Mining in Canada

1.

As we all know, mining right evaluation plays an important role in modern mining financing. The value of mining right is the core or focus of transaction. In a real and open market, a successful transaction can realize the value of mining rights. Evaluation, as an advisory opinion, plays an important supporting role in this process. With the increasing complexity of market, information and knowledge, evaluation has become an important part of mining instry

(1) the history of mining right evaluation China is a big mining country with a long history in mining and utilization, but the first mining law was not born until 1986. She took a completely different road from western countries in history, society and economic system

China's mining right evaluation started in 1998. Three laws and regulations issued by the State Council stipulate that when applying for and transferring mining rights, the mining rights invested by the state for exploration and found ore procing areas shall be evaluated. Whether the mining rights formed by other investment need to be evaluated is decided by the parties themselves. It is believed that with the development of the market and the activity of the transaction, the parties concerned will have a demand for the evaluation of the mining rights before the transaction and ring the financing of the mining instry. They will voluntarily hire appraisers to evaluate their mining rights or the mining rights they intend to obtain

Before 1998, the mineral resources law did not allow the trading of mining rights. However, as the precondition of applying for mining right, the applicant of mining right should have the exploration results - geological exploration report. Therefore, in the 1990s, the transaction of exploration results appeared, accompanied by the evaluation of exploration results. This may be regarded as a prelude to the evaluation of China's mining rights

as for the history of Canadian mining right evaluation, we need to connect it with other western countries, because they have the same system and system

The history of mining right evaluation in the west can be traced back to the second half of the 19th century at least. E J mal one wrote: the method of evaluation has been developed from the technology first proposed by Henry D hoskold in his paper "evaluation assistant for engineers" in 1877. According to EJ Malone's research, the basic principles of mineral value and evaluation began to take shape in the early 20th century. In the late 1950s, discounted cash flow analysis was introced and widely used in mining instry. However, the important development of evaluation methods, principles and standards came into being in the late 20th century

In 1987, the American Society of appraisers established the unified standard for professional appraisal practice (us-pap). But up to now, the United States has not any special mining rights evaluation standards and guidelines

Australia has taken the lead in drafting mining right evaluation standards and guidelines. Valmin code was issued in 1995 and revised in 1997. Valmin code has become a model for other countries

in Canada, it was not until May 2003 that there was a complete and comprehensive rule and criterion for mining right evaluation, which was pushed forward by the scandal of "bre-x". The Toronto Stock Exchange and the Ontario Securities Commission (TSE / OSC) have set up a mining standards task force (mstf) to review practices, standards and practices in the mining instry. In January 1999, the task force recommended that the Canadian Institute of mining, metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) set up a committee to review and consult the approaches and methods of mining right evaluation. From the spring of 2000 to the autumn of 2002, the CIMVal Committee successively drafted and published the "preliminary framework for discussion", "discussion draft", "draft of mining right evaluation standards and guidelines" and "revised draft of mining right evaluation standards and guidelines". In February 2003, the final draft of mining right evaluation standards and guidelines was formed, which will be officially issued and implemented in Montreal in May 2003. At the same time, other professional committees are also doing their best to carry out institutional construction in other key areas, such as the standardized definition of mineral reserves / resources, the system of qualified persons for the qualification of exploration to carry out some professional and technical activities in the mining instry, and the exploration criteria for exploration practitioners. An important event in this process is that the CIMVal Committee organized an "assessment day" on March 8, 2000 at the annual conference of CIM (mining century 2000) in Toronto. Many papers on mining right evaluation from experts in various fields were submitted to the conference or introced at the conference. These papers can be regarded as the basis of CIMVal standards and guidelines

At the same time, IASC is preparing a set of international evaluation standards which are expected to be accepted by the world

in South Africa, another important mining country, the South African Association of mining and metallurgy is following the lead of Australia and Canada in formulating standards and guidelines for mining projects, mining rights and mining assets evaluation

(2) the formation and creation of mining right norms is the result of the development and competition of mining activities. The purpose of mining right transaction is to raise limited funds and disperse risks. Therefore, mining right transaction involves a variety of instries. These instries are the parties concerned about the real value of trading partners, including mining rights holders, potential holders or applicants of mining rights and investors such as banks and bankers, large mining companies and stock holders

Independent mining consulting companies play an important role in the mining instry. They provide a variety of services including mining right evaluation for the parties in mining right transaction and financing

in Canada, Australia and South Africa, organizations and groups from all walks of life participated in the drafting, discussion, comment and debate of various standards and other aspects of mining rights. The participants expressed their opinions from different angles and viewpoints. Although they could not reach the complete agreement, their work was effective and meaningful

Canada's organizations and groups participating in the drafting process of standards and standards include:

Canadian Mining Association (MAC)

Canadian Institute of Accountants (CICA)

Canadian Institute of Management Accountants (SMAC)

Canadian Council for financial analysis (CCFA)

Canada mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Association (CIM)

Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE / Tex)

Canadian Securities Regulatory Commission (CSA)

banks

mining companies

Consulting Companies

China has done the same work in a small scope. In this working group, there is a lack of representatives of mining right holders of exploration companies, mining companies and securities managers

At present, according to the current relevant laws and regulations of the State Council, it is still the responsibility of the Chinese government to supervise and manage the mining right appraisal instry. The Ministry of land and resources has issued three measures for the administration of mining rights, namely, the Interim Measures for the administration of the appraisal of exploration rights and mining rights, the Interim Measures for the administration of the appraisal qualification of exploration rights and mining rights, and the Interim Provisions for the qualification system of mining rights Appraisers

the functional departments of the Ministry of land and resources have organized the drafting and compilation of two versions of technical guidelines applied to the evaluation of mining rights. The first edition is called "guide to the evaluation method of exploration right and mining right". The second edition which is now being applied to practice is the guide to the evaluation of mining rights. The third edition is currently being revised. The author thinks that the government will graally withdraw from the management position in this field, especially from the technical methods

in Canada and other western countries, the most relevant self regulatory professional organizations are responsible for these affairs and tasks, such as the Canadian mining, metallurgy and Petroleum Association (CIM), the Australian mining and Metallurgy Association (AusIMM), and the South African mining and Metallurgy Association. These organizations are composed of different professionals and provide consulting services for mining instry in different fields. In order to restrain the professional behavior, compete fairly and protect the interests of the practitioners and the served, self regulatory professional organizations have established some systems to regulate their members. One of the main measures and features of these systems is "disciplinary power, including the power to suspend and dismiss members or their employees"

In Canada, standards and / or guidelines have been issued in several fields related to mining instry, which provides a better and more standardized environment for appraisers to engage in and establish norms in appraisal

Canadian mining financing

there is still a lack of such coordination, tacit understanding and cooperation in various professional fields in China's mining instry. The management of various government departments is not fully coordinated. The current exploration norms and resource reserves standards are not applicable to the evaluation of mining right value which provides services for mining right transaction and mining financing

(5) management system it is very important to establish an effective system for the management of mining right evaluation. Canada's qualification system and exploration criteria are efficient management systems, and its social and cultural basis is "the principle of good faith"

There are similar management systems in China, but the effect is not satisfactory

One of the important achievements and contributions of the 43-101 national code, which was drafted by the mining standards task force (mstf) and issued by the Canadian Securities Regulatory Commission (CSA), is the concept and system of qualified person. The concept evolved from the concept of "competent people" used in Australia, the UK and South Africa

43-101 the national standard defines a qualified person as a natural person who has at least five years of experience in mineral exploration, mine development or mine operation or mining project evaluation, or comprehensive experience in these fields, and has the experience related to mining project objects and technical reports. At the same time, he is a member of a professional association with good reputation

the qualified person is a restricted professional, who should reflect the application of professional standards and his responsibilities in the technical report to the public. The implementation of the concept of qualified person will ensure that only qualified persons can implement and report exploration and mining activities. This is one of the lessons of the bre-x scandal. To be exact, the system of qualified person is the need to help rebuild the confidence of investors and the mining instry related to Canada's future

The system of qualified personnel has its foundation in western countries, that is, the management of professionals. Engineers have been licensed in their jurisdictions for many years in Canada. At least seven provinces and regions have also implemented the geologist licensing system. Other jurisdictions are also formulating relevant regulations

The concept of qualified appraiser is evolved from the concept of qualified person, which is defined by CIMVal standards and guidelines as a natural person who is an expert with proven experience in mining right evaluation, has experience related to the target mining right, or relies on the current technical report of the target mining right completed by the qualified person, Regulated by or members of reputable professional associations or self regulatory professional organizations

there is also a management system for professional and technical personnel in China, which is in the charge of government functional departments. It can not meet the needs of market economic activities, mainly in the following aspects: first, there is no limit on the scope of employment, and it has actually become a universal qualification; Second, there is no professional risk, no disciplinary system for moral and ability constraints

At the end of last century, in the face of several malignant events related to the stocks of mineral exploration and mining companies, the mining instry was facing a series of problems

2. The University of Alberta and the University of Toronto are good schools. In addition to these very famous schools, the mining major of Lawrence University is also very good. If you want to study in Canada, it's better to combine your major with your ranking, and then consider your own situation.

3. UA is cheap, and it offers more scholarships, and it's also a good university. It can rank fifth in Canada's comprehensive ranking
it's also very top in QS ranking, and it's ranked fourth in Canadian universities, and it's ranked 74 in the world. The three Canadian universities before it are McGill's UBC
http://www.topuniversities.com/university_ rankings/results/2008/overall_ rankings/top_ 100_ Universities /
Shanghai Jiaotong University ranks first in the Academic Ranking of world universities, and the fifth in Canadian universities
world ranking 118. The Canadian university before it is McGill University UBC McMaster http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_ B(EN).htm

4. It's very good. The salary is high, but the mine is a hard instry, and foreign mining engineers have too much to learn

5. It's all very good. It mainly depends on which region to work in in the future
UBC, dahlhouse, etc. can be selected for mining major, and Alberta and Memorial University of Newfoundland can be selected for petroleum engineering major
hope to help you.

6. You can
refer to the study abroad volunteer reference system for the orientation of choosing a school or a major for studying abroad http://www.liuxue315.e.cn/StudyAssess , input GPA, major and other information, and the system will automatically match the students' cases similar to your situation from the database to see which colleges and majors they have successfully applied for. You can also query according to the objectives of studying abroad, Take a look at the background (language score, school background, major, GPA, etc.) of your target university and major, so as to compare your own situation and formulate the general goal and direction.

7. It's not easy for new graates to find a job. If a mining engineer has several years of working experience, that's at least 80000 starting salary

8. The problem of power consumption is caused by many factors. The main reason is that some applications can't exit normally and run in the background all the time. Please go to settings - power to see which applications use too much power, but Dongli uses too much power. You can press the home key on the desktop to clear the programs that don't need to run in the background, which can significantly rece the power consumption.

9. Yes, Canada is rich in mining resources. There are many green mines in Canada. It needs a lot of professionals in mining, mineral processing, prospecting, address, environmental protection, power supply and automation. The job market is vast, that is, the working place is remote and far away from the city.

10. No accident, I'll give you a work permit, and then I'll tell you how easy it is to immigrate in the past. The price is about the same, hehe