining roadway to the pass under the overburden. Due to the use of rock drilling jumbo, loader, scraper and other mining equipment, it is an efficient mining method

Typical scheme (1) constituent elements and mining preparation layout: the mining preparation roadway of this method includes upper and lower stage transportation roadway, return air roadway, equipment pedestrian ventilation shaft, ore drawing pass, ventilation raise, sectional connection roadway, mining roadway, cutting roadway and cutting raise, etc. (Fig. 5-5-12). As the elements of this method are closely related to the layout of mining preparation, the two problems are discussed together

(2) stage height: this mining method is mostly used for mining steep thick deposits with stable ore, and the stage height is relatively large, generally 60-70m. When the dip angle of the ore body is slow, the occurrence is irregular, and the ore rock is not stable enough, the stage height can be smaller

(3) chute layout and mining area size: in pillarless sublevel caving method, the mining roadway is generally regarded as the mining unit. For the convenience of management, the scope of a chute service is divided into a mining area. Most of the chutes are arranged outside the vein, and the distance between chutes is mainly determined by the capacity of transporting equipment. When zyq-14 is used, the average transport distance is 40-50m and the efficiency is high. When the mining roadway is arranged vertically, the distance between chutes is generally 40-60m; It is 60-80m along the strike. The size of mining area is the same as this. The cross section of the chute is generally 2m × 2 m square pass or 2 m diameter circular pass

Figure 5-5-12 schematic diagram of pillarless sublevel caving method. But the segment height is limited by drilling equipment and ore loss and dilution index ring ore drawing. With the increase of segment height, the depth of blast hole increases, which makes the drilling speed decrease. At present, the sectional height of mines in China is generally 9-15m. Practice has proved that the effect of 9-12M is better

(5) mining roadway layout: when the thickness of ore body is large (above 15-20m), the sublevel mining roadway should be arranged vertically. When the thickness of ore body is small, it can be arranged along strike

mining roadway spacing, that is, the height of a mining roadway, is mostly between 8 and 12m. When the caving ore powder is too much, wet and the fluidity is not good, the center distance of roadway should be smaller. According to the ore drawing law, the upper and lower sublevel mining roadways should be staggered (diamond layout), as shown in figure 5-5-13

Fig. 5-5-13 schematic diagram of raise heading method

the size of mining roadway section should be determined according to the equipment used. From the point of view of recing ore loss and dilution index, it is better to have a larger roadway width, which is concive to ore drawing, and it is also convenient for the loader to load ore evenly in the full width, so as to improve the recovery index. The mining roadway should have a slope of 3% - 5% to facilitate drainage and downhill operation of heavy-ty loaders

(6) the layout of the segmented connecting road: the segmented connecting road can be divided into two kinds of layout modes, i.e. in pulse and out of pulse. In the vein layout, by-proct ore can be obtained, recing the amount of excavation in the rock, but the disadvantage is that mining to the roadway intersection increases the loss of ore, and the work safety is poor. Therefore, the general use of pulse layout is better

(7) arrangement of equipment wells: this mining method has a high degree of mechanization and many sections. In order to transport equipment, materials and personnel up and down between sections, an equipment well can be arranged outside the caving limit of footwall every 150-300m along the strike. Elevator and lifting equipment are installed in the equipment well. The cross section of the equipment shaft is determined according to the needs of transporting equipment. The net cross section of the elevator equipment shaft in Damiao iron mine is 2.3m × 3.3m

3.

4. Mining enterprises are generally recognized as high-risk instries. The working environment is hard, and the probability of casualty accidents is much higher than other jobs. Although the state has adopted very strict regulatory measures, mining enterprises have also made great efforts to constantly improve and optimize the working environment, improve the level of mechanization and automation, and implement standardized and standardized operations, However, in recent years, mine casualties are still high, and serious accidents occur one after another. The reasons are driven by economic interests, and more of them are insufficient investment, incomplete facilities, low quality of personnel and poor quality; Three violations & quot; It's caused by
I. characteristics of casualty accidents in mining enterprises
harmfulness. The occurrence of accidents will cause varying degrees of harm and loss in terms of people, money and materials. At the same time, it will also have a certain impact on social stability, economic development and family happiness. Understanding this feature will improve people's sense of social responsibility and economic responsibility for safety
risk (precursor). Before the accident, the state of the system (human, machine, environment) is unstable, that is, there is an unsafe state, that is, the potential accident. Understanding this, we can prevent the paralysis of lax thinking and complacency, and take corresponding corrective measures as soon as possible to prevent the occurrence of accidents
repeatability. That is to say, the occurrence of accidents has the characteristics of repetition. Mastering this feature will play a positive role in formulating the corresponding preventive measures and preventing the recurrence of similar accidents. At the same time, it also requires people to adhere to & quot; Three not let go & quot; Principle
regularity. The time and place of the accident and the severity of the accident consequence are accidental, but we can find out the regularity of the accident through the analysis of the accident statistical data, so as to provide a strong basis for formulating the correct preventive measures
preventability. Any accident can be prevented as long as we take positive preventive measures correctly and timely and strive to create a good safe proction environment. To realize this, it is helpful for us to strengthen our faith and prevent casualty accidents< 2. Types of mine casualty accidents
mine casualty accidents are mainly concentrated in object strike, roof fall and rib spalling, falling from height, collapse, mechanical injury, vehicle injury, etc. the cause analysis of national non coal mine casualty accidents in 2007 is shown in the figure< According to the scope of roof fall and the number of casualties, it can be generally divided into three types: large roof fall, local roof fall and loose rock fall. Large roof fall usually occurs in the mining of sedimentary minerals, but rarely in metallurgical mines. Local roof fall and loose rock fall are collectively referred to as roof fall accidents
this kind of roof fall accidents often occur in the following situations: in the working face with broken roof; In the working face where the bedding, joints and faults are relatively developed and easy to be separated; In the mine, ultra deep mine, blasting ventilation to eliminate improper working face
the occurrence of roof fall accidents is generally related to many factors such as mine geological conditions, proction technology, organization and management. According to the accident classification statistics, 45.6% of the accidents were caused by proction organization and management, 44.2% by material and technology, and only 10.2% by risk-taking operation< (1) proction organization and management
1. Unreasonable selection of mining methods
unreasonable selection of mining methods is a major cause of roof fall accidents
2. Unreasonable roof support method
another major cause of roof fall accident is unreasonable support method or untimely support in working face or large section driving. When the roof rock near the working face is relatively broken and the structure is relatively developed, the support method is unreasonable or the support is not timely, which is extremely flammable and explosive, resulting in roof falling or spalling, causing accidents
3. Improper pumice treatment
most of the loose stone caving in the roadway occurs within 10 meters from the working face, and most of the loose stone caving in the stope occurs when the roof of the stope is not too high
improper handling of pumice, unskilled removal technology, poor inspection, carelessness or even no inspection are one of the causes of roof fall accidents. Most of the casualties caused by improper handling of pumice are caused by the lack of comprehensive and detailed inspection of the working face top before pumice handling, improper standing position and unskilled technology of the removal workers
4. Improper use of protective equipment
when working in the mine, roof fall accidents are often enlarged e to incorrect use of protective equipment< Personnel management can't keep up with
first, there are many new workers in the mine, they don't understand the underground working environment, and they lack the training of safety knowledge and skills, so they can't connect the old with the new, and they can't timely and effectively & quot; Knock on the gang and ask the top & quot; And cause an accident
Second, the underground management personnel do not pay attention to the roof management, and there is no effective roof management method and supervision and restraint mechanism, so that the roof management is lax, and the small roof fall accidents without casualties are continuous, and the roof fall accidents with casualties are inevitable< (2) preventive measures for roof fall accident
1. Timely adjust mining technology, ensure reasonable exposure space and mining sequence, and effectively control ground pressure
it is necessary to strengthen the experimental research of mine geological work and mining methods, continuously improve the original design of mining methods, find out the efficient and safe mining methods suitable for different geological conditions of the mine, increase the mining intensity and deal with the goaf in time. In order to control the stability of the stope roof, there must be a reasonable mining sequence, so the mining sequence of two adjacent groups of veins should be determined reasonably; According to different geological conditions and mining methods, the technical indexes such as the exposed area of stope and the height of goaf should be strictly controlled so that the stope can be completed ring the period of stable ground pressure
2. The inspection, observation and treatment of roof should be strengthened to improve the stability of roof. The inspection and treatment of roof loose stone is a regular and very important work. It is necessary to fix a special person to work according to the specified system, so as to ensure the safety of roof proction and prevent the occurrence of roof loose stone falling accidents. For some dangerous stopes, scientific methods should be used to observe the roof as far as possible under the conditions of technology and economy. At present, optical stress meter, geophone and rock movement observation are the most economical and convenient observation methods in China. It is necessary to observe and explore the law of rock movement of different rocks and grasp the roof condition scientifically. It is necessary to deal with the unstable working roof in time, and take scientific and effective measures (such as shotcrete and anchor support) to prevent roof fall
3. Scientifically and reasonably arrange the position, specification, shape and structure of the roadway and stope
it is necessary to avoid arranging the roadway engineering near the geological structure line, because the pressure perpendicular to the geological structure line is the biggest, which is the main factor of rock mass change and fracture
it is necessary to avoid the layout of roadway engineering near the weak surface of geological structure such as fault, joint, fracture zone in stratum, argillaceous interlayer, etc. Because the projects arranged in these places are more prone to roof fall. If the roadway engineering must pass through these zones, corresponding supporting measures or special construction schemes should also be adopted
the shape and structure of roadway and stope should meet the requirements of surrounding rock stress distribution as far as possible. Therefore, the roof of roadway and stope should be arched as far as possible. Because the secondary stress of surrounding rock is not only related to the original rock stress and lateral pressure coefficient, but also related to the shape of roadway. When the arch shape is adopted, the construction is not difficult, the roof pressure is not too concentrated, and the roof stability is good< Strengthen the roof management and improve the technical level of roof management
first, strengthen the safety ecation and the training of safety technology knowledge, improve the technical level of safety management personnel at all levels, and establish & quot; Safety first & quot; The roof management system of group inspection, group prevention and group governance should be established. Special crowbar shall be provided at each working face, special person or part-time manager shall be set up to be specifically responsible for the risk elimination work of each working face, warning signs shall be set up, shift handover system shall be well done, and management of key hazard source points shall be carried out
the second is to summarize the experience and lessons of roof management in combination with the actual situation of the mine, and formulate a complete set of roof management standards for roadway construction from the provision of geological data, roadway design, roadway maintenance technology and construction management, so as to provide technical support for scientific and effective roof management< (3) self rescue and mutual rescue in case of roof fall
1. Self rescue measures in case of roof fall
(1) quickly retreat to a safe place. When it is found that there is a sign of roof falling in the working place, and it is difficult to take measures to prevent the roof falling, the best disaster avoidance measure is to leave the dangerous area quickly and retreat to a safe place
(2) when in danger, you should stand close to your body or go to the wooden crib to avoid the disaster. From the actual situation of roof fall in mining face, it is very rare that the roof fall along the rock wall. Therefore, when there is no time to retreat to a safe place in case of roof fall, the person in danger should stand close to the rock to avoid the disaster, but pay attention to the wall to help hurt people. In addition, the pillars may be broken or knocked down when the roof falls, but it is impossible to crush or push down the qualified wooden stacks under normal circumstances. Therefore, if the person in distress is close to the wooden crib, he can withdraw to the wooden crib to avoid the disaster
(3) send out a call for help signal immediately after distress. The main injuries of roof fall are smashing, burying or blocking. After the fall is basically stable, the person in danger should immediately use the methods of calling and knocking (if the material or rock block may cause a new fall, it can not be knocked but can only be called) to send out regular and uninterrupted call for help, so that the rescue personnel and evacuation personnel can understand the situation of the disaster and organize forces for rescue
(4) people in distress should actively cooperate with external rescue work. People who are buried and pressed by rocks and materials after roof fall should not panic. When conditions do not permit, they should not resort to violent struggle to get out of danger, resulting in the expansion of the accident. People blocked by roof fall should maintain their own safety in an organized way at the place of distress, build escape channels, cooperate with external rescue work, and create good conditions for early escape
2. Measures for rescuing people in danger of roof fall
(1) to ensure the safety of rescue personnel. The rescue work should be carried out under the command of the leaders and experienced workers in the disaster area. The rescuers should check the supports near the roof fall site, and deal with the damaged, twisted and deformed columns immediately to ensure the safety of the rescuers, and set up a smooth and safe exit
(2) support the roof fall according to local conditions. According to the situation of roof collapse, on the premise of ensuring the safety and convenience of rescue personnel, the roof fall should be supported according to local conditions. In case of partial roof fall in mining face, the method of digging out beam socket, hanging metal roof beam, or digging out beam socket, erecting monocular shed can be used. The gap on the shed beam should be set up with wood, and the small wooden stack should be connected to the top, and the back should be inserted tightly to prevent the roof fall from further expanding
(3) rescue the buried personnel. After checking that the erected support is firm and reliable, a special person should be assigned to observe the roof, so as to clean up the falling rocks near the buried personnel, until the personnel in danger are rescued from the buried area. In the rescue