Wumiao roadheader of China Mining University
Publish: 2021-04-26 04:15:06
1. General undercover volume refers to the depth of undercover, generally about 250mm, is a parameter of roadheader
the undercover amount of roadheader can be divided into two types: the undercover amount of cutting department and the undercover amount of shipping department
the undercover amount of the cutting part (gun head) refers to the distance from the ground to the lowest point of the cutting head when the lifting cylinder is fully retracted
the undercover amount of the loading Department (shovel plate) refers to the distance from the ground to the top of the shovel plate when the shovel plate cylinder is fully extended.
the undercover amount of roadheader can be divided into two types: the undercover amount of cutting department and the undercover amount of shipping department
the undercover amount of the cutting part (gun head) refers to the distance from the ground to the lowest point of the cutting head when the lifting cylinder is fully retracted
the undercover amount of the loading Department (shovel plate) refers to the distance from the ground to the top of the shovel plate when the shovel plate cylinder is fully extended.
2. On December 16, 2013,
glory brand was released, officially becoming Huawei's intelligent terminal brand, launching glory 3C, glory 3x, Jian Hongmi and Xiaomi, and launching Huawei meow king, which has become a milestone event in the development history of Huawei's terminals<
on February 23, 2014,
glory released the glory x1, 7-inch crossover tablet phone at Barcelona Telecom exhibition, which is called the first God toy for young people.
on March 19,
before the release of red rice note, glory fun version was released in advance, 998, which was one yuan lower than the high configuration version of red rice note, with 15 million bookings, breaking the record set by red rice note, On April 8, the glory carnival was held. In the same 12 hours, it was jointly launched on six platforms: vmall, tmall, Jingdong, Suning, No.1 store and Eason, with 1.08 million units on sale free of appointment, including the glory 3x, glory 3C, glory x1, glory carnival, Huawei secret box, Huawei wangqifa, original film, mobile phone back shell, original leather case, mobile phone back cover, and so on Earphones and other accessories are folded in four, Zhihui cloud online games recharge, charge 100, free 100 (1000 capped), mobile phone users who buy on the same day will get a top 10 game gift bag worth 518 yuan. It's better than the rice noodle festival. Carnival of glory is selling 200 million dollars a day< On May 22, the 4 million unit of glory 3C came off the proction line. Meanwhile, Huawei glory released the glory 3C 4G version, and for the first time cooperated with the mobile Internet giant Tencent to launch a series of marketing activities on Tencent QQ, such as appointment of the glory 3C 4G version.
on June 25, Huawei glory launched the brand slogan "be brave to be yourself" to promote the brand concept different from "fever", The target audience is defined as "rational communitarianism". They don't play cards according to common sense, but they all know who they are and where they want to go. They are rational, cool and have different personalities, but they are on the right track< In addition, the company launched its flagship of the year, the world's first eight core 4G mobile phone glory 6, equipped with Huawei's self-developed CPU hisilic Kirin 920, and the world's first flagship machine glory 6 supporting Cat 6. At the same time, it launched a number of new procts such as glory 3C Telecom version, glory cube and glory bracelet.
on August 24, glory launched glory 3C fun version at a price of only 599 yuan, At the same time, it also released the first tablet proct, glory tablet, with a price of 799< On July 28, Huawei glory, the most powerful Internet brand in China's hardware, announced a strategic cooperation with iqiyi, the most influential internet content provider in China, and released its first cooperative model, iqiyi x1. Users can enjoy the privilege of iqiyi's 180 yuan gold membership. There is no advertisement in the whole station (except for a small number of American dramas). When watching video programs in iqiyi, users no longer have to worry and wait for the advertisements before and ring the pause of the program; In addition, purchasing users also have exclusive noble member logo to show their noble identity< On August 24
Huawei glory officially launched two new procts, the glory 3C fun edition and the first tablet proct, the glory tablet, in Beijing's fashion landmark World Trade Center. Previously known as "little apple", the glory 3C Changyou Version (Mobile 3G version) has finally unveiled the mystery, while the lowest standard version is only 599 yuan. In addition, glory also released the first "fun and inexpensive" glory tablet on the same day, with the lowest price of 799 yuan< On September 19,
Huawei glory, Tesla and yhouse jointly held the "2014 Huawei glory · Tesla geek Tour" officially launched, and glory cooperated with world-famous technology brands for the first time to create the most cool and high-end extreme technology peak experience.
on September 22,
Huawei glory released the first Telecom 4G mobile phone of glory series, Changhan 4, with 64 bit snapdragon 410 processor, It supports Telecom 4G, al card and al standby, and has cortical texture. The price is 799 yuan
on September 28th, glory 6 was listed in Malaysia
on October 8th, glory 6 was listed in South Korea, and will be further listed in Western Europe and other countries
October 13
glory released the changplay brand, and the glory changplay 4 mobile and Unicom versions, changplay bracelet and glory 6 supreme procts
glory changplay 4 is the first batch of procts released by changplay brand, which meets the needs of users for extremely high price procts. Glory Game 4 is equipped with a 64 bit A53 architecture processor of Qualcomm snapdragon, with the main frequency of 1.2Ghz. It is manufactured by TSMC 28nm LP process, and the GPU is Adreno 306, which can be regarded as a work of extremely high performance and price
changplay bracelet is the first wearable device of glory changplay brand, demonstrating the extreme beauty of "health Idol". It adopts the instry-leading 8-level waterproof technology of electronic bag and UV fully enclosed waterproof technology of battery, which can automatically record the daily activity steps, distance and calorie consumption. It also has a cool wrist screen, caller ID display, telephone number display and other functions Anti lost vibration reminder and remote photo taking function
the glory 6 supreme edition is equipped with Huawei's strongest Kirin 928 processor, the main frequency is 2.0GHz, and is packaged in a noble gift box. The price is 2999 yuan, and the limited number is only 9999 sets
at the same time, it also announced the sales volume of glory 6, which has exceeded 2 million since it was released on June 24[ 5]
on October 17
Huawei glory and Beijing Film Academy jointly launched the glory new power video competition. Thousands of Beiying students and many film talents will compete for the seats of 12 mobile phone directors. The 12 directors will shoot a 6-8 minute film with glory 6 mobile phone and run for the best new director position in December, so as to encourage more young people to give full play to their talents, To create new films that belong to one's own life course[ 6]
October 24
the concert of Huawei glory and Gao Xiaosong's works was held in Shenzhen. Ye Bei, Chen Chusheng, Tan Weiwei and Zhou Ziyan were invited to perform on site, and then they will sing in Beijing and Hangzhou successively. The concert site is divided into three parts: "bravery", "love" and "Youth", The setting of the three links exactly echoes Huawei's glorious brand spirit: be brave and be yourself[ 7]
on October 28,
glory launched the glory brand in Germany and launched glory 6, which was sold in 14 European countries, including Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the UK, the Netherlands, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland. Within 24 hours, the first batch of procts of glory 6 sold out in Europe, which set the fastest sales record of Huawei consumer BG in Europe. In addition, glory 6 has been ranked as the best-selling mobile phone in five Amazon websites including Germany, France, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom. On Amazon website in France, glory 6 has surpassed iPhone 6 in the fourth place among all Amazon's technology procts; In the mobile phone category, the glory 6 black and white models ranked first and second among the best-selling mobile phones at one stroke, showing their popularity[ 8]
on November 1, Huawei glory joined hands with Migu music to launch the music tour of Huawei glory. Migu and its friends invited Hu Yanbin, Huang Yida, Wang Ruolin, Hu Xia, Liu Xin and Zhang Liangying to sing bravely in 10 cities
on November 11
Huawei glory ushered in the annual double 11 sales promotion and launched the "search and draw Festival". On that day, its sales exceeded 1.06 billion, ranking second in tmall's whole network business, and first in the mobile phone category of five e-commerce platforms (Jingdong, Suning e-buy, store 1, Amazon, vipshop)[ 9]
November 12
Chen penbin, the first person of China's extreme marathon, set foot on the journey to challenge the 100 extreme marathon in Antarctica. Huawei glory supports Chen penbin's determination to challenge, jointly challenge the ice limit and witness the historical feat[ 10]
on November 21
Huawei gloriously sponsored and supported Chen penbin's 100 km extreme race in Antarctica. Chen penbin won the championship and became the first player in the world to complete the extreme race on seven continents, setting a milestone that is difficult to surpass. Chen penbin bravely launched his flag in Antarctica with glory, encouraging all people to pursue their own ultimate glory. Chen also carries glory 6, which works normally at ultra-low temperature, which also proves the extreme performance of glory procts[ 11]
on November 23, Liu Jiangfeng, President of Huawei glory business department, attended the 14th China MBA Development Forum, exchanged views with instry colleagues on the Internet development of enterprises, and delivered a speech entitled "Huawei glory Internet road". Liu Jiangfeng announced his glorious achievements on the spot, breaking through from US $100 million to US $2 billion in one year. Liu Jiangfeng pointed out that he did not regard Xiaomi as an opponent, and the targets were apple and Samsung. Glory is a global brand at the beginning. Glory hopes to show the strength of China's "new domestic procts" in the global market, and make glory a leading mobile phone brand in the world. Liu Jiangfeng also put forward a series of views, including that mobile phone manufacturers are trying to practice the road of instry 4.0, from traditional precision machining to the development of intelligent manufacturing and intelligent robots, and to meet the more diversified needs of users by building a perfect ecological chain[ 12]
on November 24, Huawei glory official microblog announced that the annual flagship new proct will be named glory 6 plus. It is said that the machine will be "the most flagship mobile phone of 2014" and will integrate "science and aesthetics" and "explore geometric and visual limits". At the same time, the official microblog also announced that the machine will "seek defeat alone", It seems to imply that the glory 6 plus will be a mobile phone without rivals. The name of glory 6 plus is quite intriguing. Some netizens even think that glory 6 plus may come for iPhone 6 plus[ 13]
at the end of 2014, Huawei glory released its annual closing flagship "glory 6plus", with annual revenue of nearly US $3 billion, growth rate of nearly 30 times and sales volume of more than 20 million. At & quot; 2014 China's new talent list & quot; At the conference, Mr. Rong Yaorong picked up & quot; Special Contribution Award for optimizing life & quot[ 14]
on March 24, 2015
at 12:00 am local time in India, Huawei glory officially released two procts, glory 6plus and glory play 4x, in New Delhi. This is another big move of Huawei glory after a series of procts, such as glory 3C, glory 6 and glory 3C play edition, have made great achievements in Indian smartphone market. In order to create momentum for the proct release, the number one movie star in Bollywood, India, Abu Shek baqiang, was invited to the scene, causing a wave of climax. In addition, the whole event was broadcast live on youtube, becoming the first mobile phone brand in China to realize global live broadcast on YouTube[ 15]
glory brand was released, officially becoming Huawei's intelligent terminal brand, launching glory 3C, glory 3x, Jian Hongmi and Xiaomi, and launching Huawei meow king, which has become a milestone event in the development history of Huawei's terminals<
on February 23, 2014,
glory released the glory x1, 7-inch crossover tablet phone at Barcelona Telecom exhibition, which is called the first God toy for young people.
on March 19,
before the release of red rice note, glory fun version was released in advance, 998, which was one yuan lower than the high configuration version of red rice note, with 15 million bookings, breaking the record set by red rice note, On April 8, the glory carnival was held. In the same 12 hours, it was jointly launched on six platforms: vmall, tmall, Jingdong, Suning, No.1 store and Eason, with 1.08 million units on sale free of appointment, including the glory 3x, glory 3C, glory x1, glory carnival, Huawei secret box, Huawei wangqifa, original film, mobile phone back shell, original leather case, mobile phone back cover, and so on Earphones and other accessories are folded in four, Zhihui cloud online games recharge, charge 100, free 100 (1000 capped), mobile phone users who buy on the same day will get a top 10 game gift bag worth 518 yuan. It's better than the rice noodle festival. Carnival of glory is selling 200 million dollars a day< On May 22, the 4 million unit of glory 3C came off the proction line. Meanwhile, Huawei glory released the glory 3C 4G version, and for the first time cooperated with the mobile Internet giant Tencent to launch a series of marketing activities on Tencent QQ, such as appointment of the glory 3C 4G version.
on June 25, Huawei glory launched the brand slogan "be brave to be yourself" to promote the brand concept different from "fever", The target audience is defined as "rational communitarianism". They don't play cards according to common sense, but they all know who they are and where they want to go. They are rational, cool and have different personalities, but they are on the right track< In addition, the company launched its flagship of the year, the world's first eight core 4G mobile phone glory 6, equipped with Huawei's self-developed CPU hisilic Kirin 920, and the world's first flagship machine glory 6 supporting Cat 6. At the same time, it launched a number of new procts such as glory 3C Telecom version, glory cube and glory bracelet.
on August 24, glory launched glory 3C fun version at a price of only 599 yuan, At the same time, it also released the first tablet proct, glory tablet, with a price of 799< On July 28, Huawei glory, the most powerful Internet brand in China's hardware, announced a strategic cooperation with iqiyi, the most influential internet content provider in China, and released its first cooperative model, iqiyi x1. Users can enjoy the privilege of iqiyi's 180 yuan gold membership. There is no advertisement in the whole station (except for a small number of American dramas). When watching video programs in iqiyi, users no longer have to worry and wait for the advertisements before and ring the pause of the program; In addition, purchasing users also have exclusive noble member logo to show their noble identity< On August 24
Huawei glory officially launched two new procts, the glory 3C fun edition and the first tablet proct, the glory tablet, in Beijing's fashion landmark World Trade Center. Previously known as "little apple", the glory 3C Changyou Version (Mobile 3G version) has finally unveiled the mystery, while the lowest standard version is only 599 yuan. In addition, glory also released the first "fun and inexpensive" glory tablet on the same day, with the lowest price of 799 yuan< On September 19,
Huawei glory, Tesla and yhouse jointly held the "2014 Huawei glory · Tesla geek Tour" officially launched, and glory cooperated with world-famous technology brands for the first time to create the most cool and high-end extreme technology peak experience.
on September 22,
Huawei glory released the first Telecom 4G mobile phone of glory series, Changhan 4, with 64 bit snapdragon 410 processor, It supports Telecom 4G, al card and al standby, and has cortical texture. The price is 799 yuan
on September 28th, glory 6 was listed in Malaysia
on October 8th, glory 6 was listed in South Korea, and will be further listed in Western Europe and other countries
October 13
glory released the changplay brand, and the glory changplay 4 mobile and Unicom versions, changplay bracelet and glory 6 supreme procts
glory changplay 4 is the first batch of procts released by changplay brand, which meets the needs of users for extremely high price procts. Glory Game 4 is equipped with a 64 bit A53 architecture processor of Qualcomm snapdragon, with the main frequency of 1.2Ghz. It is manufactured by TSMC 28nm LP process, and the GPU is Adreno 306, which can be regarded as a work of extremely high performance and price
changplay bracelet is the first wearable device of glory changplay brand, demonstrating the extreme beauty of "health Idol". It adopts the instry-leading 8-level waterproof technology of electronic bag and UV fully enclosed waterproof technology of battery, which can automatically record the daily activity steps, distance and calorie consumption. It also has a cool wrist screen, caller ID display, telephone number display and other functions Anti lost vibration reminder and remote photo taking function
the glory 6 supreme edition is equipped with Huawei's strongest Kirin 928 processor, the main frequency is 2.0GHz, and is packaged in a noble gift box. The price is 2999 yuan, and the limited number is only 9999 sets
at the same time, it also announced the sales volume of glory 6, which has exceeded 2 million since it was released on June 24[ 5]
on October 17
Huawei glory and Beijing Film Academy jointly launched the glory new power video competition. Thousands of Beiying students and many film talents will compete for the seats of 12 mobile phone directors. The 12 directors will shoot a 6-8 minute film with glory 6 mobile phone and run for the best new director position in December, so as to encourage more young people to give full play to their talents, To create new films that belong to one's own life course[ 6]
October 24
the concert of Huawei glory and Gao Xiaosong's works was held in Shenzhen. Ye Bei, Chen Chusheng, Tan Weiwei and Zhou Ziyan were invited to perform on site, and then they will sing in Beijing and Hangzhou successively. The concert site is divided into three parts: "bravery", "love" and "Youth", The setting of the three links exactly echoes Huawei's glorious brand spirit: be brave and be yourself[ 7]
on October 28,
glory launched the glory brand in Germany and launched glory 6, which was sold in 14 European countries, including Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the UK, the Netherlands, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland. Within 24 hours, the first batch of procts of glory 6 sold out in Europe, which set the fastest sales record of Huawei consumer BG in Europe. In addition, glory 6 has been ranked as the best-selling mobile phone in five Amazon websites including Germany, France, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom. On Amazon website in France, glory 6 has surpassed iPhone 6 in the fourth place among all Amazon's technology procts; In the mobile phone category, the glory 6 black and white models ranked first and second among the best-selling mobile phones at one stroke, showing their popularity[ 8]
on November 1, Huawei glory joined hands with Migu music to launch the music tour of Huawei glory. Migu and its friends invited Hu Yanbin, Huang Yida, Wang Ruolin, Hu Xia, Liu Xin and Zhang Liangying to sing bravely in 10 cities
on November 11
Huawei glory ushered in the annual double 11 sales promotion and launched the "search and draw Festival". On that day, its sales exceeded 1.06 billion, ranking second in tmall's whole network business, and first in the mobile phone category of five e-commerce platforms (Jingdong, Suning e-buy, store 1, Amazon, vipshop)[ 9]
November 12
Chen penbin, the first person of China's extreme marathon, set foot on the journey to challenge the 100 extreme marathon in Antarctica. Huawei glory supports Chen penbin's determination to challenge, jointly challenge the ice limit and witness the historical feat[ 10]
on November 21
Huawei gloriously sponsored and supported Chen penbin's 100 km extreme race in Antarctica. Chen penbin won the championship and became the first player in the world to complete the extreme race on seven continents, setting a milestone that is difficult to surpass. Chen penbin bravely launched his flag in Antarctica with glory, encouraging all people to pursue their own ultimate glory. Chen also carries glory 6, which works normally at ultra-low temperature, which also proves the extreme performance of glory procts[ 11]
on November 23, Liu Jiangfeng, President of Huawei glory business department, attended the 14th China MBA Development Forum, exchanged views with instry colleagues on the Internet development of enterprises, and delivered a speech entitled "Huawei glory Internet road". Liu Jiangfeng announced his glorious achievements on the spot, breaking through from US $100 million to US $2 billion in one year. Liu Jiangfeng pointed out that he did not regard Xiaomi as an opponent, and the targets were apple and Samsung. Glory is a global brand at the beginning. Glory hopes to show the strength of China's "new domestic procts" in the global market, and make glory a leading mobile phone brand in the world. Liu Jiangfeng also put forward a series of views, including that mobile phone manufacturers are trying to practice the road of instry 4.0, from traditional precision machining to the development of intelligent manufacturing and intelligent robots, and to meet the more diversified needs of users by building a perfect ecological chain[ 12]
on November 24, Huawei glory official microblog announced that the annual flagship new proct will be named glory 6 plus. It is said that the machine will be "the most flagship mobile phone of 2014" and will integrate "science and aesthetics" and "explore geometric and visual limits". At the same time, the official microblog also announced that the machine will "seek defeat alone", It seems to imply that the glory 6 plus will be a mobile phone without rivals. The name of glory 6 plus is quite intriguing. Some netizens even think that glory 6 plus may come for iPhone 6 plus[ 13]
at the end of 2014, Huawei glory released its annual closing flagship "glory 6plus", with annual revenue of nearly US $3 billion, growth rate of nearly 30 times and sales volume of more than 20 million. At & quot; 2014 China's new talent list & quot; At the conference, Mr. Rong Yaorong picked up & quot; Special Contribution Award for optimizing life & quot[ 14]
on March 24, 2015
at 12:00 am local time in India, Huawei glory officially released two procts, glory 6plus and glory play 4x, in New Delhi. This is another big move of Huawei glory after a series of procts, such as glory 3C, glory 6 and glory 3C play edition, have made great achievements in Indian smartphone market. In order to create momentum for the proct release, the number one movie star in Bollywood, India, Abu Shek baqiang, was invited to the scene, causing a wave of climax. In addition, the whole event was broadcast live on youtube, becoming the first mobile phone brand in China to realize global live broadcast on YouTube[ 15]
3.
Working principle: as the walking mechanism moves forward, the cutting head in the working mechanism continuously breaks the rock and transports the broken rock away. Under the axial pressure of the propulsion oil cylinder, the electric motor drives the cutter head to rotate to cut and crush the rock. There is a scoop bucket around it, which is unloaded onto the transport belt with the rotation. Hard rock doesn't need support, while soft rock can be sprayed, poured with concrete or assembled with prefabricated blocks
the cutter head working mechanism of roadheader is a cutter head which cuts the rock layer on the whole section of tunnel, which is divided into two types: plane cutter head and spherical cutter head. The disc is equipped with dozens of hobs, which are arranged in concentric shaft type, planetary shaft type, etc. The cutter head working mechanism is separated from other parts by a baffle plate. A spray device and a st suction device are arranged in front of the baffle for st removal. There is a cab behind the baffle, sound insulation equipment, hydraulic control valve and laser guiding equipment in it, which is convenient to control the direction of the roadheader according to the design axis of the tunnel
when tunneling, the motor drives each transmission mechanism to make the cutter head of the working mechanism rotate, and the hydraulic cylinder presses the cutter to the rock wall of the working face. Under the action of axial thrust, the blades of all hobs press against the rock wall and roll continuously. At this time, the rock is crushed by the extrusion force of the blade, and the whole rock wall of the working face is carved with grooves and rock circles of concentric rings (or hypocycloids); At the same time, the lateral force proced by the wedge on both sides of the hob squeezing the groove will shear and break the rock circle. The fallen ballast is picked up by several continuously rotating loading buckets in turn. When it is turned to the highest position, it is unloaded into the receiving groove of the belt conveyor, and then transferred to the rail car and transported out of the tunnel
extended data:
features of roadheader: the power of roadheader is strong, and it is combined operation, so the driving speed is high; At the same time, the tunnel wall is even, the over excavation is small (only 1 / 4 of the drilling and blasting method), and the lining material can be saved; Because there is no need for blasting, it will not disturb the surrounding rock, and the operation is automatic, and the construction safety can be guaranteed. The disadvantage of this method is that it is large and specific, and can not adapt to different shapes and sizes of tunnel section; It is also difficult to maintain in work; Due to the high investment in the initial stage of construction, it is uneconomic to excavate a short tunnel
Application of roadheader: roadheader has been successfully used in tunnel construction in hard clay, shale, sandstone, limestone, granite and other rock strata, and both horizontal and inclined tunnels can be used; The diameter of the tunnel is from 2.4m to 10.8m. Since the emergence of tunnel boring machine in 1950s, it has been used in mine transportation roadway, water diversion and discharge tunnel, mountain tunnel and underwater tunnel for traffic and cavern for atomic energy engineering
it has been developed in China since the mid-1960s. After nearly 20 years of use and improvement, the structure of the main engine has been basically finalized and the technical performance is improving day by day. It has been able to effectively use the disc cutter to excavate the medium hard rock with the compressive strength of 200 MPa; Driving hard rock with 250 MPa compressive strength by ball tooth (tungsten carbide) hob. For the extremely hard rock with compressive strength over 300 MPa, it is unreasonable economically because of the severe tool wear. At present, further research is being done on the tool life and rock breaking mechanism of roadheader, and high pressure jet is used as auxiliary rock breaking
source of reference:
Network TBM
Network TBM
Network TBM
4.
Wu Miao is a common name, which is distributed in various regions and professional fields in China. This entry is written by Wu Miao, professor and doctoral supervisor of School of mechanical, electrical and information engineering, China University of mining and Technology (Beijing)
5. TBM
original English: tunnel boring machine
Chinese: tunnel boring machine
it is a new and advanced tunnel construction machine which uses rotary cutter to excavate, break the surrounding rock in the tunnel and excavate at the same time to form the whole tunnel section
TBM (tunnel boring machine) is a new and advanced tunnel construction machine, which uses rotary cutters to excavate, break the surrounding rock in the tunnel and excavate at the same time to form the whole tunnel section; Compared with the current commonly used methods, TBM integrates drilling, tunneling and support, and uses electronic, information, telemetry, remote control and other high-tech to guide and monitor all operations, so that the tunneling process is always in the best state. Internationally, it has been widely used in water conservancy and hydropower, mining, transportation, municipal, national defense and other projects. There are basically two kinds of tunnel boring machines: one is boom type drilling machine, which is used to drill in the tunnel, or small section surface direct drilling machine; The other is full face tunnel boring machine (TBM). For a period of time, TBM has been divided into two categories (Grandori, 1996):
(1) TBM excavating tunnel in rock: this kind of TBM is usually used to excavate long tunnel in rock stratum with good stability, medium to thick buried depth and medium to high strength. The basic problem faced by this kind of roadheader is how to break the rock and maintain the high efficiency and smooth engineering
(2) TBM for tunneling in soft stratum: this kind of TBM is usually used to excavate tunnels of limited length in basically homogeneous soft stratum below the groundwater level with limited pressure. The basic problems faced by this kind of roadheader are cavity, stability of excavation face, urban surface settlement and so on
at present, there are two types of full face tunnel boring machine in China, one is rock boring machine (TBM), the other is shield machine. TBM is suitable for hard rock tunnel boring machine, shield machine is suitable for soft rock, soil tunnel boring machine. This statement is not true, because now many hard rock TBMs also use shield technology, and TBM originally means tunnel boring machine. In view of the confusion of academic and practical nomenclature, this paper suggests that the unified nomenclature should be adopted in China, which includes "Hard Rock TBM" and "Soft Rock TBM". Hard Rock TBM can be divided into open TBM and shield TBM
Hard Rock TBM is suitable for hard rock driving of mountain tunnel, instead of traditional drilling and blasting method. Under the same conditions, its driving speed is about 4-10 times of conventional drilling and blasting method, and the best daily footage can reach 150m; It has the advantages of high speed, high quality, safety, economy, environmental protection and labor protection. In particular, high efficiency and speed can make the project completed ahead of time and create value ahead of time, which is of great significance to China's modernization
TBM in soft rock is an advanced technology with high speed, good quality and high safety performance, which is suitable for tunnel boring machine in soft surrounding rock construction. Using shield machine to construct interval tunnel can make weak disturbance to soil, do not affect ground buildings and traffic, and rece a large number of ground and underground demolition. The technical development and application of these two kinds of equipment have a very broad prospect in the field of underground engineering in China.
original English: tunnel boring machine
Chinese: tunnel boring machine
it is a new and advanced tunnel construction machine which uses rotary cutter to excavate, break the surrounding rock in the tunnel and excavate at the same time to form the whole tunnel section
TBM (tunnel boring machine) is a new and advanced tunnel construction machine, which uses rotary cutters to excavate, break the surrounding rock in the tunnel and excavate at the same time to form the whole tunnel section; Compared with the current commonly used methods, TBM integrates drilling, tunneling and support, and uses electronic, information, telemetry, remote control and other high-tech to guide and monitor all operations, so that the tunneling process is always in the best state. Internationally, it has been widely used in water conservancy and hydropower, mining, transportation, municipal, national defense and other projects. There are basically two kinds of tunnel boring machines: one is boom type drilling machine, which is used to drill in the tunnel, or small section surface direct drilling machine; The other is full face tunnel boring machine (TBM). For a period of time, TBM has been divided into two categories (Grandori, 1996):
(1) TBM excavating tunnel in rock: this kind of TBM is usually used to excavate long tunnel in rock stratum with good stability, medium to thick buried depth and medium to high strength. The basic problem faced by this kind of roadheader is how to break the rock and maintain the high efficiency and smooth engineering
(2) TBM for tunneling in soft stratum: this kind of TBM is usually used to excavate tunnels of limited length in basically homogeneous soft stratum below the groundwater level with limited pressure. The basic problems faced by this kind of roadheader are cavity, stability of excavation face, urban surface settlement and so on
at present, there are two types of full face tunnel boring machine in China, one is rock boring machine (TBM), the other is shield machine. TBM is suitable for hard rock tunnel boring machine, shield machine is suitable for soft rock, soil tunnel boring machine. This statement is not true, because now many hard rock TBMs also use shield technology, and TBM originally means tunnel boring machine. In view of the confusion of academic and practical nomenclature, this paper suggests that the unified nomenclature should be adopted in China, which includes "Hard Rock TBM" and "Soft Rock TBM". Hard Rock TBM can be divided into open TBM and shield TBM
Hard Rock TBM is suitable for hard rock driving of mountain tunnel, instead of traditional drilling and blasting method. Under the same conditions, its driving speed is about 4-10 times of conventional drilling and blasting method, and the best daily footage can reach 150m; It has the advantages of high speed, high quality, safety, economy, environmental protection and labor protection. In particular, high efficiency and speed can make the project completed ahead of time and create value ahead of time, which is of great significance to China's modernization
TBM in soft rock is an advanced technology with high speed, good quality and high safety performance, which is suitable for tunnel boring machine in soft surrounding rock construction. Using shield machine to construct interval tunnel can make weak disturbance to soil, do not affect ground buildings and traffic, and rece a large number of ground and underground demolition. The technical development and application of these two kinds of equipment have a very broad prospect in the field of underground engineering in China.
6.
Jincheng Jinding Tiandi Coal Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of Jinding coal machinery. Jincheng Jinding Tiandi Coal Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd., registered in Jincheng on November 23, 2010, is mainly engaged in ebz120 roadheader, EBZ160 roadheader, ebz220 roadheader and ebz260 roadheader. We sincerely welcome friends from all walks of life to visit, investigate and negotiate business. In addition, they also have a trading platform, China roadheader trading network, the company's address: No. 1261, Shuyuan street, Jincheng City, Shanxi Province
7. Underground mining
1. Mining sequence and method
for dip angle of 10 ° The above coal seams are generally mined horizontally, and each level is divided into several mining areas. The coal seams in each mining area are mined at the first level in turn, and then transferred to the next level after mining. When mining the near horizontal coal seam, the coal seam is divided into several panels. After the shaft reaches the coal seam in the center of the mine field, the panel near the shaft is mined first, and then the panel far away is mined. If there are two or more coal seams, the top coal seam of the first level should be mined first, and then another coal seam should be mined from top to bottom, and then transferred to the second level after mining
according to the coal caving technology, there are three types of underground coal mining: mechanical coal caving, blasting coal caving and hydraulic coal caving. The former two are called dry mining, and the latter is called water mining. In China, water mining wells account for only 1.57%. Dry mining includes wall mining method and pillar mining method. The working face of wall mining method is long, generally 100-200 m, which can accommodate mining machinery with large power and high proction capacity, so it has large output and high efficiency. The working face of pillar mining method is short, generally 6-30 M. because the working face is short and the roof is easy to maintain, the support cost is reced, and the main disadvantage is the low recovery rate< Proction system includes coal mining system, tunneling system, ventilation system, drainage system, power supply system, auxiliary transportation system and safety system
the coal mining system includes coal dropping and loading at the working face, and the coal is transported from the working face to the bottom yard until it is lifted to the ground. The main roadways include coal mining face, mining area chute, mining area uphill, horizontal transportation roadway, crosscut, etc. The main equipment is shearer, transport machinery, support equipment and hoist
tunneling system is to ensure the continuous proction, that is, at the same time of current proction, new working face, mining area and proction level should be excavated for replacement. It includes the driving face, the gangue transported to the bottom yard, and then transported to the stacking place after the auxiliary shaft is lifted. The main equipment includes tunneling, support, transportation, lifting and other equipment, as well as pneumatic rock drill, air compressor and its pipeline
the ventilation system is composed of inlet air shaft, return air shaft, fan and underground ventilation facilities such as air bridge and air door
the drainage system is composed of ditch, sump, pump chamber, pump and drainage pipeline in the roadway
the power supply system should not be interrupted to ensure safety, so the power supply current is double loop, and the electrical equipment entering the mining area and return air ct must be mine explosion-proof type to prevent gas explosion
the auxiliary transportation system includes the transportation of personnel, materials and equipment
the safety system includes the rescue equipment, facilities, apparatus, instruments and monitoring system for the prevention of gas explosion, gas outburst and underground fire and flood< Mining working face is the working place of underground coal mining. With the progress of coal mining, the working face continues to move forward, and the original stope becomes the goaf. The working proceres of longwall working face include coal breaking, coal loading, coal transportation, support and roof control; Short wall face has only the first four processes. With drum shearer as the main component, the comprehensive mechanized equipment of longwall working face can complete five main processes, which is called comprehensive mechanized coal mining, referred to as fully mechanized coal mining, which is called fully mechanized working face
the driving face is the working place of roadway driving, which is divided into rock roadway, coal roadway and semi coal rock roadway. The excavation process is divided into rock breaking, loading and supporting. There are two tunneling methods, one is drilling and blasting, the other is using roadheader. The former has a wide range of applications but low degree of mechanization, while the latter includes full face rock roadheader and cantilever roadheader. Generally, cantilever roadheader is widely used in coal mines, including roadheader, transfer machine, transport machine and support equipment, which make up of comprehensive mechanization of tunneling and complete three main processes, which is called comprehensive tunneling< According to the geological conditions and actual proction conditions of China's coal mines, the mechanization is divided into three levels:
ordinary mechanized coal mining, referred to as general mining, the working face is equipped with Shearer, flexible chain plate conveyor, friction type metal pillar and metal top beam equipment, which can complete the first three processes of mechanization, but the power is small, The annual output of general working face is 150000-200000 t
high grade general mechanized coal mining is referred to as high grade general mining. The working face is equipped with Shearer, bendable chain plate conveyor, hydraulic prop and metal top beam, which can make the first three processes mechanized. Due to the hydraulic prop, the roof is maintained in good condition. Although the support and roof control are operated by hand, the labor intensity is greatly reced and the power is large. The annual output is 200000-300000 tons
comprehensive mechanized coal mining, referred to as fully mechanized mining. It can complete the mechanization of five processes. At present, the performance is constantly improved, the ability is constantly increased, the operation is increasingly simplified, and the application scope is further expanded. The highest record is the working face of the first fully mechanized mining team in Wangzhuang mine of Shanxi Lu'an Mining Bureau, with an annual output of 2.53 million tons
open pit mining
removing the overlying rock and covering from the coal seam to make the coal open to the surface is called open pit mining, in which the process of removing soil and rock is called stripping, and the process of mining coal is called coal mining. Open pit mining usually divides the mine field into several horizontal layers, mining layer by layer from top to bottom, forming a ladder shape in space< The main proction links are as follows: firstly, rock coal is loosened and broken by piercing blasting and machinery in advance; secondly, rock coal is extracted from the whole body by mining equipment, loaded into transportation equipment and transported to the designated place, and the stripped materials in the transportation equipment are discharged into the stacking yard according to the procere; The coal is unloaded at the coal preparation plant or other unloading point
2. Main advantages and disadvantages
the advantages are that the proction space is not limited, large-scale mechanical equipment can be used, the mine scale is large, the labor efficiency is high, the proction cost is low, and the construction speed is fast. In addition, the recovery rate of resources can reach more than 90%, the utilization of resources is reasonable, the working conditions are good, the safety is guaranteed, and the mortality rate is only about 1 / 30 of the underground mining
the main disadvantage is that it takes up a lot of land, which will cause certain environmental pollution, and the proction process is restricted by terrain and climate conditions. In terms of resources, the requirements for coal occurrence conditions are strict, and it is only suitable for mining areas with shallow burial and thick coal seam< The first open pit mine in China is Fushun West open pit mine, which was built in 1914. Since the founding of new China, 78 open-pit mines have been built with a total design scale of 50.85 million T / A. among them, Antaibao open-pit mine is the largest with a scale of 15.33 million T / A, followed by Huolinhe mine with a scale of 10 million T / A. There are also large-scale open-pit mines under construction in Heidaigou, Junggar, with a scale of 12 million T / A, Yuanbaoshan 5 million T / A, Yimin 5 million T / A, etc. With the development of large-scale open-pit mining equipment, the annual output of open-pit mine is expected to reach 100 million tons in 2000.
1. Mining sequence and method
for dip angle of 10 ° The above coal seams are generally mined horizontally, and each level is divided into several mining areas. The coal seams in each mining area are mined at the first level in turn, and then transferred to the next level after mining. When mining the near horizontal coal seam, the coal seam is divided into several panels. After the shaft reaches the coal seam in the center of the mine field, the panel near the shaft is mined first, and then the panel far away is mined. If there are two or more coal seams, the top coal seam of the first level should be mined first, and then another coal seam should be mined from top to bottom, and then transferred to the second level after mining
according to the coal caving technology, there are three types of underground coal mining: mechanical coal caving, blasting coal caving and hydraulic coal caving. The former two are called dry mining, and the latter is called water mining. In China, water mining wells account for only 1.57%. Dry mining includes wall mining method and pillar mining method. The working face of wall mining method is long, generally 100-200 m, which can accommodate mining machinery with large power and high proction capacity, so it has large output and high efficiency. The working face of pillar mining method is short, generally 6-30 M. because the working face is short and the roof is easy to maintain, the support cost is reced, and the main disadvantage is the low recovery rate< Proction system includes coal mining system, tunneling system, ventilation system, drainage system, power supply system, auxiliary transportation system and safety system
the coal mining system includes coal dropping and loading at the working face, and the coal is transported from the working face to the bottom yard until it is lifted to the ground. The main roadways include coal mining face, mining area chute, mining area uphill, horizontal transportation roadway, crosscut, etc. The main equipment is shearer, transport machinery, support equipment and hoist
tunneling system is to ensure the continuous proction, that is, at the same time of current proction, new working face, mining area and proction level should be excavated for replacement. It includes the driving face, the gangue transported to the bottom yard, and then transported to the stacking place after the auxiliary shaft is lifted. The main equipment includes tunneling, support, transportation, lifting and other equipment, as well as pneumatic rock drill, air compressor and its pipeline
the ventilation system is composed of inlet air shaft, return air shaft, fan and underground ventilation facilities such as air bridge and air door
the drainage system is composed of ditch, sump, pump chamber, pump and drainage pipeline in the roadway
the power supply system should not be interrupted to ensure safety, so the power supply current is double loop, and the electrical equipment entering the mining area and return air ct must be mine explosion-proof type to prevent gas explosion
the auxiliary transportation system includes the transportation of personnel, materials and equipment
the safety system includes the rescue equipment, facilities, apparatus, instruments and monitoring system for the prevention of gas explosion, gas outburst and underground fire and flood< Mining working face is the working place of underground coal mining. With the progress of coal mining, the working face continues to move forward, and the original stope becomes the goaf. The working proceres of longwall working face include coal breaking, coal loading, coal transportation, support and roof control; Short wall face has only the first four processes. With drum shearer as the main component, the comprehensive mechanized equipment of longwall working face can complete five main processes, which is called comprehensive mechanized coal mining, referred to as fully mechanized coal mining, which is called fully mechanized working face
the driving face is the working place of roadway driving, which is divided into rock roadway, coal roadway and semi coal rock roadway. The excavation process is divided into rock breaking, loading and supporting. There are two tunneling methods, one is drilling and blasting, the other is using roadheader. The former has a wide range of applications but low degree of mechanization, while the latter includes full face rock roadheader and cantilever roadheader. Generally, cantilever roadheader is widely used in coal mines, including roadheader, transfer machine, transport machine and support equipment, which make up of comprehensive mechanization of tunneling and complete three main processes, which is called comprehensive tunneling< According to the geological conditions and actual proction conditions of China's coal mines, the mechanization is divided into three levels:
ordinary mechanized coal mining, referred to as general mining, the working face is equipped with Shearer, flexible chain plate conveyor, friction type metal pillar and metal top beam equipment, which can complete the first three processes of mechanization, but the power is small, The annual output of general working face is 150000-200000 t
high grade general mechanized coal mining is referred to as high grade general mining. The working face is equipped with Shearer, bendable chain plate conveyor, hydraulic prop and metal top beam, which can make the first three processes mechanized. Due to the hydraulic prop, the roof is maintained in good condition. Although the support and roof control are operated by hand, the labor intensity is greatly reced and the power is large. The annual output is 200000-300000 tons
comprehensive mechanized coal mining, referred to as fully mechanized mining. It can complete the mechanization of five processes. At present, the performance is constantly improved, the ability is constantly increased, the operation is increasingly simplified, and the application scope is further expanded. The highest record is the working face of the first fully mechanized mining team in Wangzhuang mine of Shanxi Lu'an Mining Bureau, with an annual output of 2.53 million tons
open pit mining
removing the overlying rock and covering from the coal seam to make the coal open to the surface is called open pit mining, in which the process of removing soil and rock is called stripping, and the process of mining coal is called coal mining. Open pit mining usually divides the mine field into several horizontal layers, mining layer by layer from top to bottom, forming a ladder shape in space< The main proction links are as follows: firstly, rock coal is loosened and broken by piercing blasting and machinery in advance; secondly, rock coal is extracted from the whole body by mining equipment, loaded into transportation equipment and transported to the designated place, and the stripped materials in the transportation equipment are discharged into the stacking yard according to the procere; The coal is unloaded at the coal preparation plant or other unloading point
2. Main advantages and disadvantages
the advantages are that the proction space is not limited, large-scale mechanical equipment can be used, the mine scale is large, the labor efficiency is high, the proction cost is low, and the construction speed is fast. In addition, the recovery rate of resources can reach more than 90%, the utilization of resources is reasonable, the working conditions are good, the safety is guaranteed, and the mortality rate is only about 1 / 30 of the underground mining
the main disadvantage is that it takes up a lot of land, which will cause certain environmental pollution, and the proction process is restricted by terrain and climate conditions. In terms of resources, the requirements for coal occurrence conditions are strict, and it is only suitable for mining areas with shallow burial and thick coal seam< The first open pit mine in China is Fushun West open pit mine, which was built in 1914. Since the founding of new China, 78 open-pit mines have been built with a total design scale of 50.85 million T / A. among them, Antaibao open-pit mine is the largest with a scale of 15.33 million T / A, followed by Huolinhe mine with a scale of 10 million T / A. There are also large-scale open-pit mines under construction in Heidaigou, Junggar, with a scale of 12 million T / A, Yuanbaoshan 5 million T / A, Yimin 5 million T / A, etc. With the development of large-scale open-pit mining equipment, the annual output of open-pit mine is expected to reach 100 million tons in 2000.
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