Mining marks
Publish: 2021-03-29 09:27:03
1. In fact, I think that the wisdom of the ancients is far more than that of our modern people. The ancients rely more on their wisdom to solve many problems in life. Now we are more a small number of elites to study and solve problems. Most of us enjoy their success and don't use our brains too much. So the wisdom of the ancients is really powerful
the recognition of ore veins by the ancients was basically based on experience, and the recognition of surface mineralization marks or ore vein outcrop shape was the accumulation of long-term labor experience
for example, "pangjinshi" is regarded as the prospecting sign of gold ore in gold ore dressing, and "black road" on rocks is regarded as the sign of silver ore prospecting
for pangjinshi, there are many records in ancient books
the compendium of Materia Medica cites the collection of materia medica: "the collection of vessels says:" common people take gold, dig more than Zhang deep, to fenzi stone, the stone is a black coke, there is gold under the stone... "Fenzi stone is the companion stone<
Qu Dajun quoted Shi Xing Ji in his Guangdong new language: "when I g more than Zhang, I saw Leifu Fanzi stone, which is brown and black scorched at one end. It is a stone with gold, and there must be horseshoe gold. There is a crystal bed beside the gedansha, and a Fanzi stone beside the gold. "
in Ben Cao Yan Yi written by song Kou Zong Xun: "a lump of gold, that is, a cave mountain or a hundred feet, can be seen with gold and stone. The stone is brown, and one end is as black as fire. This can be seen with gold, and its gold is deep red and yellow."< According to Tiangong Kaiwu, "most of the gold comes from the southwest. When you take it from the cave mountain to more than ten feet, you can see the accompanying gold and stone, and you can see the gold. The stone is brown and black like fire."“ However, in the cave of the Yi ape in the south of the five ridges, the gold first came out like black iron, and then it was g deep under the black coke stone“ The method of drawing silver. There are black roads on every stone wall< In Tiangong Kaiwu: "where is the silver seedling in the earth. There may be yellow gravel, or there may be a tangled shape in the cracks between the rocks in the soil, which means that it is not far away to go to the mine. "“ Where silver is made, the reefs are made. To the broken, such as sand, its surface sub ya, such as branch shaped, said riveting, its outer ring Stone said ore (surrounding rock). The large ore is like a fight, and the small one is like a fist. It is a useless waste. Its reef sand shape is like coal, the bottom is lined with stone but not very black, and its height is several
in addition, there are some indicative plants in the place where the gold vein is located, such as a wild Allium macrostemon growing near the gold mine in historical records
Youyang Zazu: "there are alligators on the mountain and gold under it."< According to the Geng Xin jade book, the root of the mountain looks like a green vine, purple and golden
it can be seen that the ancients have accumulated certain experience for the external performance of ore veins through years of prospecting and exploration. However, in order to truly determine the existence of ore veins, it is necessary to test mining and testing to further verify whether the experience is accurate. The Ming Dynasty Lulong's Shuyuan Zaji records: "the mine of hardware was born between mountains and rivers. In the place of origin, only the vein is hidden in the hard rock, which is as tiny as a hair. Those who have knowledge of the mineral resources can get it, chisel it and cook it. "
the so-called "gouge cooking test" is to verify experience through experimental means<
as for the mining method, for placer gold and the like, the panning method is mostly used. In "Tiangong Kaiwu · hardware", it is said that "water gold... Is extracted from the river, panning for gold."<
in addition to scouring for hair, chute method is also used. According to song Zhuyu's Pingzhou Ke Tan, "Liangchuan metallurgy, taking sand along the stream and scouring with wooden plates, has little and laborious results. Deng, laijinkeng households stop using big wood, sawing it, leaving blade marks. When you throw sand on it, you will be flooded with water. When you remove the sand, you can easily get it in the golden saw pattern. "<
the gold chute is also known as "gold Liuzi" and "gold bed". The chute method was widely used in the Qing Dynasty
all of the above are gold mining methods for placer gold. For deep buried gold, mining is necessary< In Ben Cao Yan Yi, song Kou Zong Xun said, "a lump of gold is a cave mountain or a hundred feet..."
"Tiangong Kaiwu · hardware": "most gold comes from the southwest, and the one who takes the cave mountain is more than ten feet..."
all gold and silver mines are mined by rock drilling, and the cave mountain breaks into the underground. Now some ancient mine sites have proved that the ancient mining method in China has been very mature. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the room column method was used to support the mine with wooden columns
excerpt from the fish reading club, for reference only, I hope I can help you and answer your doubts.
the recognition of ore veins by the ancients was basically based on experience, and the recognition of surface mineralization marks or ore vein outcrop shape was the accumulation of long-term labor experience
for example, "pangjinshi" is regarded as the prospecting sign of gold ore in gold ore dressing, and "black road" on rocks is regarded as the sign of silver ore prospecting
for pangjinshi, there are many records in ancient books
the compendium of Materia Medica cites the collection of materia medica: "the collection of vessels says:" common people take gold, dig more than Zhang deep, to fenzi stone, the stone is a black coke, there is gold under the stone... "Fenzi stone is the companion stone<
Qu Dajun quoted Shi Xing Ji in his Guangdong new language: "when I g more than Zhang, I saw Leifu Fanzi stone, which is brown and black scorched at one end. It is a stone with gold, and there must be horseshoe gold. There is a crystal bed beside the gedansha, and a Fanzi stone beside the gold. "
in Ben Cao Yan Yi written by song Kou Zong Xun: "a lump of gold, that is, a cave mountain or a hundred feet, can be seen with gold and stone. The stone is brown, and one end is as black as fire. This can be seen with gold, and its gold is deep red and yellow."< According to Tiangong Kaiwu, "most of the gold comes from the southwest. When you take it from the cave mountain to more than ten feet, you can see the accompanying gold and stone, and you can see the gold. The stone is brown and black like fire."“ However, in the cave of the Yi ape in the south of the five ridges, the gold first came out like black iron, and then it was g deep under the black coke stone“ The method of drawing silver. There are black roads on every stone wall< In Tiangong Kaiwu: "where is the silver seedling in the earth. There may be yellow gravel, or there may be a tangled shape in the cracks between the rocks in the soil, which means that it is not far away to go to the mine. "“ Where silver is made, the reefs are made. To the broken, such as sand, its surface sub ya, such as branch shaped, said riveting, its outer ring Stone said ore (surrounding rock). The large ore is like a fight, and the small one is like a fist. It is a useless waste. Its reef sand shape is like coal, the bottom is lined with stone but not very black, and its height is several
in addition, there are some indicative plants in the place where the gold vein is located, such as a wild Allium macrostemon growing near the gold mine in historical records
Youyang Zazu: "there are alligators on the mountain and gold under it."< According to the Geng Xin jade book, the root of the mountain looks like a green vine, purple and golden
it can be seen that the ancients have accumulated certain experience for the external performance of ore veins through years of prospecting and exploration. However, in order to truly determine the existence of ore veins, it is necessary to test mining and testing to further verify whether the experience is accurate. The Ming Dynasty Lulong's Shuyuan Zaji records: "the mine of hardware was born between mountains and rivers. In the place of origin, only the vein is hidden in the hard rock, which is as tiny as a hair. Those who have knowledge of the mineral resources can get it, chisel it and cook it. "
the so-called "gouge cooking test" is to verify experience through experimental means<
as for the mining method, for placer gold and the like, the panning method is mostly used. In "Tiangong Kaiwu · hardware", it is said that "water gold... Is extracted from the river, panning for gold."<
in addition to scouring for hair, chute method is also used. According to song Zhuyu's Pingzhou Ke Tan, "Liangchuan metallurgy, taking sand along the stream and scouring with wooden plates, has little and laborious results. Deng, laijinkeng households stop using big wood, sawing it, leaving blade marks. When you throw sand on it, you will be flooded with water. When you remove the sand, you can easily get it in the golden saw pattern. "<
the gold chute is also known as "gold Liuzi" and "gold bed". The chute method was widely used in the Qing Dynasty
all of the above are gold mining methods for placer gold. For deep buried gold, mining is necessary< In Ben Cao Yan Yi, song Kou Zong Xun said, "a lump of gold is a cave mountain or a hundred feet..."
"Tiangong Kaiwu · hardware": "most gold comes from the southwest, and the one who takes the cave mountain is more than ten feet..."
all gold and silver mines are mined by rock drilling, and the cave mountain breaks into the underground. Now some ancient mine sites have proved that the ancient mining method in China has been very mature. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the room column method was used to support the mine with wooden columns
excerpt from the fish reading club, for reference only, I hope I can help you and answer your doubts.
2.
There are many things to experience, but they are all developing in a healthy way. Otherwise, today's bitcoin can reach 120000
in April 2017, the central bank and other seven ministries and commissions identified ICO as illegal fund-raising, called ICO to stop and announced: ICO refers to the so-called "virtual currency" that financing entities raise bitcoin, Ethereum and other so-called "virtual currency" from investors through the illegal sale and circulation of tokens. In essence, ICO is a kind of unauthorized illegal public financing behavior, suspected of illegal sale of tokens, tickets, financial fraud, etc Illegal and criminal activities of pyramid selling
for a time, the major exchange platforms have withdrawn their assets and closed down, and the currencies of the exchanges have dived, with a drop of 90%. This is the famous "94" event in the currency circle
3. Aslong coin is a kind of platform subscription coin, and there is little information on the Internet. There is a netizen on Qinghai news network who said that the Internet has nothing to do with it. The news report of zhonghua.com will be deleted. This shows that there are a lot of false elements in the propaganda of this kind of currency
the risk of platform subscription currency is great, so we suggest you stay away from it. Bitcoin home has also reported similar incidents of running away from the subscription currency platform before. Subscription currency platform is small, information is not open and transparent, and it is not necessarily an open source cryptocurrency. Some platforms may gather a lot of funds on the platform and run away. They may also encounter the selling of Dazhuang, which leads to the collapse of Shanzhai coin. The development and operation team will also choose to develop a new Shanzhai coin.
the risk of platform subscription currency is great, so we suggest you stay away from it. Bitcoin home has also reported similar incidents of running away from the subscription currency platform before. Subscription currency platform is small, information is not open and transparent, and it is not necessarily an open source cryptocurrency. Some platforms may gather a lot of funds on the platform and run away. They may also encounter the selling of Dazhuang, which leads to the collapse of Shanzhai coin. The development and operation team will also choose to develop a new Shanzhai coin.
4. 90% of the money is air money. 99% of blockchain projects cannot be implemented.
5. Foreign trade surplus is too large, resulting in a large number of foreign currency into the country, resulting in foreign exchange reserves is too large, mainly in foreign currency claims are too large
If a country's foreign currency and creditor's rights are too large, the country that dominates the international currency (the United States) will rece its foreign debt pressure through the depreciation of the US dollar, and rece the pressure on the US economy from the trade surpluses of China, Japan and other exporting countries.
If a country's foreign currency and creditor's rights are too large, the country that dominates the international currency (the United States) will rece its foreign debt pressure through the depreciation of the US dollar, and rece the pressure on the US economy from the trade surpluses of China, Japan and other exporting countries.
6. Well, we have calculated that bitcoin will be g up in 2140 at the rate of halving every four years. After that, the miners will not be able to get any more systematic bitcoin rewards. But miners will still be willing to keep accounts, because miners can get transaction fees through packaging transactions.
7. Bitcoin is based on P2P network, which is decentralized. Point to point. So every transaction must be confirmed by the whole P2P network. Without the confirmation of the miners in the network, we can't be sure that this transaction is normal. For example, I can give a bitcoin to two addresses at the same time, but through the calculation of miners, I can get the latest time of my bitcoin transaction. Avoid bitcoin repeat transactions, so as to ensure the uniqueness of the transaction. If you help others to calculate, it's like helping others to keep accounts. Of course, others will pay you a certain amount.
8. The mobile phone is 138.3x67.1x7.1mm in size, 13.83cm in length and 6.71cm in width
9. When people publicize bitcoin, they often say, "you can transfer money to all kinds of Cheung San Li Si for free." In fact, it's not necessary. Sometimes, it still needs a service charge
in 2013, the price of a bitcoin was $20. In 2017, a bitcoin will cost $20
the purpose of the service charge is to encourage miners to keep mining, and to maintain bitcoin network security (stability maintenance fee?). In the early stage, the miner's basic salary was relatively high, 50 BTCs per block, but after the genesis block, the basic salary was halved for every 210000 blocks (every four years). After all 21 million bitcoins have been g up, transaction fees will be used as mining rewards
for the code of halving algorithm, it looks like this< br />
CAmount GetBlockSubsidy(int nHeight, const Consensus::Params& consensusParams)
{
int halvings = nHeight / consensusParams.nSubsidyHalvingInterval; < br />// Force block reward to zero when right shift is undefined.
if (halvings >= 64)
return 0; < br />
CAmount nSubsidy = 50 * COIN; < br />// Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.
nSubsidy >& gt;= halvings; < br />return nSubsidy;
}
the bonus was halved from 50 bitcoin to 25 bitcoin in 2012 and from 25 bitcoin to 12.5b bitcoin in 2016. It will be halved to 6.25 bitcoin by 2020
then, how to determine when and how much transaction fees should be paid
bitcoin network rules have built-in transaction cost structure, which depends on the (standard) client recommended by the system. Let's take bitcoin core as an example to see how many times we need to transfer money:
1 What will it cost
the client first determines which currency to use to complete the payment
for example, Bob transferred two bitcoins to Alice; Rose transfers another three bitcoins to Alice, so the amount of the two transfers will lie in Alice's wallet alone until it is spent Note: the two transfers will not be "automatically merged" into 5btc)
then, after a while, different amounts of bitcoin will accumulate in the wallet, so we have to consider what to use for payment
the available amount is called the "input" of the transaction, and the final sent amount (including the change returned to the wallet) is called the "output"< br />
2. Avoid too piecemeal payment
if the "output" (including change) of the transaction is less than 0.01btc, a handling charge of 0.0001btc will be charged“ When selecting "currency", the algorithm will try to avoid those currencies whose change amount is less than 0.01btc< br />
3. Old currency and large value transactions have priority
if the amount of bitcoin sent is too small or the age of bitcoin is too low, it is likely to be charged. Each transaction has a priority, which is determined by the age, amount and number of "input" transactions
specifically, the client multiplies the amount of each input by the time that the input exists in the block, adds all the multiplication results and divides them by the transaction byte size
if the result is less than 0.576, transaction fee will be charged. Therefore, if there are a lot of fragmentary and / or very new "inputs" and you don't want to pay the handling fee, you can do so. Just add a large and older input to the transaction. Here, the key is the average value of this amount x age
If a transaction was originally charged in step 3, but with the passage of time, new blocks continue to emerge, then the age of "input" in the original transaction also increases, further enhancing the priority of the transaction, so the fees generated in step 3 may be exempted< br />
4. “ Finally, the client checks the byte length of the transaction. The length depends on the number of inputs and outputs, which can be roughly calculated by the following formula:
148 * number of inputs + 34 * number of outputs + 10
if the length is less than 10000 bytes and there is a high enough priority in step 3, then the transaction is finally confirmed as free, on the contrary, it needs to be charged, and the default fee is 0.0001btc/kilobyte (less than 1K is calculated as 1K). You can change the amount of transaction fee in the relevant settings of the client. Settings below 0.0001btc will not take effect. After the new expense setting takes effect, the expense in step 2 will be covered, and the two will not be superimposed<
next, I'll give you a few examples:
1. Too much is better than too much
said: Alice has two "inputs" in her wallet, the amount of which is 1btc and 2btc respectively. Then Alice wants to buy a cup of 2.9999btc coffee. At this time, there is no such thing as currency selection, because there are only two inputs, and they are enough for coffee money, leaving 0.00001btc change. Note that step 2 mentions that if the transaction "output" (including change) is less than 0.01btc, a handling charge of 0.0001btc will be charged. Note that the coffee transaction will be charged 0.0001btc. As a result, the fair failed because Alice didn't have enough balance
this is interesting: Alice has 3btc on hand, but she can't buy 2.9999btc coffee. Alice can pay all 3btc to the merchant to avoid the service charge (assuming that the fee in step 3 is 0), but some merchants may ask for the exact amount
2. Character explosion
said: Alice's character explosion, in a gambling game with odds of 64000, used 0.02btc to dial 1280btc. When the website pays the bonus, it doesn't have 1280btc in its wallet, so it can only use all kinds of fragmentary input (including change) to make up
in the end, the size of the bonus is 51203 bytes. In this way, if the transaction size exceeds 10000 bytes and the transaction cost is increased to 0.0005btc/kilobyte (in fact, the transaction cost in the early days was 0.0005, which later became 0.0001), then the handling charge here is 52 * 0.0005 = 0.026btc. It's higher than the player's Ben
of course, it's cheaper than PayPal
note: the handling charge for using PayPal is 4.4% + 0.3 USD per transaction
for example, for a $1280 transfer, 1280 * 4.4% + 0.3 = $56.62
note: the final handling charge is 0.0286btc, which may be because the standard client is not used to create the transaction, and then the client has a little problem in calculating the fee
this is a true story, see: bitcoin transaction
3. Only one input is 1 Cong (Satoshi, the smallest unit of bitcoin, 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 Satoshi, to Satoshi Nakamoto, the founder of bitcoin); But there is another big input that raises the priority and eliminates transaction costs
do you have to pay a handling charge
incidentally, the handling charge is not mandatory. Some miners don't pay much attention to these charging standards, and will record some transactions without handling charges in the block. Using the "raw transactions" interface of the standard client can create a transaction with a lower handling charge than the standard cost. Moreover, it is possible that the miner will pack his personality into a block.
in 2013, the price of a bitcoin was $20. In 2017, a bitcoin will cost $20
the purpose of the service charge is to encourage miners to keep mining, and to maintain bitcoin network security (stability maintenance fee?). In the early stage, the miner's basic salary was relatively high, 50 BTCs per block, but after the genesis block, the basic salary was halved for every 210000 blocks (every four years). After all 21 million bitcoins have been g up, transaction fees will be used as mining rewards
for the code of halving algorithm, it looks like this< br />
CAmount GetBlockSubsidy(int nHeight, const Consensus::Params& consensusParams)
{
int halvings = nHeight / consensusParams.nSubsidyHalvingInterval; < br />// Force block reward to zero when right shift is undefined.
if (halvings >= 64)
return 0; < br />
CAmount nSubsidy = 50 * COIN; < br />// Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.
nSubsidy >& gt;= halvings; < br />return nSubsidy;
}
the bonus was halved from 50 bitcoin to 25 bitcoin in 2012 and from 25 bitcoin to 12.5b bitcoin in 2016. It will be halved to 6.25 bitcoin by 2020
then, how to determine when and how much transaction fees should be paid
bitcoin network rules have built-in transaction cost structure, which depends on the (standard) client recommended by the system. Let's take bitcoin core as an example to see how many times we need to transfer money:
1 What will it cost
the client first determines which currency to use to complete the payment
for example, Bob transferred two bitcoins to Alice; Rose transfers another three bitcoins to Alice, so the amount of the two transfers will lie in Alice's wallet alone until it is spent Note: the two transfers will not be "automatically merged" into 5btc)
then, after a while, different amounts of bitcoin will accumulate in the wallet, so we have to consider what to use for payment
the available amount is called the "input" of the transaction, and the final sent amount (including the change returned to the wallet) is called the "output"< br />
2. Avoid too piecemeal payment
if the "output" (including change) of the transaction is less than 0.01btc, a handling charge of 0.0001btc will be charged“ When selecting "currency", the algorithm will try to avoid those currencies whose change amount is less than 0.01btc< br />
3. Old currency and large value transactions have priority
if the amount of bitcoin sent is too small or the age of bitcoin is too low, it is likely to be charged. Each transaction has a priority, which is determined by the age, amount and number of "input" transactions
specifically, the client multiplies the amount of each input by the time that the input exists in the block, adds all the multiplication results and divides them by the transaction byte size
if the result is less than 0.576, transaction fee will be charged. Therefore, if there are a lot of fragmentary and / or very new "inputs" and you don't want to pay the handling fee, you can do so. Just add a large and older input to the transaction. Here, the key is the average value of this amount x age
If a transaction was originally charged in step 3, but with the passage of time, new blocks continue to emerge, then the age of "input" in the original transaction also increases, further enhancing the priority of the transaction, so the fees generated in step 3 may be exempted< br />
4. “ Finally, the client checks the byte length of the transaction. The length depends on the number of inputs and outputs, which can be roughly calculated by the following formula:
148 * number of inputs + 34 * number of outputs + 10
if the length is less than 10000 bytes and there is a high enough priority in step 3, then the transaction is finally confirmed as free, on the contrary, it needs to be charged, and the default fee is 0.0001btc/kilobyte (less than 1K is calculated as 1K). You can change the amount of transaction fee in the relevant settings of the client. Settings below 0.0001btc will not take effect. After the new expense setting takes effect, the expense in step 2 will be covered, and the two will not be superimposed<
next, I'll give you a few examples:
1. Too much is better than too much
said: Alice has two "inputs" in her wallet, the amount of which is 1btc and 2btc respectively. Then Alice wants to buy a cup of 2.9999btc coffee. At this time, there is no such thing as currency selection, because there are only two inputs, and they are enough for coffee money, leaving 0.00001btc change. Note that step 2 mentions that if the transaction "output" (including change) is less than 0.01btc, a handling charge of 0.0001btc will be charged. Note that the coffee transaction will be charged 0.0001btc. As a result, the fair failed because Alice didn't have enough balance
this is interesting: Alice has 3btc on hand, but she can't buy 2.9999btc coffee. Alice can pay all 3btc to the merchant to avoid the service charge (assuming that the fee in step 3 is 0), but some merchants may ask for the exact amount
2. Character explosion
said: Alice's character explosion, in a gambling game with odds of 64000, used 0.02btc to dial 1280btc. When the website pays the bonus, it doesn't have 1280btc in its wallet, so it can only use all kinds of fragmentary input (including change) to make up
in the end, the size of the bonus is 51203 bytes. In this way, if the transaction size exceeds 10000 bytes and the transaction cost is increased to 0.0005btc/kilobyte (in fact, the transaction cost in the early days was 0.0005, which later became 0.0001), then the handling charge here is 52 * 0.0005 = 0.026btc. It's higher than the player's Ben
of course, it's cheaper than PayPal
note: the handling charge for using PayPal is 4.4% + 0.3 USD per transaction
for example, for a $1280 transfer, 1280 * 4.4% + 0.3 = $56.62
note: the final handling charge is 0.0286btc, which may be because the standard client is not used to create the transaction, and then the client has a little problem in calculating the fee
this is a true story, see: bitcoin transaction
3. Only one input is 1 Cong (Satoshi, the smallest unit of bitcoin, 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 Satoshi, to Satoshi Nakamoto, the founder of bitcoin); But there is another big input that raises the priority and eliminates transaction costs
do you have to pay a handling charge
incidentally, the handling charge is not mandatory. Some miners don't pay much attention to these charging standards, and will record some transactions without handling charges in the block. Using the "raw transactions" interface of the standard client can create a transaction with a lower handling charge than the standard cost. Moreover, it is possible that the miner will pack his personality into a block.
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