Dry washing machine
Publish: 2021-04-24 13:22:59
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4. The spiral groove type ore washer is suitable for the pre separation of ore in black and non-ferrous metallurgical mines. The ore is washed with water to remove the mud, sand and other impurities in the raw ore, so that the ore can meet the technological and economic requirements. It is widely used in the desliming, roughing and cleaning of manganese ore, especially for the granular manganese ore buried in the soil. It is an ideal equipment to meet the requirements of high proctivity on the cleanliness of ore and stone.
5. The main equipment includes:
1. Crushing equipment: crusher, belt conveyor, feeder, and some screening equipment< Grinding equipment: feeder, belt conveyor, ball mill or rod mill, spiral classifier or cyclone, sand pump, etc
3. Flotation equipment: flotation machine is generally used, and some use flotation column
4. Concentrate concentration and filtration equipment: generally thickener, filter, etc., most of which are also equipped with sand pump
5. Water supply equipment: water pump, high level pool, etc
6. Tailings transportation and storage: tailings pump and pipeline, tailings pond, backwater recovery equipment, etc
7. Maintenance equipment: it depends on the specific situation<
copper ore beneficiation process:
the flotation of disseminated copper ore generally adopts a relatively simple process. After one-stage grinding, the fineness of - 200 mesh accounts for about 50% ~ 70%, one roughing, two to three cleaning and one to two scavenging. If the disseminated particle size of copper mineral is relatively fine, the stage grinding process can be considered. Most of the concentrators dealing with bornite adopt the stage grinding and separation process of regrinding and cleaning of coarse concentrate, which is essentially a mixed preferential flotation process. High grade copper concentrate and sulfur concentrate are obtained by first roughing, roughing and scavenging, then regrinding and cleaning. Coarse grinding fineness - 200 mesh accounts for about 45% ~ 50%, regrinding fineness - 200 mesh accounts for about 90% ~ 95%
because chalrite and pyrite are closely associated in dense copper ore, pyrite is often activated by secondary copper minerals, and pyrite content is high, which is difficult to inhibit and separate. In the separation process, copper concentrate and sulfur concentrate should be obtained simultaneously. Usually, the tailings after copper concentration is sulfur concentrate. If the gangue content in ore is more than 20% ~ 25%, it needs to be separated again to get sulfur concentrate. Two stage grinding or stage grinding is often used to treat dense copper ore, and the grinding fineness is required to be fine. The dosage of xanthate is more than 100g / (t raw ore) and lime is more than 8 ~ 10kg (t raw ore).
1. Crushing equipment: crusher, belt conveyor, feeder, and some screening equipment< Grinding equipment: feeder, belt conveyor, ball mill or rod mill, spiral classifier or cyclone, sand pump, etc
3. Flotation equipment: flotation machine is generally used, and some use flotation column
4. Concentrate concentration and filtration equipment: generally thickener, filter, etc., most of which are also equipped with sand pump
5. Water supply equipment: water pump, high level pool, etc
6. Tailings transportation and storage: tailings pump and pipeline, tailings pond, backwater recovery equipment, etc
7. Maintenance equipment: it depends on the specific situation<
copper ore beneficiation process:
the flotation of disseminated copper ore generally adopts a relatively simple process. After one-stage grinding, the fineness of - 200 mesh accounts for about 50% ~ 70%, one roughing, two to three cleaning and one to two scavenging. If the disseminated particle size of copper mineral is relatively fine, the stage grinding process can be considered. Most of the concentrators dealing with bornite adopt the stage grinding and separation process of regrinding and cleaning of coarse concentrate, which is essentially a mixed preferential flotation process. High grade copper concentrate and sulfur concentrate are obtained by first roughing, roughing and scavenging, then regrinding and cleaning. Coarse grinding fineness - 200 mesh accounts for about 45% ~ 50%, regrinding fineness - 200 mesh accounts for about 90% ~ 95%
because chalrite and pyrite are closely associated in dense copper ore, pyrite is often activated by secondary copper minerals, and pyrite content is high, which is difficult to inhibit and separate. In the separation process, copper concentrate and sulfur concentrate should be obtained simultaneously. Usually, the tailings after copper concentration is sulfur concentrate. If the gangue content in ore is more than 20% ~ 25%, it needs to be separated again to get sulfur concentrate. Two stage grinding or stage grinding is often used to treat dense copper ore, and the grinding fineness is required to be fine. The dosage of xanthate is more than 100g / (t raw ore) and lime is more than 8 ~ 10kg (t raw ore).
6. 20% ilmenite should not have much economic value, especially if it is sea sand. Ilmenite inevitably contains a small amount of magnetite or other impurities, which interact with each other e to the overlapping of the elements. Therefore, even for high-grade ilmenite, the crystal structure, distribution form and other factors need to be considered
ilmenite exists mostly in the form of sea sand in Southeast Asia, and its ore-forming mechanism is usually formed by melting, forming a state of ultra-fine aggregate cementation, and being scoured by ocean tide, it can be said that it has undergone numerous times of gravity separation. Therefore, the initial grade of marine sand ilmenite is usually high, but it is difficult to continue to improve the purity
therefore, it's hard to say that 20% of them have economic value.
ilmenite exists mostly in the form of sea sand in Southeast Asia, and its ore-forming mechanism is usually formed by melting, forming a state of ultra-fine aggregate cementation, and being scoured by ocean tide, it can be said that it has undergone numerous times of gravity separation. Therefore, the initial grade of marine sand ilmenite is usually high, but it is difficult to continue to improve the purity
therefore, it's hard to say that 20% of them have economic value.
7. The processing method of tin ore is determined by its own characteristics. As mentioned above, most of the tin concentrates proced in the world are proced in cassiterite deposits, and the density of cassiterite is higher than that of associated minerals. Therefore, the traditional
beneficiation process of tin ores is gravity and gravity beneficiation. However, with the passage of time, the cassiterite particle size in the selected ore becomes smaller and smaller, resulting in cassiterite flotation process and selective flocculation process. In addition, there are many kinds of
iron oxide minerals in Tin Minerals, such as magnetite, hematite and limonite, which can not be well separated from cassiterite by flotation and gravity separation. Therefore, in recent years, magnetic separation has appeared in the tin ore dressing process. The main purpose of this magnetic separation operation is to separate tin from iron, which is different from the dry magnetic separation process for separating tungsten from tin. In a word, the processing method of tin ore has broken through the traditional single gravity separation process and entered a new period of combined use of several processing methods. However, gravity dressing is still the main method of tin ore dressing< The processing of raw ore can be divided into the following contents: ore washing, desliming, crushing, screening, proportioning, slurry mixing, heavy medium pre concentration, etc. For different concentrators, there are either all kinds of contents or only a few of them. The key points are as follows:
desliming operation is the key operation in gravity separation process, which directly affects the separation index. In China's existing concentrators, more than 80% of the raw ore is tin placer. For example, yunxisha tin ore contains 40-60 $% - 10
micron fine slime, which is an interference factor for any mineral processing method. In fact, desliming operation can be divided into two stages, one is the dissociation and dispersion of slime, the other is the separation of slime and sand. These two stages can be
carried out separately or synchronously. The main purpose of desliming is to dissociate and disperse the fine mud mixed with and attached to the coarse particles and the mud mass formed in the fine mud. At present, the desliming equipment used in China includes water gun and various ore washing machines. The dispersed slime can be removed directly by 125 mm (or 75 mm) hydrocyclone after screening (first desliming and then classification); More often, the overflow is first classified by a large diameter hydrocyclone (250 mm or
500 mm), and then deslimed by the small diameter hydrocyclone. In foreign countries, the diameter of desliming cyclone is as small as 50 mm, even 25 mm< In recent years, heavy medium preconcentration has been applied in domestic and foreign tin concentrators. Dachang in Guangxi and Gejiu in Yunnan adopted this process. Important tin concentrators in Australia, Bolivia and the United Kingdom are also using it. In China,
dense medium hydrocyclone is widely used. The d.w.p separator is developed abroad, and its effect is very good. The economic benefit of heavy medium preconcentration mainly depends on the waste removal rate. Generally speaking, if the waste removal rate is less than 20-25%, it has no economic value
in addition, cone concentrators are sometimes used as pre separation equipment< Ore dressing
2. Ore dressing of tin ore generally adopts multi-stage grinding and multi-stage dressing process, because cassiterite is brittle and easier to be over crushed than other associated minerals. The general number of segments is two to four
from the process point of view, if it is necessary to remove sulfide, there is a problem of desulfurization first or later, one-time desulfurization or multiple desulfurization, which should be determined according to the nature of the ore. In the tin separation system itself, according to the experience of our country, a secondary concentrate is proced between the shaker concentrate and the middlings, and it is treated in a centralized way, which is called "secondary concentrate centralized re washing". In addition to some monomeric cassiterite, most of the secondary concentrate is iron tin complex with coarse particle size. This part of the material is separated from the main flow by the re washing process, grinding and separation separately. As a result, the high iron content material can not be mixed into the general middlings, which will affect the separation of middlings. On the other hand, the separation efficiency of the secondary concentrate can be improved
the main equipments for ore dressing are jigs and shakers, and some use various types of chutes
another major problem of ore dressing system is how to rece the over crushing of cassiterite. The key to solve the problem is to try to make the cassiterite which has become a monomer no longer re grinding. At present, multi-stage grinding, multi-stage separation and fine screen as the closed-circuit equipment of grinding are all feasible schemes
narrow grade separation is also a successful experience of tin beneficiation in China
3. Slime treatment
China has accumulated rich experience in slime treatment, which has international advanced level
the slime treatment process is divided into two parts: slime pretreatment and slime separation
the pretreatment part of slime includes concentration and concentration of slime, so as to ensure the quantity balance and quality stability (particle size, concentration, etc.) of ore feeding into the slime separation system< Since the mid-1960s, the tin ore slime treatment process composed of a series of slime separation equipment developed by China has attracted the attention of the international mineral processing instry. The core part of this process is centrifuge belt chute grooved slime shaker, and the final concentrate is obtained from the shaker. In addition, according to recent progress, the possibility of using only two centrifuges to get lean middlings or even rich middlings is becoming a reality
the tin ore slime treatment process with Chinese characteristics has been in a more perfect stage after 20 years of changes. At the same time, foreign slime treatment equipment and processes are constantly emerging, such as the application of small diameter hydrocyclone,
Bartley & mozley turnover bed and cross flow belt, cassiterite flotation process and so on. China is also graally introcing and digesting these new equipment and new processes, so that the slime treatment process is improving< Cassiterite flotation technology appeared 60 years ago. The first cassiterite flotation workshop (50t / D) established in Germany with oleic acid as collector was put into operation in 1938. It has been 50 years since then. However, the cassiterite flotation
process has not been widely used in proction so far. The number of cassiterite flotation workshops that have been put into operation is very small. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the cost of reagents is too high; secondly, the toxic effect of reagents on the environment can not be ignored. However, as far as the mineral processing technology itself is concerned, cassiterite flotation technology has made progress, especially in the aspect of new flotation agents, which has opened up a broader field, especially the emergence of arsenate and phosphonate cassiterite flotation agents (typical examples are toluidic acid and styrene
phosphonic acid), which has significantly improved the flotation efficiency. In China, cassiterite flotation workshops have been established in Yunnan and Guangxi successively. In 1975, Guangxi Changpo concentrator built a cassiterite flotation plant with a capacity of 100 tons / day, using mixed
toluidine arsonic acid as collector, the grade of feed tin is 0.6%, the grade of concentrate tin is 25%, and the tin recovery is 65%
although there are some problems in the practice of cassiterite flotation, with the development of technology and economy, it will be used more widely as one of the methods of tin ore beneficiation< In the early 1970s, the wet high intensity magnetic separator made great progress in iron ore beneficiation, and was soon introced into the tin beneficiation process, and showed more and more important role in tin beneficiation
in tin beneficiation process, it can be generally used in three parts:
(1) magnetic separation of raw ore
after raw ore is prepared, it is treated by magnetic separation before entering the separation operation. In a sense, this can also be called magnetic grading (as opposed to grading by particle size). The non-magnetic part and the magnetic part are respectively fed into the main process of gravity separation. Among them, the non-magnetic part is relatively easy to process, which can obtain higher recovery and concentrate grade, while the magnetic part is more difficult to separate, which can not demand high-quality procts, but proce more middlings or even poor middlings
the same is true for other parts< (2) magnetic separation of secondary concentrate
as mentioned above, the secondary concentrate contains more iron minerals, which is a good part of magnetic separation
(3) concentrate magnetic separation
setting magnetic separation in the above two parts requires the separation of cassiterite and iron ore as much as possible. However, this is in contradiction with the purpose of recing the over crushing of cassiterite. After iron minerals enter the concentrate as a combination, they can be ground more fully, and there is less concern about over crushing cassiterite. Therefore, in practice, this scheme is accepted by more people.
beneficiation process of tin ores is gravity and gravity beneficiation. However, with the passage of time, the cassiterite particle size in the selected ore becomes smaller and smaller, resulting in cassiterite flotation process and selective flocculation process. In addition, there are many kinds of
iron oxide minerals in Tin Minerals, such as magnetite, hematite and limonite, which can not be well separated from cassiterite by flotation and gravity separation. Therefore, in recent years, magnetic separation has appeared in the tin ore dressing process. The main purpose of this magnetic separation operation is to separate tin from iron, which is different from the dry magnetic separation process for separating tungsten from tin. In a word, the processing method of tin ore has broken through the traditional single gravity separation process and entered a new period of combined use of several processing methods. However, gravity dressing is still the main method of tin ore dressing< The processing of raw ore can be divided into the following contents: ore washing, desliming, crushing, screening, proportioning, slurry mixing, heavy medium pre concentration, etc. For different concentrators, there are either all kinds of contents or only a few of them. The key points are as follows:
desliming operation is the key operation in gravity separation process, which directly affects the separation index. In China's existing concentrators, more than 80% of the raw ore is tin placer. For example, yunxisha tin ore contains 40-60 $% - 10
micron fine slime, which is an interference factor for any mineral processing method. In fact, desliming operation can be divided into two stages, one is the dissociation and dispersion of slime, the other is the separation of slime and sand. These two stages can be
carried out separately or synchronously. The main purpose of desliming is to dissociate and disperse the fine mud mixed with and attached to the coarse particles and the mud mass formed in the fine mud. At present, the desliming equipment used in China includes water gun and various ore washing machines. The dispersed slime can be removed directly by 125 mm (or 75 mm) hydrocyclone after screening (first desliming and then classification); More often, the overflow is first classified by a large diameter hydrocyclone (250 mm or
500 mm), and then deslimed by the small diameter hydrocyclone. In foreign countries, the diameter of desliming cyclone is as small as 50 mm, even 25 mm< In recent years, heavy medium preconcentration has been applied in domestic and foreign tin concentrators. Dachang in Guangxi and Gejiu in Yunnan adopted this process. Important tin concentrators in Australia, Bolivia and the United Kingdom are also using it. In China,
dense medium hydrocyclone is widely used. The d.w.p separator is developed abroad, and its effect is very good. The economic benefit of heavy medium preconcentration mainly depends on the waste removal rate. Generally speaking, if the waste removal rate is less than 20-25%, it has no economic value
in addition, cone concentrators are sometimes used as pre separation equipment< Ore dressing
2. Ore dressing of tin ore generally adopts multi-stage grinding and multi-stage dressing process, because cassiterite is brittle and easier to be over crushed than other associated minerals. The general number of segments is two to four
from the process point of view, if it is necessary to remove sulfide, there is a problem of desulfurization first or later, one-time desulfurization or multiple desulfurization, which should be determined according to the nature of the ore. In the tin separation system itself, according to the experience of our country, a secondary concentrate is proced between the shaker concentrate and the middlings, and it is treated in a centralized way, which is called "secondary concentrate centralized re washing". In addition to some monomeric cassiterite, most of the secondary concentrate is iron tin complex with coarse particle size. This part of the material is separated from the main flow by the re washing process, grinding and separation separately. As a result, the high iron content material can not be mixed into the general middlings, which will affect the separation of middlings. On the other hand, the separation efficiency of the secondary concentrate can be improved
the main equipments for ore dressing are jigs and shakers, and some use various types of chutes
another major problem of ore dressing system is how to rece the over crushing of cassiterite. The key to solve the problem is to try to make the cassiterite which has become a monomer no longer re grinding. At present, multi-stage grinding, multi-stage separation and fine screen as the closed-circuit equipment of grinding are all feasible schemes
narrow grade separation is also a successful experience of tin beneficiation in China
3. Slime treatment
China has accumulated rich experience in slime treatment, which has international advanced level
the slime treatment process is divided into two parts: slime pretreatment and slime separation
the pretreatment part of slime includes concentration and concentration of slime, so as to ensure the quantity balance and quality stability (particle size, concentration, etc.) of ore feeding into the slime separation system< Since the mid-1960s, the tin ore slime treatment process composed of a series of slime separation equipment developed by China has attracted the attention of the international mineral processing instry. The core part of this process is centrifuge belt chute grooved slime shaker, and the final concentrate is obtained from the shaker. In addition, according to recent progress, the possibility of using only two centrifuges to get lean middlings or even rich middlings is becoming a reality
the tin ore slime treatment process with Chinese characteristics has been in a more perfect stage after 20 years of changes. At the same time, foreign slime treatment equipment and processes are constantly emerging, such as the application of small diameter hydrocyclone,
Bartley & mozley turnover bed and cross flow belt, cassiterite flotation process and so on. China is also graally introcing and digesting these new equipment and new processes, so that the slime treatment process is improving< Cassiterite flotation technology appeared 60 years ago. The first cassiterite flotation workshop (50t / D) established in Germany with oleic acid as collector was put into operation in 1938. It has been 50 years since then. However, the cassiterite flotation
process has not been widely used in proction so far. The number of cassiterite flotation workshops that have been put into operation is very small. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the cost of reagents is too high; secondly, the toxic effect of reagents on the environment can not be ignored. However, as far as the mineral processing technology itself is concerned, cassiterite flotation technology has made progress, especially in the aspect of new flotation agents, which has opened up a broader field, especially the emergence of arsenate and phosphonate cassiterite flotation agents (typical examples are toluidic acid and styrene
phosphonic acid), which has significantly improved the flotation efficiency. In China, cassiterite flotation workshops have been established in Yunnan and Guangxi successively. In 1975, Guangxi Changpo concentrator built a cassiterite flotation plant with a capacity of 100 tons / day, using mixed
toluidine arsonic acid as collector, the grade of feed tin is 0.6%, the grade of concentrate tin is 25%, and the tin recovery is 65%
although there are some problems in the practice of cassiterite flotation, with the development of technology and economy, it will be used more widely as one of the methods of tin ore beneficiation< In the early 1970s, the wet high intensity magnetic separator made great progress in iron ore beneficiation, and was soon introced into the tin beneficiation process, and showed more and more important role in tin beneficiation
in tin beneficiation process, it can be generally used in three parts:
(1) magnetic separation of raw ore
after raw ore is prepared, it is treated by magnetic separation before entering the separation operation. In a sense, this can also be called magnetic grading (as opposed to grading by particle size). The non-magnetic part and the magnetic part are respectively fed into the main process of gravity separation. Among them, the non-magnetic part is relatively easy to process, which can obtain higher recovery and concentrate grade, while the magnetic part is more difficult to separate, which can not demand high-quality procts, but proce more middlings or even poor middlings
the same is true for other parts< (2) magnetic separation of secondary concentrate
as mentioned above, the secondary concentrate contains more iron minerals, which is a good part of magnetic separation
(3) concentrate magnetic separation
setting magnetic separation in the above two parts requires the separation of cassiterite and iron ore as much as possible. However, this is in contradiction with the purpose of recing the over crushing of cassiterite. After iron minerals enter the concentrate as a combination, they can be ground more fully, and there is less concern about over crushing cassiterite. Therefore, in practice, this scheme is accepted by more people.
8. The processing method of tin ore is determined by its own characteristics. As mentioned above, the vast majority of tin concentrates proced in the world are proced in cassiterite deposits, and the density of cassiterite is higher than that of associated minerals. Therefore, the traditional beneficiation process of tin ores is gravity and gravity beneficiation. However, with the passage of time, the cassiterite particle size in the selected ore becomes smaller and smaller, resulting in cassiterite flotation process and selective flocculation process. In addition, there are many kinds of iron oxide minerals in Tin Minerals, such as magnetite, hematite and limonite, which can not be well separated from cassiterite by flotation and gravity separation. This kind of magnetic separation is mainly for the separation of tin and iron, which is different from the dry magnetic separation process for the separation of tungsten and tin. In a word, the processing method of tin ore has broken through the traditional single gravity separation process and entered a new era of combined use of several processing methods. However, gravity dressing is still the main method of tin ore dressing< The processing technology of tin ore in China is in the forefront of the world, and its characteristics are described as follows:
1: raw ore treatment
the raw ore treatment of tin concentrator can be roughly divided into the following contents: ore washing, desliming, crushing, screening, proportioning, slurry blending, heavy medium preconcentration, etc. For different concentrators, there are either all kinds of contents or only a few of them. The key points are as follows:
desliming operation is the key operation in gravity separation process, which directly affects the separation index. In China's existing concentrators, more than 80% of the raw ore is tin placer. For example, there are 40 ~ 60% - 10 micro meter fine slime in yunxisha tin ore, which is an interference factor for any mineral processing method. In fact, desliming operation can be divided into two stages, one is the dissociation and dispersion of slime, the other is the separation of slime and sand. These two stages can be carried out separately or synchronously. The main purpose of desliming is to dissociate and disperse the fine mud mixed with and attached to the coarse particles and the mud mass formed in the fine mud. At present, the desliming equipment used in China includes water gun, various ore washing machines, etc. The dispersed slime can be removed directly by 125 mm (or 75 mm) hydrocyclone after screening (first desliming and then classification); More often, the overflow is first classified by a large diameter cyclone (250 mm or 500 mm), and then deslimed by the small diameter cyclone (first classified and then deslimed). In foreign countries, the diameter of desliming cyclone is as small as 50 mm, even 25 mm< In recent years, heavy medium preconcentration has been applied in domestic and foreign tin concentrators. Dachang in Guangxi and Gejiu in Yunnan adopted this process. Important tin concentrators in Australia, Bolivia and the United Kingdom are also using it. Dense medium cyclone is widely used in China. The d.w.p separator is developed abroad, and its effect is very good. The economic benefit of heavy medium preconcentration mainly depends on the waste removal rate. Generally speaking, if the waste removal rate is less than 20 ~ 25%, it has no economic value< In addition, cone concentrators are sometimes used as preconcentration equipment
2: ore dressing
the ore dressing of tin ore generally adopts multi-stage grinding and multi-stage dressing process, because cassiterite is brittle and easier to be over crushed than other associated minerals. The general number of segments is two to four
from the process point of view, if it is necessary to remove sulfide, there is a problem of desulfurization first or later, one-time desulfurization or multiple desulfurization, which should be determined according to the nature of the ore. In the tin separation system itself, according to the experience of our country, a secondary concentrate is proced between the shaker concentrate and the middlings, and it is treated in a centralized way, which is called "secondary concentrate centralized re washing". In addition to part of cassiterite, most of the secondary concentrate is iron tin complex with coarse grain size. This part of the material is separated from the main flow by the re washing process, grinding and separation separately. As a result, the high iron content materials can not be mixed into the general middlings, which will affect the separation of middlings. On the other hand, the separation efficiency of the secondary concentrate can be improved
the main equipments for ore dressing are jigs and shakers, and some use various types of chutes
another major problem of ore dressing system is how to rece the over crushing of cassiterite. The key to solve the problem is to try to make the cassiterite which has become a monomer no longer re grinding. At present, multi-stage grinding, multi-stage separation and fine screen as the closed-circuit equipment of grinding are all feasible schemes< It is also a successful experience of tin beneficiation in China
3: slime treatment
China has accumulated rich experience in slime treatment, with international advanced level
the slime treatment process is divided into two parts: slime pretreatment and slime separation
the pretreatment part of slime includes concentration (regrouping) and concentration of slime, so as to ensure the quantity balance and quality stability (particle size, concentration, etc.) of ore feeding into the slime separation system
since the mid-1960s, the tin slime treatment process, which is composed of a series of slime separation equipment developed by China, has attracted the attention of the international mineral processing instry. The core part of this technological process is centrifuge belt chute grooved slime shaker, and the final concentrate is obtained from the shaker. In addition, according to recent progress, the possibility of using only two centrifuges to get lean middlings or even rich middlings is becoming a reality
the tin ore slime treatment process with Chinese characteristics has been in a more perfect stage after 20 years of changes. At the same time, foreign slime treatment equipment and processes are constantly emerging, such as the application of small diameter hydrocyclone, Bartley mozley turning bed and cross flow belt, cassiterite flotation process and so on. China is also graally introcing and digesting these new equipment and new processes, so that the slime treatment process is improving
4: cassiterite flotation
cassiterite flotation technology appeared 60 years ago. The first cassiterite flotation workshop (50t / D) established in Germany with oleic acid as collector was put into operation in 1938. It has been 50 years since then. However, the cassiterite flotation process has not been widely used in proction. The number of cassiterite flotation workshops that have been put into operation is very small. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the cost of reagents is too high; secondly, the toxic effect of reagents on the environment can not be ignored. However, as far as the mineral processing technology is concerned, cassiterite flotation process has made progress, especially in the new flotation agent, which has opened up a broader field, especially the emergence of arsenate and phosphonic acid cassiterite flotation agents (typical examples are toluenesulfonic acid and styrene phosphonic acid), which has significantly improved the flotation efficiency. Cassiterite flotation plants have been established in Yunnan and Guangxi in China. In 1975, a 100 t / D cassiterite flotation plant was built in Changpo concentrator, Guangxi. Mixed toluidine arsonic acid was used as collector. The feed grade of tin was 0.6%, the concentrate grade of tin was 25%, and the recovery rate of tin was 65%
although there are some problems in the practice of cassiterite flotation, with the development of technology and economy, it will be used more widely as one of the methods of tin ore beneficiation
5: magnetic separation
in the early 1970s, the wet high intensity magnetic separator made great progress in iron ore dressing, and was soon introced into the tin dressing process, and more and more showed its important role in tin dressing
in tin beneficiation process, it can be generally used in three parts:
(1) magnetic separation of raw ore
after preparation, the raw ore is treated by magnetic separation before entering the separation operation. In a sense, this can also be called magnetic grading (as opposed to grading by particle size). The non-magnetic part and the magnetic part respectively enter into the main stream of gravity separation. Among them, the non-magnetic part is relatively easy to process, which can obtain higher recovery and concentrate grade, while the magnetic part is more difficult to separate, which can not demand high-quality procts, but proce more middlings or even poor middlings. The same is true for other parts
(2) magnetic separation of secondary concentrate
as mentioned above, the secondary concentrate contains more iron minerals, which is a good part of magnetic separation
(3) concentrate magnetic separation
setting magnetic separation in the above two parts requires the separation of cassiterite and iron ore as much as possible. However, this is in contradiction with the purpose of recing the over crushing of cassiterite. After iron minerals enter the concentrate as a combination, they can be ground more fully, and there is less concern about over crushing cassiterite. Therefore, in practice, this scheme is accepted by more people.
1: raw ore treatment
the raw ore treatment of tin concentrator can be roughly divided into the following contents: ore washing, desliming, crushing, screening, proportioning, slurry blending, heavy medium preconcentration, etc. For different concentrators, there are either all kinds of contents or only a few of them. The key points are as follows:
desliming operation is the key operation in gravity separation process, which directly affects the separation index. In China's existing concentrators, more than 80% of the raw ore is tin placer. For example, there are 40 ~ 60% - 10 micro meter fine slime in yunxisha tin ore, which is an interference factor for any mineral processing method. In fact, desliming operation can be divided into two stages, one is the dissociation and dispersion of slime, the other is the separation of slime and sand. These two stages can be carried out separately or synchronously. The main purpose of desliming is to dissociate and disperse the fine mud mixed with and attached to the coarse particles and the mud mass formed in the fine mud. At present, the desliming equipment used in China includes water gun, various ore washing machines, etc. The dispersed slime can be removed directly by 125 mm (or 75 mm) hydrocyclone after screening (first desliming and then classification); More often, the overflow is first classified by a large diameter cyclone (250 mm or 500 mm), and then deslimed by the small diameter cyclone (first classified and then deslimed). In foreign countries, the diameter of desliming cyclone is as small as 50 mm, even 25 mm< In recent years, heavy medium preconcentration has been applied in domestic and foreign tin concentrators. Dachang in Guangxi and Gejiu in Yunnan adopted this process. Important tin concentrators in Australia, Bolivia and the United Kingdom are also using it. Dense medium cyclone is widely used in China. The d.w.p separator is developed abroad, and its effect is very good. The economic benefit of heavy medium preconcentration mainly depends on the waste removal rate. Generally speaking, if the waste removal rate is less than 20 ~ 25%, it has no economic value< In addition, cone concentrators are sometimes used as preconcentration equipment
2: ore dressing
the ore dressing of tin ore generally adopts multi-stage grinding and multi-stage dressing process, because cassiterite is brittle and easier to be over crushed than other associated minerals. The general number of segments is two to four
from the process point of view, if it is necessary to remove sulfide, there is a problem of desulfurization first or later, one-time desulfurization or multiple desulfurization, which should be determined according to the nature of the ore. In the tin separation system itself, according to the experience of our country, a secondary concentrate is proced between the shaker concentrate and the middlings, and it is treated in a centralized way, which is called "secondary concentrate centralized re washing". In addition to part of cassiterite, most of the secondary concentrate is iron tin complex with coarse grain size. This part of the material is separated from the main flow by the re washing process, grinding and separation separately. As a result, the high iron content materials can not be mixed into the general middlings, which will affect the separation of middlings. On the other hand, the separation efficiency of the secondary concentrate can be improved
the main equipments for ore dressing are jigs and shakers, and some use various types of chutes
another major problem of ore dressing system is how to rece the over crushing of cassiterite. The key to solve the problem is to try to make the cassiterite which has become a monomer no longer re grinding. At present, multi-stage grinding, multi-stage separation and fine screen as the closed-circuit equipment of grinding are all feasible schemes< It is also a successful experience of tin beneficiation in China
3: slime treatment
China has accumulated rich experience in slime treatment, with international advanced level
the slime treatment process is divided into two parts: slime pretreatment and slime separation
the pretreatment part of slime includes concentration (regrouping) and concentration of slime, so as to ensure the quantity balance and quality stability (particle size, concentration, etc.) of ore feeding into the slime separation system
since the mid-1960s, the tin slime treatment process, which is composed of a series of slime separation equipment developed by China, has attracted the attention of the international mineral processing instry. The core part of this technological process is centrifuge belt chute grooved slime shaker, and the final concentrate is obtained from the shaker. In addition, according to recent progress, the possibility of using only two centrifuges to get lean middlings or even rich middlings is becoming a reality
the tin ore slime treatment process with Chinese characteristics has been in a more perfect stage after 20 years of changes. At the same time, foreign slime treatment equipment and processes are constantly emerging, such as the application of small diameter hydrocyclone, Bartley mozley turning bed and cross flow belt, cassiterite flotation process and so on. China is also graally introcing and digesting these new equipment and new processes, so that the slime treatment process is improving
4: cassiterite flotation
cassiterite flotation technology appeared 60 years ago. The first cassiterite flotation workshop (50t / D) established in Germany with oleic acid as collector was put into operation in 1938. It has been 50 years since then. However, the cassiterite flotation process has not been widely used in proction. The number of cassiterite flotation workshops that have been put into operation is very small. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the cost of reagents is too high; secondly, the toxic effect of reagents on the environment can not be ignored. However, as far as the mineral processing technology is concerned, cassiterite flotation process has made progress, especially in the new flotation agent, which has opened up a broader field, especially the emergence of arsenate and phosphonic acid cassiterite flotation agents (typical examples are toluenesulfonic acid and styrene phosphonic acid), which has significantly improved the flotation efficiency. Cassiterite flotation plants have been established in Yunnan and Guangxi in China. In 1975, a 100 t / D cassiterite flotation plant was built in Changpo concentrator, Guangxi. Mixed toluidine arsonic acid was used as collector. The feed grade of tin was 0.6%, the concentrate grade of tin was 25%, and the recovery rate of tin was 65%
although there are some problems in the practice of cassiterite flotation, with the development of technology and economy, it will be used more widely as one of the methods of tin ore beneficiation
5: magnetic separation
in the early 1970s, the wet high intensity magnetic separator made great progress in iron ore dressing, and was soon introced into the tin dressing process, and more and more showed its important role in tin dressing
in tin beneficiation process, it can be generally used in three parts:
(1) magnetic separation of raw ore
after preparation, the raw ore is treated by magnetic separation before entering the separation operation. In a sense, this can also be called magnetic grading (as opposed to grading by particle size). The non-magnetic part and the magnetic part respectively enter into the main stream of gravity separation. Among them, the non-magnetic part is relatively easy to process, which can obtain higher recovery and concentrate grade, while the magnetic part is more difficult to separate, which can not demand high-quality procts, but proce more middlings or even poor middlings. The same is true for other parts
(2) magnetic separation of secondary concentrate
as mentioned above, the secondary concentrate contains more iron minerals, which is a good part of magnetic separation
(3) concentrate magnetic separation
setting magnetic separation in the above two parts requires the separation of cassiterite and iron ore as much as possible. However, this is in contradiction with the purpose of recing the over crushing of cassiterite. After iron minerals enter the concentrate as a combination, they can be ground more fully, and there is less concern about over crushing cassiterite. Therefore, in practice, this scheme is accepted by more people.
9.
Crushers: jaw crusher, hammer crusher, impact crusher, cone crusher, toothed roller crusher, double roller crusher, etc. Ball mill: Superfine laminated autogenous mill, cement ball mill, cone ball mill, ceramic ball mill, energy saving ball mill, high energy ball mill, high fine ball mill, lattice ball mill, overflow ball mill, etc
screening and classification equipment: multi frequency dewatering screen, high frequency screen, circular vibrating screen, linear vibrating screen, roller screen, finished proct screen, spiral classifier, etc
magnetic separator: wet magnetic separator, dry magnetic separator; High magnetic field magnetic separator, medium magnetic field magnetic separator and low magnetic field magnetic separator; River sand magnetic separator, wet permanent magnetic drum separator, etc
flotation machine: full section airlift micro bubble flotation machine, SF flotation machine, XJK series flotation machine, stirring flotation machine, etc
beneficiation auxiliary equipment: vibrating feeder, trough feeder, mixing drum, bucket elevator, belt conveyor, penlum feeder, electromagnetic vibrating feeder, high efficiency thickener, disc granulator, disc feeder, ore washer, shaker, spiral chute, hydrocyclone, jig, tailings recovery machine, cement mill / raw material mill, MBS rod mill, etc
drying and calcining equipment: dryer, rotary kiln, etc. dfg www.zzjtqmj.com . dfg
10.
MD5 SHA1 sha256 these three kinds of essence are summary function, their length MD5 is 128 bits, SHA1 is 160 bits, sha256 is 256 bits
MD5 processes the input information in 512 bit packets, and each packet is divided into 16 32-bit sub packets. After a series of processing, the output of the algorithm is composed of four 32-bit packets, and a 128 bit hash value will be generated after cascading the four 32-bit packets
for messages less than 2 ^ 64 bits in length, SHA1 generates a 160 bit message digest. When a message is received, the message digest can be used to verify the integrity of the data
Thehash value is used as a unique value representing a fixed size of a large amount of data. A small change in the data can result in an unpredictable large number of changes in the hash value. The hash size of sha256 algorithm is 256 bits
{rrrrrrr}
extended data
the application of MD5 algorithm:
1, consistency verification
MD5 can proce an equally unique "digital fingerprint" for any file (regardless of its size, format and quantity). If anyone makes any changes to the file, Its MD5 value, that is, the corresponding "digital fingerprint", will change
MD5 algorithm is widely used in software download station, forum database, system file security and so on
2. The typical application of digital signature
MD5 is to generate fingerprint on a message (byte string) to prevent it from being "tampered"
for example, you can write a paragraph in a file called readme.txt, generate an MD5 value for the readme.txt and record it. Then you can spread the file to others. If others modify any content in the file, you will find that (the two MD5 values are not the same) when you recalculate MD5 for the file
if there is a third-party certification authority, MD5 can also prevent the "repudiation" of the file author, which is the so-called digital signature application
MD5 is also widely used in the login authentication of operating system, such as UNIX, login password of various BSD systems, digital signature and so on. For example, in UNIX system, the user's password is stored in the file system after hash operation with MD5 (or other similar algorithm)Hot content