Can the road of exile be upgraded by mining
Publish: 2021-04-30 10:40:05
1. You can go the next day,
it seems that there is a hint of a plot,
and then go to the mine entrance,
another little plot,
and then pay the money
it seems that there is a hint of a plot,
and then go to the mine entrance,
another little plot,
and then pay the money
2.
Press "I" to open the backpack and see if there is a gem icon at the bottom with a plus sign on it. Click to hide the skills you don't want to upgrade
3. 1、 In exile, there are many skill gems. There may be some that you don't need at the moment, but will be used later. But there are no spaces on the equipment, so they can't upgrade gems together. When it's used later, it's still a poor level. If you go to the market to buy high-grade gems, it's too expensive! It's very complicated to think about it
in fact, in the game, we can choose to use the deputy to upgrade the gem.
in fact, in the game, we can choose to use the deputy to upgrade the gem.
4. If you are cheated, you can find their customer service on this software platform and apply to cancel this account
5. Generally, they are unreliable, and most of the men here are married. When they feel that the conditions are good, they look for those young women here.
6. "Ether" is a viewpoint and cornerstone of classical mechanics which has been in the dominant position for hundreds of years
ether is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. In the 17th century, R. dickard was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He was the first to introce the ether into science and give him some mechanical properties. In dicar's view, all the forces between objects must be transmitted through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether< In the 17th century, dickard (March 31, 1596-february 11, 1650) believed that matter is composed of particles, and particles are the only entity. The nature of matter is its spatial ctility, and mechanical motion, that is, position change, is the only form of motion. All natural phenomena and all material properties (including color, fragrance, hardness, heat, etc.) are caused by the mechanical interaction of material particles. With material (space) and (Mechanical) motion, the whole world can be constructed according to the natural law of material motion itself, without the care of God. This kind of mechanistic view of nature once dominated natural science for more than two centuries. He also thinks that matter is full of space, that is, there is no vacuum (to say there is an absolute void or space without objects, that is anti rational), matter can be infinitely divided (there can not be naturally indivisible atoms or parts of matter in the universe), and space is infinite (the vastness of the world is infinite), It also affirms the unity and diversity of the material world (the materials in the sky and the earth are the same, and the world is not pluralistic), "all the patterns or forms of materials depend on Movement". Therefore, Engels praised Descartes as one of the outstanding representatives of dialectics in anti Turing. Dickard's methodology had an important influence on the later development of physics< Descartes applied his mechanical theory to celestial bodies and formed his theory on the genesis and structure of the universe. He believes that it is easier to understand things from the perspective of development rather than just from the existing form. He explained the formation of celestial bodies, Suns, planets, moons, comets and so on for the first time with the help of mechanics rather than theology. He thinks that the motion of celestial bodies comes from inertia (along the tangential direction of orbit) and some cosmic matter. The pressure of ether vortex on celestial bodies means that there must be a celestial body (such as the sun) in the center of vortex of different sizes. This hypothesis is used to explain the interaction between celestial bodies< Like his whole system of thought, dickard's theory of celestial evolution, vortex model and close range action, on the one hand, is characterized by rich physical ideas and rigorous scientific methods, playing the role of opposing scholasticism, inspiring scientific thinking and promoting the progress of natural science at that time, which has a far-reaching impact on the thinking of many natural scientists. On the other hand, they often stay in the intuitive and qualitative stage, not from the quantitative experimental facts, so some specific conclusions often have many defects, which become the main opposition of Newton physics later, leading to extensive debate< However, as a natural scientist and philosopher, dickard's materialism has become the real wealth of natural science
today, when we understand the whole universe system from the point of view of the unified field of matter and magnetism, we can clearly find that one of the most neglected points in dicar's view of ether is to separate ether from celestial bodies and microscopic particles of matter. If dicar had combined ether with celestial bodies and microparticles and thought in an integrated way at that time, the progress of human science and technology would have gone far beyond today's state< Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, England. In 1686, he published the law of universal gravitation based on J. Kepler's law of planetary motion, and used it to explain the motion of the moon and planets and tidal phenomena. This is a great discovery. It seems that Newton's law of gravity seems to support the idea of over distance action, but Newton himself does not agree with the explanation of over distance action. In a famous letter to R. Bentley, he wrote: "it is hard to imagine that without any other intangible medium, inanimate and senseless substances can act and influence other substances without touching each other." Gravity is natural, inherent and fundamental to matter. Therefore, there is no medium for other things. One object can act on another through a vacuum, and by virtue of and through it, the force can be transferred from one object to another. In my opinion, this kind of thought is extremely absurd, I believe that no one with sufficient thinking ability on philosophical issues will inlge in it. " Newton himself was inclined to the view of ether. In his letter to R. Boyle, he privately expressed his belief that he would eventually find some material action to explain gravity. However, earth's specific idea of ether is different from R. dickard's view at that time in details
it is well known that Newton held the particle theory in understanding the essence of light. But when he discussed the essence of light with hooker and Huygens, he said that light has this or that instinct to stimulate the vibration of ether. This means that ether is the medium of light vibration. It seems that Newton understood the ality of light. In fact, the existence of etheric medium is very similar to the omnipresence of air, but it is far thinner, tiny and has strong elasticity. He reiterated that it is the animality of the ether that makes the muscles contract and stretch, and the animals move. He further used ether to explain the reflection and refraction of light, transparency and opacity, and the generation of color (including Newton's rings). He even imagined that the gravity of the earth was e to the constant condensation of etheric temperament At the end of Chapter 6 of Chapter 2 of the principles, it is said that from his memory, he has done experiments, which tend to say that the ether is filled in the gaps of all objects, although the ether has no perceptive effect on gravity
since the 14th and 15th centuries, European scholars have been fascinated by ether, and the theory of ether has been popular. Later, dickard, a great scientist, believed in the existence of ether. He thought that the motion of planets could be explained by the vortex of ether. The theory of ether became a philosophical trend. Newton, who respected experiments, was inevitably involved in this philosophical trend of thought and inclined to its existence. At that time, people had different views on the effect of over distance. Newton once put forward his gravitational interaction theorem, which was not considered as the final explanation, but a rule concluded from the experiment. Therefore, Newton did not draw a conclusion on the nature of gravity
however, in the final text of the second part of the principles, Newton clarified that the vortex hypothesis has nothing to do with the motion of celestial bodies
it is obvious that Newton, like dickard, did not think by unifying matter and ether. Therefore, it is a pity that "the interaction theorem of gravity is not regarded as the final explanation, and no conclusion is made on the essence of gravity". Today, from the principle of "matter and magnetism" ality of matter, we can clearly conclude the fundamental connection and characteristics of ether, universe and matter, and then have a more profound and essential understanding of the whole universe
according to the view of ether, although the ether can not be felt by human senses, it can transmit the effect of force, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide. Later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light. The theory of light fluctuation was first proposed by R. hooker and further developed by C. Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave. Since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum, and can penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and admitted the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of light (at that time, people did not know shear wave, light wave was considered as the same longitudinal wave as sound wave) could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light, nor could it explain the straight-line propagation phenomenon of light
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French decathlism rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, Newton's followers opposed decathlism, and his theory of ether was also opposed. With the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the exploration of ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the revival and development of etherism began with optics, which was mainly the result of the work of T. young and A. J. Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint of light wave as crossing in 1817 (at that time, the shear wave in elastic body had not been studied), which solved the difficulty that the wave theory could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light for a long time. It can be seen that the revival and development of the concept of ether is beneficial to promoting the progress of science and technology< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with wave theory, and his theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the straight-line propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light with great success. In 1823, on the basis of Yang's theory of light wave crossing and his assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula about the reflected light and the amplitude of the refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results measured by D. budest several years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he worked in Yang's imagination
ether is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. In the 17th century, R. dickard was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He was the first to introce the ether into science and give him some mechanical properties. In dicar's view, all the forces between objects must be transmitted through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether< In the 17th century, dickard (March 31, 1596-february 11, 1650) believed that matter is composed of particles, and particles are the only entity. The nature of matter is its spatial ctility, and mechanical motion, that is, position change, is the only form of motion. All natural phenomena and all material properties (including color, fragrance, hardness, heat, etc.) are caused by the mechanical interaction of material particles. With material (space) and (Mechanical) motion, the whole world can be constructed according to the natural law of material motion itself, without the care of God. This kind of mechanistic view of nature once dominated natural science for more than two centuries. He also thinks that matter is full of space, that is, there is no vacuum (to say there is an absolute void or space without objects, that is anti rational), matter can be infinitely divided (there can not be naturally indivisible atoms or parts of matter in the universe), and space is infinite (the vastness of the world is infinite), It also affirms the unity and diversity of the material world (the materials in the sky and the earth are the same, and the world is not pluralistic), "all the patterns or forms of materials depend on Movement". Therefore, Engels praised Descartes as one of the outstanding representatives of dialectics in anti Turing. Dickard's methodology had an important influence on the later development of physics< Descartes applied his mechanical theory to celestial bodies and formed his theory on the genesis and structure of the universe. He believes that it is easier to understand things from the perspective of development rather than just from the existing form. He explained the formation of celestial bodies, Suns, planets, moons, comets and so on for the first time with the help of mechanics rather than theology. He thinks that the motion of celestial bodies comes from inertia (along the tangential direction of orbit) and some cosmic matter. The pressure of ether vortex on celestial bodies means that there must be a celestial body (such as the sun) in the center of vortex of different sizes. This hypothesis is used to explain the interaction between celestial bodies< Like his whole system of thought, dickard's theory of celestial evolution, vortex model and close range action, on the one hand, is characterized by rich physical ideas and rigorous scientific methods, playing the role of opposing scholasticism, inspiring scientific thinking and promoting the progress of natural science at that time, which has a far-reaching impact on the thinking of many natural scientists. On the other hand, they often stay in the intuitive and qualitative stage, not from the quantitative experimental facts, so some specific conclusions often have many defects, which become the main opposition of Newton physics later, leading to extensive debate< However, as a natural scientist and philosopher, dickard's materialism has become the real wealth of natural science
today, when we understand the whole universe system from the point of view of the unified field of matter and magnetism, we can clearly find that one of the most neglected points in dicar's view of ether is to separate ether from celestial bodies and microscopic particles of matter. If dicar had combined ether with celestial bodies and microparticles and thought in an integrated way at that time, the progress of human science and technology would have gone far beyond today's state< Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, England. In 1686, he published the law of universal gravitation based on J. Kepler's law of planetary motion, and used it to explain the motion of the moon and planets and tidal phenomena. This is a great discovery. It seems that Newton's law of gravity seems to support the idea of over distance action, but Newton himself does not agree with the explanation of over distance action. In a famous letter to R. Bentley, he wrote: "it is hard to imagine that without any other intangible medium, inanimate and senseless substances can act and influence other substances without touching each other." Gravity is natural, inherent and fundamental to matter. Therefore, there is no medium for other things. One object can act on another through a vacuum, and by virtue of and through it, the force can be transferred from one object to another. In my opinion, this kind of thought is extremely absurd, I believe that no one with sufficient thinking ability on philosophical issues will inlge in it. " Newton himself was inclined to the view of ether. In his letter to R. Boyle, he privately expressed his belief that he would eventually find some material action to explain gravity. However, earth's specific idea of ether is different from R. dickard's view at that time in details
it is well known that Newton held the particle theory in understanding the essence of light. But when he discussed the essence of light with hooker and Huygens, he said that light has this or that instinct to stimulate the vibration of ether. This means that ether is the medium of light vibration. It seems that Newton understood the ality of light. In fact, the existence of etheric medium is very similar to the omnipresence of air, but it is far thinner, tiny and has strong elasticity. He reiterated that it is the animality of the ether that makes the muscles contract and stretch, and the animals move. He further used ether to explain the reflection and refraction of light, transparency and opacity, and the generation of color (including Newton's rings). He even imagined that the gravity of the earth was e to the constant condensation of etheric temperament At the end of Chapter 6 of Chapter 2 of the principles, it is said that from his memory, he has done experiments, which tend to say that the ether is filled in the gaps of all objects, although the ether has no perceptive effect on gravity
since the 14th and 15th centuries, European scholars have been fascinated by ether, and the theory of ether has been popular. Later, dickard, a great scientist, believed in the existence of ether. He thought that the motion of planets could be explained by the vortex of ether. The theory of ether became a philosophical trend. Newton, who respected experiments, was inevitably involved in this philosophical trend of thought and inclined to its existence. At that time, people had different views on the effect of over distance. Newton once put forward his gravitational interaction theorem, which was not considered as the final explanation, but a rule concluded from the experiment. Therefore, Newton did not draw a conclusion on the nature of gravity
however, in the final text of the second part of the principles, Newton clarified that the vortex hypothesis has nothing to do with the motion of celestial bodies
it is obvious that Newton, like dickard, did not think by unifying matter and ether. Therefore, it is a pity that "the interaction theorem of gravity is not regarded as the final explanation, and no conclusion is made on the essence of gravity". Today, from the principle of "matter and magnetism" ality of matter, we can clearly conclude the fundamental connection and characteristics of ether, universe and matter, and then have a more profound and essential understanding of the whole universe
according to the view of ether, although the ether can not be felt by human senses, it can transmit the effect of force, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide. Later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light. The theory of light fluctuation was first proposed by R. hooker and further developed by C. Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave. Since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum, and can penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and admitted the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of light (at that time, people did not know shear wave, light wave was considered as the same longitudinal wave as sound wave) could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light, nor could it explain the straight-line propagation phenomenon of light
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French decathlism rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, Newton's followers opposed decathlism, and his theory of ether was also opposed. With the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the exploration of ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the revival and development of etherism began with optics, which was mainly the result of the work of T. young and A. J. Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint of light wave as crossing in 1817 (at that time, the shear wave in elastic body had not been studied), which solved the difficulty that the wave theory could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light for a long time. It can be seen that the revival and development of the concept of ether is beneficial to promoting the progress of science and technology< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with wave theory, and his theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the straight-line propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light with great success. In 1823, on the basis of Yang's theory of light wave crossing and his assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula about the reflected light and the amplitude of the refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results measured by D. budest several years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he worked in Yang's imagination
7. This is also very bad, and the rise of bitcoin is uncertain. According to the economic development, the prospect is not very good.
8. "Ether" is a viewpoint and cornerstone of classical mechanics which has been in the dominant position for hundreds of years
ether is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. In the 17th century, R. dickard was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He was the first to introce the ether into science and give him some mechanical properties. In dicar's view, all the forces between objects must be transmitted through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether< In the 17th century, dickard (March 31, 1596-february 11, 1650) believed that matter is composed of particles, and particles are the only entity. The nature of matter is its spatial ctility, and mechanical motion, that is, position change, is the only form of motion. All natural phenomena and all material properties (including color, fragrance, hardness, heat, etc.) are caused by the mechanical interaction of material particles. With material (space) and (Mechanical) motion, the whole world can be constructed according to the natural law of material motion itself, without the care of God. This kind of mechanistic view of nature once dominated natural science for more than two centuries. He also thinks that matter is full of space, that is, there is no vacuum (to say there is an absolute void or space without objects, that is anti rational), matter can be infinitely divided (there can not be naturally indivisible atoms or parts of matter in the universe), and space is infinite (the vastness of the world is infinite), It also affirms the unity and diversity of the material world (the materials in the sky and the earth are the same, and the world is not pluralistic), "all the patterns or forms of materials depend on Movement". Therefore, Engels praised Descartes as one of the outstanding representatives of dialectics in anti Turing. Dickard's methodology had an important influence on the later development of physics< Descartes applied his mechanical theory to celestial bodies and formed his theory on the genesis and structure of the universe. He believes that it is easier to understand things from the perspective of development rather than just from the existing form. He explained the formation of celestial bodies, Suns, planets, moons, comets and so on for the first time with the help of mechanics rather than theology. He thinks that the motion of celestial bodies comes from inertia (along the tangential direction of orbit) and some cosmic matter. The pressure of ether vortex on celestial bodies means that there must be a celestial body (such as the sun) in the center of vortex of different sizes. This hypothesis is used to explain the interaction between celestial bodies< Like his whole system of thought, dickard's theory of celestial evolution, vortex model and close range action, on the one hand, is characterized by rich physical ideas and rigorous scientific methods, playing the role of opposing scholasticism, inspiring scientific thinking and promoting the progress of natural science at that time, which has a far-reaching impact on the thinking of many natural scientists. On the other hand, they often stay in the intuitive and qualitative stage, not from the quantitative experimental facts, so some specific conclusions often have many defects, which become the main opposition of Newton physics later, leading to extensive debate< However, as a natural scientist and philosopher, dickard's materialism has become the real wealth of natural science
today, when we understand the whole universe system from the point of view of the unified field of matter and magnetism, we can clearly find that one of the most neglected points in dicar's view of ether is to separate ether from celestial bodies and microscopic particles of matter. If dicar had combined ether with celestial bodies and microparticles and thought in an integrated way at that time, the progress of human science and technology would have gone far beyond today's state< Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, England. In 1686, he published the law of universal gravitation based on J. Kepler's law of planetary motion, and used it to explain the motion of the moon and planets and tidal phenomena. This is a great discovery. It seems that Newton's law of gravity seems to support the idea of over distance action, but Newton himself does not agree with the explanation of over distance action. In a famous letter to R. Bentley, he wrote: "it is hard to imagine that without any other intangible medium, inanimate and senseless substances can act and influence other substances without touching each other." Gravity is natural, inherent and fundamental to matter. Therefore, there is no medium for other things. One object can act on another through a vacuum, and by virtue of and through it, the force can be transferred from one object to another. In my opinion, this kind of thought is extremely absurd, I believe that no one with sufficient thinking ability on philosophical issues will inlge in it. " Newton himself was inclined to the view of ether. In his letter to R. Boyle, he privately expressed his belief that he would eventually find some material action to explain gravity. However, earth's specific idea of ether is different from R. dickard's view at that time in details
it is well known that Newton held the particle theory in understanding the essence of light. But when he discussed the essence of light with hooker and Huygens, he said that light has this or that instinct to stimulate the vibration of ether. This means that ether is the medium of light vibration. It seems that Newton understood the ality of light. In fact, the existence of etheric medium is very similar to the omnipresence of air, but it is far thinner, tiny and has strong elasticity. He reiterated that it is the animality of the ether that makes the muscles contract and stretch, and the animals move. He further used ether to explain the reflection and refraction of light, transparency and opacity, and the generation of color (including Newton's rings). He even imagined that the gravity of the earth was e to the constant condensation of etheric temperament At the end of Chapter 6 of Chapter 2 of the principles, it is said that from his memory, he has done experiments, which tend to say that the ether is filled in the gaps of all objects, although the ether has no perceptive effect on gravity
since the 14th and 15th centuries, European scholars have been fascinated by ether, and the theory of ether has been popular. Later, dickard, a great scientist, believed in the existence of ether. He thought that the motion of planets could be explained by the vortex of ether. The theory of ether became a philosophical trend. Newton, who respected experiments, was inevitably involved in this philosophical trend of thought and inclined to its existence. At that time, people had different views on the effect of over distance. Newton once put forward his gravitational interaction theorem, which was not considered as the final explanation, but a rule concluded from the experiment. Therefore, Newton did not draw a conclusion on the nature of gravity
however, in the final text of the second part of the principles, Newton clarified that the vortex hypothesis has nothing to do with the motion of celestial bodies
it is obvious that Newton, like dickard, did not think by unifying matter and ether. Therefore, it is a pity that "the interaction theorem of gravity is not regarded as the final explanation, and no conclusion is made on the essence of gravity". Today, from the principle of "matter and magnetism" ality of matter, we can clearly conclude the fundamental connection and characteristics of ether, universe and matter, and then have a more profound and essential understanding of the whole universe
according to the view of ether, although the ether can not be felt by human senses, it can transmit the effect of force, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide. Later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light. The theory of light fluctuation was first proposed by R. hooker and further developed by C. Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave. Since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum, and can penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and admitted the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of light (at that time, people did not know shear wave, light wave was considered as the same longitudinal wave as sound wave) could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light, nor could it explain the straight-line propagation phenomenon of light
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French decathlism rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, Newton's followers opposed decathlism, and his theory of ether was also opposed. With the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the exploration of ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the revival and development of etherism began with optics, which was mainly the result of the work of T. young and A. J. Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint of light wave as crossing in 1817 (at that time, the shear wave in elastic body had not been studied), which solved the difficulty that the wave theory could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light for a long time. It can be seen that the revival and development of the concept of ether is beneficial to promoting the progress of science and technology< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with wave theory, and his theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the straight-line propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light with great success. In 1823, on the basis of Yang's theory of light wave crossing and his assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula about the reflected light and the amplitude of the refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results measured by D. budest several years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he put forward the idea of transparency based on Yang's idea
ether is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. In the 17th century, R. dickard was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He was the first to introce the ether into science and give him some mechanical properties. In dicar's view, all the forces between objects must be transmitted through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether< In the 17th century, dickard (March 31, 1596-february 11, 1650) believed that matter is composed of particles, and particles are the only entity. The nature of matter is its spatial ctility, and mechanical motion, that is, position change, is the only form of motion. All natural phenomena and all material properties (including color, fragrance, hardness, heat, etc.) are caused by the mechanical interaction of material particles. With material (space) and (Mechanical) motion, the whole world can be constructed according to the natural law of material motion itself, without the care of God. This kind of mechanistic view of nature once dominated natural science for more than two centuries. He also thinks that matter is full of space, that is, there is no vacuum (to say there is an absolute void or space without objects, that is anti rational), matter can be infinitely divided (there can not be naturally indivisible atoms or parts of matter in the universe), and space is infinite (the vastness of the world is infinite), It also affirms the unity and diversity of the material world (the materials in the sky and the earth are the same, and the world is not pluralistic), "all the patterns or forms of materials depend on Movement". Therefore, Engels praised Descartes as one of the outstanding representatives of dialectics in anti Turing. Dickard's methodology had an important influence on the later development of physics< Descartes applied his mechanical theory to celestial bodies and formed his theory on the genesis and structure of the universe. He believes that it is easier to understand things from the perspective of development rather than just from the existing form. He explained the formation of celestial bodies, Suns, planets, moons, comets and so on for the first time with the help of mechanics rather than theology. He thinks that the motion of celestial bodies comes from inertia (along the tangential direction of orbit) and some cosmic matter. The pressure of ether vortex on celestial bodies means that there must be a celestial body (such as the sun) in the center of vortex of different sizes. This hypothesis is used to explain the interaction between celestial bodies< Like his whole system of thought, dickard's theory of celestial evolution, vortex model and close range action, on the one hand, is characterized by rich physical ideas and rigorous scientific methods, playing the role of opposing scholasticism, inspiring scientific thinking and promoting the progress of natural science at that time, which has a far-reaching impact on the thinking of many natural scientists. On the other hand, they often stay in the intuitive and qualitative stage, not from the quantitative experimental facts, so some specific conclusions often have many defects, which become the main opposition of Newton physics later, leading to extensive debate< However, as a natural scientist and philosopher, dickard's materialism has become the real wealth of natural science
today, when we understand the whole universe system from the point of view of the unified field of matter and magnetism, we can clearly find that one of the most neglected points in dicar's view of ether is to separate ether from celestial bodies and microscopic particles of matter. If dicar had combined ether with celestial bodies and microparticles and thought in an integrated way at that time, the progress of human science and technology would have gone far beyond today's state< Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, England. In 1686, he published the law of universal gravitation based on J. Kepler's law of planetary motion, and used it to explain the motion of the moon and planets and tidal phenomena. This is a great discovery. It seems that Newton's law of gravity seems to support the idea of over distance action, but Newton himself does not agree with the explanation of over distance action. In a famous letter to R. Bentley, he wrote: "it is hard to imagine that without any other intangible medium, inanimate and senseless substances can act and influence other substances without touching each other." Gravity is natural, inherent and fundamental to matter. Therefore, there is no medium for other things. One object can act on another through a vacuum, and by virtue of and through it, the force can be transferred from one object to another. In my opinion, this kind of thought is extremely absurd, I believe that no one with sufficient thinking ability on philosophical issues will inlge in it. " Newton himself was inclined to the view of ether. In his letter to R. Boyle, he privately expressed his belief that he would eventually find some material action to explain gravity. However, earth's specific idea of ether is different from R. dickard's view at that time in details
it is well known that Newton held the particle theory in understanding the essence of light. But when he discussed the essence of light with hooker and Huygens, he said that light has this or that instinct to stimulate the vibration of ether. This means that ether is the medium of light vibration. It seems that Newton understood the ality of light. In fact, the existence of etheric medium is very similar to the omnipresence of air, but it is far thinner, tiny and has strong elasticity. He reiterated that it is the animality of the ether that makes the muscles contract and stretch, and the animals move. He further used ether to explain the reflection and refraction of light, transparency and opacity, and the generation of color (including Newton's rings). He even imagined that the gravity of the earth was e to the constant condensation of etheric temperament At the end of Chapter 6 of Chapter 2 of the principles, it is said that from his memory, he has done experiments, which tend to say that the ether is filled in the gaps of all objects, although the ether has no perceptive effect on gravity
since the 14th and 15th centuries, European scholars have been fascinated by ether, and the theory of ether has been popular. Later, dickard, a great scientist, believed in the existence of ether. He thought that the motion of planets could be explained by the vortex of ether. The theory of ether became a philosophical trend. Newton, who respected experiments, was inevitably involved in this philosophical trend of thought and inclined to its existence. At that time, people had different views on the effect of over distance. Newton once put forward his gravitational interaction theorem, which was not considered as the final explanation, but a rule concluded from the experiment. Therefore, Newton did not draw a conclusion on the nature of gravity
however, in the final text of the second part of the principles, Newton clarified that the vortex hypothesis has nothing to do with the motion of celestial bodies
it is obvious that Newton, like dickard, did not think by unifying matter and ether. Therefore, it is a pity that "the interaction theorem of gravity is not regarded as the final explanation, and no conclusion is made on the essence of gravity". Today, from the principle of "matter and magnetism" ality of matter, we can clearly conclude the fundamental connection and characteristics of ether, universe and matter, and then have a more profound and essential understanding of the whole universe
according to the view of ether, although the ether can not be felt by human senses, it can transmit the effect of force, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide. Later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light. The theory of light fluctuation was first proposed by R. hooker and further developed by C. Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave. Since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum, and can penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and admitted the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of light (at that time, people did not know shear wave, light wave was considered as the same longitudinal wave as sound wave) could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light, nor could it explain the straight-line propagation phenomenon of light
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French decathlism rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, Newton's followers opposed decathlism, and his theory of ether was also opposed. With the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the exploration of ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the revival and development of etherism began with optics, which was mainly the result of the work of T. young and A. J. Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint of light wave as crossing in 1817 (at that time, the shear wave in elastic body had not been studied), which solved the difficulty that the wave theory could not explain the polarization phenomenon of light for a long time. It can be seen that the revival and development of the concept of ether is beneficial to promoting the progress of science and technology< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with wave theory, and his theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the straight-line propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light with great success. In 1823, on the basis of Yang's theory of light wave crossing and his assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula about the reflected light and the amplitude of the refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results measured by D. budest several years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he put forward the idea of transparency based on Yang's idea
9. Ether is a historical term, and its meaning also develops with the development of history
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or the upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. Descartes in the 17th century was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He first introced ether into science and endowed it with some mechanical properties
in Descartes' view, all forces between objects must be transferred through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether. Although ether can't be felt by human senses, it can transmit forces, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide
later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light to a great extent. The theory of light fluctuation was first put forward by Huck and further developed by Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave
since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum and penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and acknowledged the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of time could not explain the polarization of light, nor why light propagated in a straight line
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French descarterians rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, and made Newton's followers rise up against Descartes' philosophy system, so they joined the opposition together with his theory of ether
with the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the experiment of exploring ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the theory of ether was revived and developed, which started from optics, mainly as a result of the work of Thomas Young and Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint that light wave is shear wave in 1817, which solved the difficulty that wave theory could not explain the polarization of light for a long time< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with the passive theory. His theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the linear propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light and achieved great success< In 1823, according to Yang's theory that light wave is shear wave and his own assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula of reflected light and amplitude of refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results of Brewster's experiment a few years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he proposed on the basis of Yang's idea that the density of ether in transparent matter is directly proportional to the second power of the refractive index of the matter, and he also assumed that when an object moves relative to the etheric reference frame, only the part of the ether inside the object that exceeds the vacuum is driven by the object (etheric partial traction hypothesis). Using Fresnel's theory, it is easy to get the speed of light in a moving object< In the middle of the 19th century, some experiments were carried out to show the effect of the earth's motion relative to the etheric reference frame, and then to determine the speed of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame, but the results were negative. These experimental results can be explained from Fresnel's theory. According to the formula of light speed in Fresnel's moving medium, when the experimental accuracy only reaches a certain level, the speed of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame will not be shown in these experiments, but the experiments at that time did not reach this accuracy
after the work of young and Fresnel, the wave theory of light established its position in physics. Later, ether gained its place in electromagnetism, mainly e to the contributions of Faraday and Maxwell< In Faraday's mind, the idea that the role is graally passed on has a very strong position. He introced the force line to describe the magnetic and electrical effects. In his view, the force line is the existence of reality, space is full of force line, and light and heat may be the transverse vibration of force line. He once proposed using force line to replace ether, and thought that matter atoms might be the force line field gathered near a point like center. He wrote in 1851: "if we accept the existence of light ether, then it may be the load of the force line." But Faraday's view was not accepted by the theoretical physicists at that time< In the early 1860s, Maxwell proposed the concept of displacement current, and proposed a set of differential equations to describe the general law of electromagnetic field, which was later called Maxwell equations. According to Maxwell's equations, we can dece that the disturbance of electromagnetic field propagates in the form of wave, and the speed of electromagnetic wave in the air is 310000 km / s, which is consistent with the known speed of light in the air of 315000 km / s in the range of experimental error< After pointing out that the propagation of electromagnetic disturbance is similar to that of light, Maxwell wrote: "light is the transverse vibration of the medium (ether) that proces electromagnetic phenomena.". Later, Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic wave by experiment. The electromagnetic theory of light has successfully explained the nature of light wave. In this way, the ether has not only gained its position in electromagnetism, but also unified with the optical ether< In his 1855 paper, Maxwell compared the magnetic inction to the speed of ether. Later, he accepted Thomson's (Kelvin's) view and changed it to magnetic field for rotation and electric field for translation
he believes that the rotation of the ether around the magnetic line of force forms vortices, and there is a layer of charged particles between the adjacent vortices. He also assumed that when these particles deviate from their equilibrium position, that is, there is a displacement, they will proce a force on the matter in the vortex element, causing the deformation of the vortex element, which represents the electrostatic phenomenon.
in ancient Greece, ether was the blue sky or the upper atmosphere. In cosmology, ether is sometimes used to represent the matter occupying celestial space. Descartes in the 17th century was a philosopher who had a great influence on the development of scientific thought. He first introced ether into science and endowed it with some mechanical properties
in Descartes' view, all forces between objects must be transferred through some intermediate medium, and there is no over distance effect. Therefore, space can not be empty, it is filled with the medium of ether. Although ether can't be felt by human senses, it can transmit forces, such as magnetic force and the force of the moon on the tide
later, as the load of light wave, ether was connected with the wave theory of light to a great extent. The theory of light fluctuation was first put forward by Huck and further developed by Huygens. For quite a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century), people's understanding of waves was limited to the mechanical vibration of a medium. This medium material is called the load of wave. For example, air is the load of sound wave
since light can propagate in vacuum, Huygens proposed that the medium material (ether) loaded with light wave should fill all the space including vacuum and penetrate into the common material. In addition to being the load of light waves, Huygens also used ether to explain the phenomenon of gravity
although Newton did not agree with Hooke's theory of light wave, he also opposed the action of over distance like Descartes and acknowledged the existence of ether. In his view, ether is not necessarily a single substance, so it can transmit various effects, such as electricity, magnetism and gravity. Newton also believed that ether could propagate vibration, but the vibration of ether was not light, because the wave theory of time could not explain the polarization of light, nor why light propagated in a straight line
the 18th century was a time when etherism declined. Because the French descarterians rejected the law of inverse square of gravity, and made Newton's followers rise up against Descartes' philosophy system, so they joined the opposition together with his theory of ether
with the success of the inverse square law of gravity in celestial mechanics and the lack of practical results in the experiment of exploring ether, the idea of over distance action has become popular. The wave theory of light has also been abandoned, and the particle theory has been widely recognized. By the late 18th century, it was proved that the force between charges (and between magnetic poles) was also inversely proportional to the square of distance. Therefore, the concept of electromagnetic ether was abandoned, and the idea of over distance action also occupied a dominant position in electricity
in the 19th century, the theory of ether was revived and developed, which started from optics, mainly as a result of the work of Thomas Young and Fresnel. Yang explained Newton's ring with the interference of light wave, and put forward a new viewpoint that light wave is shear wave in 1817, which solved the difficulty that wave theory could not explain the polarization of light for a long time< Fresnel successfully explained the diffraction phenomenon of light with the passive theory. His theoretical method (now commonly known as Huygens Fresnel principle) can correctly calculate the diffraction pattern and explain the linear propagation of light. Fresnel further explained the birefringence of light and achieved great success< In 1823, according to Yang's theory that light wave is shear wave and his own assumption that the density of ether in transparent matter is proportional to the second power of its refractive index, he deced the famous formula of reflected light and amplitude of refracted light under certain boundary conditions, which well explained the results of Brewster's experiment a few years ago
one of Fresnel's important theoretical works on ether is to derive the velocity formula of light in a transparent object moving relative to the ether reference frame. In 1818, in order to explain Arago's experiment on the refraction behavior of starlight, he proposed on the basis of Yang's idea that the density of ether in transparent matter is directly proportional to the second power of the refractive index of the matter, and he also assumed that when an object moves relative to the etheric reference frame, only the part of the ether inside the object that exceeds the vacuum is driven by the object (etheric partial traction hypothesis). Using Fresnel's theory, it is easy to get the speed of light in a moving object< In the middle of the 19th century, some experiments were carried out to show the effect of the earth's motion relative to the etheric reference frame, and then to determine the speed of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame, but the results were negative. These experimental results can be explained from Fresnel's theory. According to the formula of light speed in Fresnel's moving medium, when the experimental accuracy only reaches a certain level, the speed of the earth relative to the etheric reference frame will not be shown in these experiments, but the experiments at that time did not reach this accuracy
after the work of young and Fresnel, the wave theory of light established its position in physics. Later, ether gained its place in electromagnetism, mainly e to the contributions of Faraday and Maxwell< In Faraday's mind, the idea that the role is graally passed on has a very strong position. He introced the force line to describe the magnetic and electrical effects. In his view, the force line is the existence of reality, space is full of force line, and light and heat may be the transverse vibration of force line. He once proposed using force line to replace ether, and thought that matter atoms might be the force line field gathered near a point like center. He wrote in 1851: "if we accept the existence of light ether, then it may be the load of the force line." But Faraday's view was not accepted by the theoretical physicists at that time< In the early 1860s, Maxwell proposed the concept of displacement current, and proposed a set of differential equations to describe the general law of electromagnetic field, which was later called Maxwell equations. According to Maxwell's equations, we can dece that the disturbance of electromagnetic field propagates in the form of wave, and the speed of electromagnetic wave in the air is 310000 km / s, which is consistent with the known speed of light in the air of 315000 km / s in the range of experimental error< After pointing out that the propagation of electromagnetic disturbance is similar to that of light, Maxwell wrote: "light is the transverse vibration of the medium (ether) that proces electromagnetic phenomena.". Later, Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic wave by experiment. The electromagnetic theory of light has successfully explained the nature of light wave. In this way, the ether has not only gained its position in electromagnetism, but also unified with the optical ether< In his 1855 paper, Maxwell compared the magnetic inction to the speed of ether. Later, he accepted Thomson's (Kelvin's) view and changed it to magnetic field for rotation and electric field for translation
he believes that the rotation of the ether around the magnetic line of force forms vortices, and there is a layer of charged particles between the adjacent vortices. He also assumed that when these particles deviate from their equilibrium position, that is, there is a displacement, they will proce a force on the matter in the vortex element, causing the deformation of the vortex element, which represents the electrostatic phenomenon.
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