Coal mining by ancient people

1. In fact, I think that the wisdom of the ancients is far more than that of our modern people. The ancients rely more on their wisdom to solve many problems in life. Now we are more a small number of elites to study and solve problems. Most of us enjoy their success and don't use our brains too much. So the wisdom of the ancients is really powerful
the recognition of ore veins by the ancients was basically based on experience, and the recognition of surface mineralization marks or ore vein outcrop shape was the accumulation of long-term labor experience

for example, "pangjinshi" is regarded as the prospecting sign of gold ore in gold ore dressing, and "black road" on rocks is regarded as the sign of silver ore prospecting

for pangjinshi, there are many records in ancient books
the compendium of Materia Medica cites the collection of materia medica: "the collection of vessels says:" common people take gold, dig more than Zhang deep, to fenzi stone, the stone is a black coke, there is gold under the stone... "Fenzi stone is the companion stone<

Qu Dajun quoted Shi Xing Ji in his Guangdong new language: "when I g more than Zhang, I saw Leifu Fanzi stone, which is brown and black scorched at one end. It is a stone with gold, and there must be horseshoe gold. There is a crystal bed beside the gedansha, and a Fanzi stone beside the gold. "
in Ben Cao Yan Yi written by song Kou Zong Xun: "a lump of gold, that is, a cave mountain or a hundred feet, can be seen with gold and stone. The stone is brown, and one end is as black as fire. This can be seen with gold, and its gold is deep red and yellow."< According to Tiangong Kaiwu, "most of the gold comes from the southwest. When you take it from the cave mountain to more than ten feet, you can see the accompanying gold and stone, and you can see the gold. The stone is brown and black like fire."“ However, in the cave of the Yi ape in the south of the five ridges, the gold first came out like black iron, and then it was g deep under the black coke stone“ The method of drawing silver. There are black roads on every stone wall< In Tiangong Kaiwu: "where is the silver seedling in the earth. There may be yellow gravel, or there may be a tangled shape in the cracks between the rocks in the soil, which means that it is not far away to go to the mine. "“ Where silver is made, the reefs are made. To the broken, such as sand, its surface sub ya, such as branch shaped, said riveting, its outer ring Stone said ore (surrounding rock). The large ore is like a fight, and the small one is like a fist. It is a useless waste. Its reef sand shape is like coal, the bottom is lined with stone but not very black, and its height is several

in addition, there are some indicative plants in the place where the gold vein is located, such as a wild Allium macrostemon growing near the gold mine in historical records
Youyang Zazu: "there are alligators on the mountain and gold under it."< According to the Geng Xin jade book, the root of the mountain looks like a green vine, purple and golden

it can be seen that the ancients have accumulated certain experience for the external performance of ore veins through years of prospecting and exploration. However, in order to truly determine the existence of ore veins, it is necessary to test mining and testing to further verify whether the experience is accurate. The Ming Dynasty Lulong's Shuyuan Zaji records: "the mine of hardware was born between mountains and rivers. In the place of origin, only the vein is hidden in the hard rock, which is as tiny as a hair. Those who have knowledge of the mineral resources can get it, chisel it and cook it. "

the so-called "gouge cooking test" is to verify experience through experimental means<

as for the mining method, for placer gold and the like, the panning method is mostly used. In "Tiangong Kaiwu · hardware", it is said that "water gold... Is extracted from the river, panning for gold."<

in addition to scouring for hair, chute method is also used. According to song Zhuyu's Pingzhou Ke Tan, "Liangchuan metallurgy, taking sand along the stream and scouring with wooden plates, has little and laborious results. Deng, laijinkeng households stop using big wood, sawing it, leaving blade marks. When you throw sand on it, you will be flooded with water. When you remove the sand, you can easily get it in the golden saw pattern. "<

the gold chute is also known as "gold Liuzi" and "gold bed". The chute method was widely used in the Qing Dynasty

all of the above are gold mining methods for placer gold. For deep buried gold, mining is necessary< In Ben Cao Yan Yi, song Kou Zong Xun said, "a lump of gold is a cave mountain or a hundred feet..."

"Tiangong Kaiwu · hardware": "most gold comes from the southwest, and the one who takes the cave mountain is more than ten feet..."

all gold and silver mines are mined by rock drilling, and the cave mountain breaks into the underground. Now some ancient mine sites have proved that the ancient mining method in China has been very mature. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the room column method was used to support the mine with wooden columns

excerpt from the fish reading club, for reference only, I hope I can help you and answer your doubts.

2.

Mr. Zhang Hongzhao, one of the founders of China's geological cause, once said, "since heaven and earth, there have been mines, and since people have lived, there have been mines." The Yangtze River Basin is one of the origins of ancient human beings in China, and Jiangsu Province is an area with early economic development in China. In 1992, the skull of ape man hundreds of thousands of years ago was found in the limestone cave of Tangshan area in the eastern suburb of Nanjing, which indicates that human life existed in Jiangsu hundreds of thousands of years ago. In xiacaowan of Sihong County, Lianhua cave of Bailonggang mountain of Dantu County and Shenxian cave of Huifeng mountain of Lishui County, new bone fossils from 40000 to 10000 years ago have been found. These ape people and new people all knew how to mine natural stones and make all kinds of utensils. Judging from the excavated cultural relics, Jiangsu has a long history of mineral development and utilization, which can be traced back to the late Paleolithic age tens of thousands of years ago. Since then, the ancient mining instry in Jiangsu has experienced the development process from single mineral to multiple minerals, from surface mining to underground mining, from simple processing to the application of various smelting technologies

in ancient times, the mining instry mostly explored the ore when the ore was found, and the prospecting and mining were combined into one, and it was often multi-purpose and multi mining, so it was not necessary to abandon them. Except for the iron and copper procts for forging weapons and coins, there are few records on the origin of other minerals. Therefore, the mining situation of Jiangsu before the spring and Autumn period is mostly based on archaeological data and historical records. Since the Han Dynasty, the records of mining instry have graally appeared in various historical books. By the late Qing Dynasty, there were records of some major mining areas. But the data are very simple, generally only the records of mineral types and mineral areas. According to statistics, before the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the minerals mined in Jiangsu included iron, copper, shi (kaolin), wuse (variegated clay), pottery, YuYuLiang (powdered limonite), Maoshan stone, Taihu stone, agate stone, Huashi, inkstone, Carboniferous (coal), various stone materials, etc. In particular, iron and copper mining is more common. Most of the iron and copper mines with outcrops have ancient mining records or traces

In the Paleolithic age, people mainly used beating methods to process natural stones and flakes into various simple tools. There are more than 200 pieces of various kinds of stone tools unearthed from daxianzhuang Paleolithic cultural site in shanzuokou, Donghai County. Late Paleolithic stone relics have been found in Guan, Maling mountain, Donghai County, Sanshan island in Taihu Lake, Suzhou City and the suburbs of Lianyungang City. In addition, stone tools equivalent to the Paleolithic age were unearthed in shenxiandong of Lishui County and miaojiashan of Jurong county. It shows that the ancestors of Jiangsu used rocks as tools and weapons in ancient times

In the Neolithic age, from the Huaihe River Basin in the north to Taihu Lake in the south, there were many ethnic tribes who began to manufacture stone tools by grinding. In Ganyu, Donghai, Guanyun, Pizhou, Huai'an, Gaoyou, Hai'an, Changzhou, Jintan, Changshu, Zhangjiagang, Jurong and other counties (cities), dozens of Neolithic cultural sites have been excavated. The unearthed stone tools show that people in this period made great progress in collecting, using and processing stone tools. The "qingliangang culture" site (about 5400-4400 BC) unearthed in Songji Township, Huai'an City, represents the middle Neolithic culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The unearthed stone tools are not only finely processed, but also can be used for different purposes according to the nature of the rocks. For example, the stone axe for chopping is mostly made of diorite, granite, gneiss, etc., while the general tools are made of shale, sandstone, mica schist, etc. At the same time, a small number of ornaments made of jade and agate were unearthed. People who lived in Taihu Lake area thousands of years ago have learned to make and fire various kinds of pottery by hand. There is a primitive pottery making instry in Yixing and Zhangzhu. According to the records of Yixing county annals, the site of procing sandy red pottery and muddy red pottery more than 5000 years ago was found in Nantang village, Guijing Township, Yixing, which proves that people knew to exploit and use clay and sandstone to make daily pottery at that time

in Xia and Shang Dynasties, the ancients had transited from Stone Age to bronze age, and began to appear smelting technology In the book of Shangshu, Yu Gong said, "Xuzhou Jue Gong only has five colors of earth" and "Yangzhou Jue Gong only has three grades of gold", namely gold, silver and copper. In the Shang Dynasty, copper smelting in Jiangsu Province was well developed. Copper ores, small pieces of bronze ware, copper slag and copper smelting tools were unearthed from the Shang Dynasty ruins in beiyinyangying, Nanjing

in the Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze was well-developed. There is a poem "looking forward to Huaiyi, Dabi Nanjin (copper)" in poem · Lu Song. Huaiyi was in the north of Jiangsu Province. At this time, the ceramic instry is also very common, mainly procing people's daily use of utensils. In addition to pottery, Yixing can also proce some primitive celadon

in the spring and Autumn period, there was a transition from bronze to iron. At that time, the state of Wu was economically developed, with a high level of copper and iron casting. Wu and Yue were well-known for their bronze smelting and forging“ Ouyezi and the generals chiseled the Cishan River and took Tieying as their three harvests. " This is the earliest written record of iron ore mining in China. In recent years, a bronze chime bell with the words "attack my father" and "Gouwu" was unearthed from the spring and autumn Tomb of Chengqiao in Liuhe County, as well as iron balls made of white pig iron and iron bars forged from pieces of ironmaking (wrought iron). The latter is the earliest artificial smelting pig iron found in China, which reflects that the smelters of Wuyue have invented the technology of smelting pig iron and steel. In the late spring and Autumn period, the pottery in Dingshu area of Yixing was greatly developed and utilized. It is said that Fan Li was the first to discover the abundant clay resources near Dingshu Town, so he built a kiln to burn pottery. Yixing kiln owners once regarded him as the founder of pottery instry, and still have rivers and villages named after him. In addition, the salt cooking instry in Yancheng area also developed

Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the mining instry in Jiangsu Province has been developed, especially the iron and copper mines. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, iron and copper mining flourished in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. According to the records of geography annals of the Han Dynasty, there were seven iron officials in Jiangsu Province ring the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, including xiapi (now east of Pizhou City), Qu (now south of Haizhou), Yan (now Yancheng), Tangyi (now North of Liuhe County), Peijun Pei (now east of Peixian county), Pengcheng (now Tongshan County) and Guangling (now Yangzhou) in the state of Chu. According to the remains of ancient mining and metallurgy, the iron ore in these places has long been mined. Among them, Tongshan County Liguo area Dongshan found a mine and open pit relics of the Eastern Han Dynasty, indicating that Liguo iron mine had been discovered and exploited in the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty site at the north gate of Yancheng, there are iron smelting slag, burnt clay, various iron tools and a large number of Han Dynasty half Liang coins. Iron smelting remains of the Han Dynasty were also found in Shiqiao, Fengshan Town, Hongze County. Copper ore was mainly used to make coins and bronze mirrors at that time. In the Western Han Dynasty, there was a saying that "Wu (King of Wu, Liu BI) and Deng (doctor, Deng Tong) made money to spread the world.". It is said that Liu Bi, the king of Wu, once gathered vagrant people to mine, smelt copper and cast money in Yeshan, Liuhe County. In nanmutang, Ligang, Liuhe County, there is a coin casting site in the early Han Dynasty, in which there are copper blocks, iron cores and tools. The bronze coins of "banliang" and "wuzhu" in the Western Han Dynasty were also found in beidongshan and yunlongshan of Xuzhou. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Xuzhou became a famous copper mining area. The bronze mirror made from the copper ore mined in beidongshan, Xuzhou, is very good in quality, so it has a good reputation of "copper came out of Xuzhou, learning from Luoyang". Until the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Xuzhou copper mine was still famous Ancient Jianming: the word "good copper comes from Danyang" in Han Dynasty. According to research, Han Danyang county is now xiaodanyang town of Jiangning County (located in the northeast of Dangtu). It seems that the copper deposits in Hengshan and other places to the east of xiaodanyang and the south of Hengxi were exploited and utilized in the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, after Wu unified the south of the Yangtze River, he used the iron and copper proced in Danyang to make his own armour, and built a smelting city in Nanjing, specializing in smelting. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the ceramic instry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang developed further, and formal porcelain appeared. The pottery instry in Yixing has also developed. Junshan has been able to proce glazed pottery and celadon, and Nanshan kiln group has become one of the main procing areas of celadon in the Three Kingdoms and two Jin Dynasties. In addition, Jiangsu salt instry is also very popular, and there are vast salt farms along the coast

the iron smelting instry in the Southern Dynasties was centered in Nanjing. Tiexian mountain, southwest of YongShi county (now Liyang City), Danyang County, was the main iron ore procing area at that time, and also the main place for smelting weapons and farm implements. In 536 A.D., copper and iron ores were mined in lutangshan, dongposhan and southwest Tongshan in the southeast of Lishui County, and smelted locally. The old furnace site still exists today. In the Southern Dynasties, the limestone near Nanjing was mined to carve various stone animals, pillars and steles. The stone carvings of the Six Dynasties in Nanjing were quite famous, and they were representative of the carving art in China at that time

In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the mining instry in Jiangsu was still dominated by copper and iron, followed by clay and kaolin. According to the records of the new book of the Tang Dynasty, there were four iron ore procing areas in the Tang Dynasty, namely Pengcheng (now Tongshan County), Liuhe, Liyang and Shangyuan (now Nanjing); There are seven copper procing areas, namely Jiang, Liuhe, Shangyuan, Jurong, Lishui, Liyang and Wuxian. During this period, Liguo iron mine in Tongshan County was further exploited and became an important place of "real estate gold". North Tongye mountain (Yangshan) in Jurong county proces copper and lead. It is an ancient mining area. It has been mined and cast in the past dynasties. Ancient mining traces are all over the country. Mining and casting flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and some mountain tops have been excavated. According to Taiping Huanyu Ji, Tongshan in xishili of Wuxian county was an ancient place for mining and coin casting. When the book was finished (ring the Taiping reign of the Northern Song Dynasty), copper was still found here. In 1958, a stone tablet was excavated in Wangjiazhuang on the north slope of Chaofeng mountain in the southwest of Dantu County, which is engraved with the historical facts of mining and metallurgy from Sui and Tang Dynasties to Song Dynasty. It shows that the iron ore in Chaofeng mountain has been exploited since Sui and Tang Dynasties. Ancient mining pits are found in Funiu Mountain, Tongjing, Guli, Jiuhua Mountain and other known copper mining areas in Jiangning County near Nanjing, but the specific mining age is unknown. In addition, the kaolin mine in the west of Suzhou was also mined in the Tang Dynasty to make cosmetics, known as shi, and became a tribute. In 1975, coal cinder was found in the furnace Hall of the Tang city site in Yangzhou, indicating that coal had been used as fuel in the Tang Dynasty, but the source of the ore was unknown

In Song Dynasty, the prospecting and smelting instry in Jiangsu Province was developed, and Xuzhou had become one of the four major iron ore procing areas in China. During the reign of Yuanfeng, Xuzhou's iron proction accounted for one third of the country, and Liguo has become the third largest iron mine in the country. Copper mines in the Liguo area also have to be mined. Baofeng supervisor is set up to cast copper coins. At that time, in addition to the prosperous iron and copper mining instry in Xuzhou, iron and copper mines in Liuhe, Yizheng and Jurong continued to be mined. According to Taiping Huanyu Ji and other historical records, wuse Tu in Xuzhou, shi in Suzhou, Yuyu Yuliang in Maoshan of Jintan, Huashi in Suzhou, Taihu stone in Taihu Lake and Maoshan stone in Maoshan were mined in Song Dynasty. Yixing's pottery was further utilized, purple sand pottery and Jun pottery procts came out, and daily pottery was also developed. In the first year of Yuanfeng of Song Dynasty (1078), when Su Shi was the prefect of Xuzhou, he sent people to find charcoal (coal) for heating and smelting in tuzhai, Xiaoxian county (Anhui Province in 1955)“ Smelting iron for soldiers (weapons), sharp victory often. Xuzhou Iron and metallurgical instry entered a new stage

In the Ming Dynasty, the mining instry in Jiangsu was declining. At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Xuzhou Iron Mine was still mining, but with the iron ore instry center moving southward, Shengji iron mine was in the first place

3. How to dig? There is no complete introction in the history books, but it can be seen that they only need to use a tool similar to our shovel to dig it out, then put it in the back basket and move it out.

4. In ancient times, there was coal proction. Although the proction was very small, we have a lot of evidence that the ancients used coal to make iron long ago
of course, the environment for coal mining was very poor at that time, and most of them were open-pit coal mines
as for how to dig, there is no complete introction in the history books, but it can be seen that they only need to use a tool similar to our shovel to dig out, then put it in the back basket and move it out.

5.

I believe the landlord must have heard of the notes of tomb raiding. There is a word in it called "looking for dragon". This word is not special for tomb raiding. Looking for dragon in geomantic omen refers to searching for the main vein of the mountain. The ancient geomantic omen metaphysics in our country was quite developed. At that time, there was no current high technology. The so-called geomantic omen metaphysics was not all deceiving. A large part of it was the crystallization of our ancestors' wisdom

Even in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the room column method was used to support the pit with wooden columns. From this we can see that the ancients had their own unique and used methods in prospecting, mining and processing< br />

6.

In ancient times, Zaozhuang was rich in coal resources, which had been mined at that time< but the conditions at that time were not good enough, so most of them were manual mining, using a single well to transport water, using manual to transport coal, it can be said that they were very troublesome to mine coal resources at that time

the way of mining coal resources in Zaozhuang area is changing step by step, and now most of them are using modern science and technology< this is not only a better use of coal resources, but also means that the development of our country is getting better and better, and the level of science and technology of our country is getting higher and higher, can better exploit coal resources, and make rational use of resources

7. China is the first country to dig and use coal. In the Western Han Dynasty, coal was used to smelt iron in China, and coal was recorded in the book of mountains and seas in the Warring States period. It can be seen that our ancestors knew about mining and using coal 2300 years ago.

8. Coal resources used to be richer, easier to find and shallower from the surface than they are now
generally, coal resources are associated with natural gas or petroleum substances. The external ignition test method is used to determine whether there are coal resources in this area. This is the way that the ancients could make a fire at home without going up the mountain to cut firewood
it's pure speculation and can't be verified.!!!

9. Yes, China is the first country to use coal. In the Xinle site in Liaoning Province 7200 years ago, there are coal artifacts

10. Try to sweep the coal as ink, black as paint, pine ink also—— Another name for coal in Meng Xi Bi Tan written by Shen Kuo of Song Dynasty: coal is a solid combustible mineral formed by ancient plants buried underground through complicated biochemical and physicochemical changes. It is a kind of solid combustible organic rock, which is mainly formed by biochemical action of plant remains, burial and geological process. Commonly known as coal. China is the first country to use coal in the world. In the ancient cultural sites of Xinle, Liaoning Province, coal crafts have been found, and in Gongyi City, Henan Province, iron making sites with coal cakes in the Western Han Dynasty have also been found In the book of mountains and seas, coal is called Shi Nie, and in Wei and Jin Dynasties, coal is called graphite or charcoal. The name coal was first used in compendium of Materia Medica by Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty. Greece and ancient Rome also used coal earlier. Theofrastos, a Greek scholar, wrote a history of stone about 300 BC, which recorded the nature and origin of coal; Ancient Rome began heating with coal about 2000 years ago. Coal is a kind of mineral that can be used as fuel or instrial raw material. It is a black solid mineral composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements, which changed the physical and chemical properties of ancient plants through biochemical and geological processes. Coal is also a source of organic compounds. Various aromatic hydrocarbons can be obtained by fractionation of coal tar; Through direct or indirect liquefaction of coal, fuel oil and a variety of chemical raw materials can be obtained. As a fuel, coal has been used as early as 800 years ago. Coal is widely used as fuel for instrial proction, which started from the instrial revolution at the end of the 18th century. With the invention and use of steam engine, coal is widely used as fuel for instrial proction, which has brought unprecedented huge proctivity to the society, promoted the development of instry, and then developed coal, steel, chemical instry, mining, metallurgy and other instries. The calorific value of standard coal is 7000 kcal / kg. And coal is rich in reserves on the earth, widely distributed, and generally easy to exploit, so it is widely used as fuel in various instrial proction. In addition to coal as fuel to obtain heat and kinetic energy, the more important thing is to make metallurgical coke and artificial petroleum from coal, that is, coal tar, the liquid proct of low-temperature carbonization of coal. After chemical processing, thousands of chemical procts can be proced from coal, so it is a very important chemical raw material. For example, quite a number of medium and small nitrogenous fertilizer plants in China use coal as raw material to proce chemical fertilizer. China's coal is widely used as a variety of instrial raw materials. The construction of large-scale coal instrial base plays an important role in the formation and development of China's comprehensive instrial base and economic region. In addition, coal often contains many radioactive and rare elements, such as uranium, germanium, gallium and so on. These radioactive and rare elements are important raw materials for semiconctor and atomic energy instry. Coal for modern instry, whether it is heavy instry, or light instry; The energy instry, metallurgical instry, chemical instry, machinery instry, light textile instry, food instry and transportation instry all play an important role. All kinds of instrial sectors consume a certain amount of coal to a certain extent. Therefore, some people call coal the "real food" of instry. China is one of the countries with the most abundant coal resources in the world. It not only has large reserves and wide distribution, but also has a complete range of types and excellent coal quality, which provides extremely favorable conditions for China's instrial modernization.