Can mining industry transform

1.

In the bear market of the past few days, until these days, the price of currency is graally stable, and the speculators can finally relax

as the saying goes, bull market sells money, bear market mines, but the real bull market is expected to come slowly

now, only mining can ease the mood, Haru miner , mining anytime and anywhere, Xiao mining entry artifact to understand

2. Now in the mine is the gold mine, like the game Legend of the mine is heitieshi

3.

Zhu Xun

this paper summarizes the basic situation of China's mining cities, and expounds the inevitability of transformation, the choice of transformation strategy, the achievements and experience of transformation

The year 2012 is the 10th anniversary of the CPPCC National Committee's submission to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council of the "suggestions on taking practical measures to alleviate the" four mines "crisis, based on the appeal of CPPCC members and people in the mining instry, through special research and discussion of the Standing Committee

the suggestions of the CPPCC National Committee have been highly valued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. In November 2002, the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the strategic decision of "supporting the cities and regions with resource exploitation as the main body to develop continuous instries"

after a series of investigations, the State Council issued the opinions of the State Council on promoting the sustainable development of resource-based cities in 2007

In the past 10 years, e to the attention of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the suggestions of the CPPCC National Committee have not only been adopted, but also played a positive role in alleviating the crisis of "four mines" (mining, mining, miners and mining city), especially in promoting the transformation of mining cities

basic situation of mining cities in China. According to Yu Jicong, Liu Yuexiang and others of China Mining City Working Committee of China Federation of mining instries, combined with the data of National Bureau of statistics, there are 232 mining cities (towns) in China. It is distributed in 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Among them, there are 97 prefecture level cities, 81 county-level cities and 54 mining towns

China's mining cities (towns) have a population of 310 million and more than 8 million mining workers. In 2010, the GDP of mining cities (towns) reached 750 billion yuan, accounting for 20% of China's GDP. Mining cities are the main supply bases of mineral energy and raw materials in China. At present, mining cities provide more than 93% of coal, more than 90% of oil, more than 80% of iron ore, more than 70% of natural gas and non-metallic mineral resources for the country

according to the degree of mining development, China's mining cities can be divided into youth type, middle-aged type and old-age type, which can also be called growth type, prosperous type and declining type. In the existing 178 mining cities at Prefecture and county levels, there are 19 growing cities, 104 flourishing cities and 55 declining cities. It should be noted that China's mining cities are in a dynamic and constantly changing state. Because through the western development, there will be some new mining cities

transformation is the requirement of the special development law of mining cities

mining instry has become the only or main pillar instry of mining cities. The object of mining development is non renewable mineral resources, mining a little less. The recoverable resources within a mining city will be exhausted one day. Without the support of other pillar instries and alternative instries, mining cities will inevitably rise, develop and then decline. This is an objective law that does not depend on human will. Therefore, the transformation of mining cities is a common problem faced by many countries in the world

China's mining cities have entered the late 1980s. After decades of development, more than 400 mines are about to close e to resource depletion. About 1 / 4 of the mining cities are short of recoverable resources and mining proction is declining, which leads to the decline of urban economy and financial resources. The annual output of raw coal in Fuxin city of Liaoning Province was 10.19 million tons in 1987, and it dropped to 5 million tons in 2002. In 2000, the GDP increased by only 0.2%. In the heyday of Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, the annual output of coal reached 6.9 million tons, and dropped to about 3 million tons in the 1990s“ During the Ninth Five Year Plan period, Jiaozuo's economic growth averaged 3.5%. Dongchuan City, Yunnan Province, has made important contributions to the development of China's copper instry in history. However, e to the depletion of proved recoverable resources, Dongchuan Mining Bureau went bankrupt. The city's organizational system was canceled and Kunming city was classified as a district. 40% of the 300000 urban population lost their jobs. Due to the closure of mines, some workers in mining cities lost their jobs, which once caused some social problems

in order to avoid "mine exhaustion and city decline", it is necessary to develop continuous instries and alternative instries, promote urban transformation, change the situation that urban development relies too much on the development of mineral resources, change the mining city with single mining instry into a comprehensive city with diversified economy, solve the economic, social and environmental problems caused by it, and realize sustainable development

the choice of the transformation strategy of China's mining cities

(1) the transformation mode of mining cities

the transformation mode of mining cities in the world can be roughly divided into two types, one is "abandoned mining type", the other is "expanding type"

cities that adopt the transformation mode of "abandoned mining" are to give up mining instry completely and take a new road. For example, XIAOJINSHAN City, near Melbourne, Australia, built a Mine Museum using the original mine sites to develop the tourism instry, making the city get a new life. The salt mines near Krakow, Poland and the capital of Colombia are no longer mined, but the abandoned mine sites are used to build underground salt mine museums and salt mine art museums, making tourism a pillar instry of these cities

cities adopting the "expanding" transformation mode are developing other non mining instries while continuing to tap the potential of resources to develop mining instry. For example, Houston in the United States belongs to this kind of transformation City, which has achieved new development through the graal development of high-tech instries

the transformation of mining cities in China is to adopt the "expanding" mode, that is, to continue to tap the mining potential by strengthening the prospecting of crisis mines, while vigorously developing other follow-up instries to achieve sustainable development

(2) mode of transformation mechanism of mining cities

there are three modes for the selection of transformation mechanism of mining cities in the world: first, the government led mode of some European Union countries; second, the government led mode of some European Union countries; Second, the market leading mode of the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries; Third, Japan's government led and market regulation mode

the transformation mechanism of China's mining cities can be summarized as a transformation mechanism that combines government guidance with market regulation, and the state, cities and enterprises are coordinated

(3) instrial structure transformation mode

in the process of promoting the transformation, China's mining cities are striving to optimize the instrial structure and accelerate the establishment of modern instrial system. Although the specific practices are different, they are generally taking the road of "strengthening the city through instry" and the synchronous development of the first, second and third instries. The secondary instry accounted for 46.5% in 1990, 50.6% in 2000, 68.6% in 2010, and further increased to 69.7% in 2011. In the second instry, the common practice is to vigorously transform the traditional instry and develop the continuation instry. Shizuishan City in Ningxia is in accordance with the idea of "one instry to be special, two instry to be strong, three instry to be excellent" to realize the overall instrial transformation. The same is true for other mining cities

(4) transformation strategy of mining cities (1) diversified development strategy. Mining cities should not only continue to tap the potential of resources to develop mining instry, but also extend the deep processing chain of mineral procts, develop non mineral instries as pillar instries, and vigorously develop non-state-owned enterprises

(2) moderate development strategy. That is to properly handle the relationship between the short-term benefits of mining development and the long-term development of mining instry. According to the amount of recoverable resources owned by the mine, the annual mining amount should be set within an appropriate limit, so as to extend the service life of the mine as far as possible, so as to win time for the city to develop continuous instries and promote urban transformation

(3) intensive management strategy. Through the integration of mineral resources and other resources, the reorganization and transformation of small mines and small enterprises, the waste of resources can be reced, and the scale efficiency and competitiveness of urban economy can be improved

(4) green mining city strategy. We should pay equal attention to development and protection, do a good job in ecological restoration and protection, build a green mine, garden city, health city and harmonious city, and achieve a win-win situation between environmental protection and resource development

(5) the strategy of revitalizing the city through science and ecation. Take the road of combining proction, learning and research, vigorously develop ecation, cultivate talents and promote scientific and technological innovation to provide power for urban transformation

(6) the strategy of building nest to attract Phoenix. In order to open wider to the outside world and create conditions for attracting talents, technology and capital from outside to enter mining cities, efforts should be made in both hard environment construction and soft environment construction. Only by building a good nest can we attract Phoenix

(7) mutual benefit strategy. Through the transformation, straighten out the relationship between the city and mining enterprises, clarify the division of labor, further strengthen cooperation, the government and enterprises perform their ties, and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results through resource integration

(8) national support strategy. Mining cities in their own efforts to promote the transformation at the same time, but also get strong support from the state. The state has published the transformation list of 69 resource exhausted cities (towns) in three batches, and issued the guidance on deepening the overall planning of the transformation of mining cities. From 2007 to 2011, the Ministry of finance has allocated 30.3 billion yuan of financial transfer funds, which has effectively promoted the transformation of mining cities

the transformation of mining cities in China has achieved remarkable results

first, the instrial structure of mining cities has been preliminarily optimized. At present, China has initially formed a pattern of "joint development of mining instry and non mining instry". For example, Fuxin City in Liaoning Province has changed from coal instry to energy instry, agricultural procts processing instry and new energy instry. According to relevant statistics, the proportion of mining output value in GDP of Jiaozuo, Fuxin, Panjin, Baiyin, Pingxiang, Gejiu, Liaoyuan, Shizuishan, Daye and other resource exhausted cities, which were first announced by the state, dropped from 18.3% in 2006 to 13.6% in 2009

Secondly, the economy of mining cities is growing rapidly. According to relevant statistics, from 2000 to 2010, the GDP growth rate of Jiaozuo, Fuxin, Panjin, Tongchuan, Gejiu, Dongchuan, Daye, Baiyin, Zaozhuang, Jingdezhen and other 10 resource exhausted mining cities was higher than the national average. The GDP of Jiaozuo and other 10 mining cities reached 527.6 billion yuan in 2010, 4.62 times of 114.25 billion yuan in 2000, and 4.01 times of the total GDP growth in the same period

Thirdly, the financial situation of mining cities has improved significantly. The fiscal revenue of Jiaozuo and other 10 cities in 2000 was only 4.867 billion yuan, which increased to 42.267 billion yuan in 2010, 8.68 times of 2000, higher than 6.2 times of the national growth rate in the same period, and the proportion in the total national fiscal revenue increased from 0.36% to 0.50%

Fourthly, the living conditions of residents in mining cities are graally improved. According to statistics from the national development and Reform Commission, the average income of urban residents in Jiaozuo and other 10 cities increased from 5014 yuan in 2000 to 15969 yuan in 2010, which was 3.18 times of that in 2000, while the income of urban residents in the same period increased by 3.04 times. The income of rural residents in Jiaozuo and other 10 cities increased from 2107.5 yuan in 2000 to 6272 yuan in 2010, 2.97 times of that in 2000, while the income of rural residents in the same period increased by 2.62 times

Fifthly, the living conditions of residents in mining cities are graally improving. According to the national development and Reform Commission, from 2007 to 2010, 12 resource exhausted mining cities, including Jiaozuo, Fuxin, Panjin, Gejiu, Dongchuan, Jingdezhen, Pingxiang, Baiyin, Daye, Liaoyuan, Baishan and Shizuishan, completed the demolition of subsidence areas and the transformation of shanty towns, with a construction area of 14.23 million square meters and about 280000 households. The housing conditions of poor families were improved

Sixth, the environment of mining cities began to improve. According to statistics from the national development and Reform Commission, in the past four years, the first batch of 12 resource exhausted cities, such as Jiaozuo and Fuxin, have completed a total of 22900 hectares of governance area and 1719 hectares of reclaimed farmland. Remarkable results have been achieved in urban energy conservation and emission rection

some experiences of mining city transformation

China's mining cities have accumulated some successful experiences in the process of promoting transformation

4. The instry is mining instry, and the nature of the company should be limited liability company or joint stock company<

expense and cost classification account

cost and inventory

5. Anshan as a mining city, how to carry out instrial transformation and upgrading? Really, this is a very difficult topic, because now Angang mining instry is that the output of empty instry is graally decreasing, so we have to think of other ways. It's graally through leadership research. The government's control, and then graally carry out instrial transformation.

6. Underground minerals are owned by the state. If the state does not allow them to be mined, they can no longer be mined. If this mine is contracted through formal proceres, you can apply for compensation.

7. The mining instry has begun to pay more and more attention to the investment in exploration, but this does not necessarily mean that a high-quality mining project can be determined only through the exploration stage, because mining companies have to dig deep into the areas with low degree of exploration, which is full of uncertain factors. In addition, mining rights, geopolitics, preliminary economic assessment (PEA) and pre feasibility study (PFS) are still well-known risk issues. The conversion rate of discovered mineral deposits into exploitable mines is still very low, and obtaining financing in the mine development and construction stage is also full of pitfalls. Therefore, for mining projects in the investment and exploration period, it is necessary to find professional, qualified and qualified personnel It is very important for mining investment institutions to understand mining.

8.

Rare earth is widely used in new energy, new materials, aerospace, electronic information and other fields. Up to now, it has been listed as "key mineral" by many countries

China's rare earth instry has two advantages: resource and market. In recent years, China has made great efforts to promote the high-quality development of rare earth instry by strengthening resource protection and innovating system construction. At the same time, illegal mining and smuggling of "black ore" still exist, which affects the value of rare earth resources

the Bayan Obo mine in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is recognized as the largest rare earth mine in the world e to the long-term unclear family background, the "cut-off" of basic research, the "vicious competition" of trading and other reasons, Bayan Obo rare earth mine has been regarded as iron ore mining for a long time, the core technology has been "stuck", and the price of rare earth deviates from the real value

experts suggest that we should find out the background of Bayan Obo mine as soon as possible, make up for the weakness of basic research, establish a unified national trading platform, strive to build a rare earth power and boost high-quality development

{rrrrrrr}

the lack of talents restricts the R & D of rare earth science and technology in China Fan Hongrui said

the reporter found that at present, China's rare earth R & D, especially the basic research level, has been "cut off" to varying degrees, and the core technology has been "stuck", so it is difficult to get rid of the embarrassment of "digging and selling soil" and "selling rare earth into" cabbage price "for many years

"the fundamental reason is that R & D lags behind, especially basic research is rarely paid attention to, and a large number of core technology patents are purchased from abroad." Chi Jianyi said frankly

Li Wei, academician of the Chinese Academy of engineering, said that at present, China supplies 90% of the world's rare earth and proces 70% of the world's rare earth magnetic materials, "but most of the patents are in the hands of Japanese and American enterprises, and export procts have to pay patent fees to others. We don't know where other people use the parts made of rare earth materials

in the view of Yang Zhanfeng and others, the overall research level of rare earth in China is about 20 years lower than that in foreign countries, and many aspects only know what it is, but do not know why it is

the scientific research team led by academician Xu Guangxian developed the rare earth cascade extraction theoretical process in the 1970s, which is a rare international leading technology in the field of rare earth in China. It is precisely by this advantage that China has seized the commanding height in rare earth separation

After

, China has not made great achievements in the research and development of rare earth technology. According to Yang Zhanfeng, until early 2020, China will establish the Rare Earth Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province. At present, there is no major in rare earth in Colleges and universities, and only metallurgical engineering major in Central South University and Northeast University

the lack of talents has become the bottleneck of rare earth science and technology research and development in China. At present, among the more than 20 academicians related to rare earth research in China, few are specialized in rare earth research

there is a State Key Laboratory for research and comprehensive utilization of rare earth resources in Bayan Obo in Baotou City, Inner Mongolia, with only 13 personnel, 11 of whom are experts temporarily hired from outside

Chi Jianyi and others believe that e to the lack of talents and scattered power, it is difficult for China to carry out cooperative research on a unified rare earth research topic, and even more difficult to form a common rare earth theoretical research results, which makes China's rare earth basic research incoherent, lack of core technology research and development, and difficult to seize the commanding height

Mr. Xu Guangxian, known as the "father of rare earth", once said that at present, human's understanding of rare earth is less than 1 / 4000, and there is a huge space for exploration

"now we are like 'steaming steamed bread', we only know to put 'alkali noodles', we don't know what the chemical reaction is behind it." Yang Zhanfeng said that the lag of basic research restricts technological research and development and instrial application, and it is urgent to interdisciplinary research in mathematics, physics and chemistry to overcome the inherent mechanism of rare earth elements. This kind of "money burning" and time-consuming and laborious work can only be completed by the top national research team

experts suggest that rare earth specialty should be set up in universities with certain foundation to cultivate follow-up talents; At the same time, the Ministry of science and technology can take the lead to set up a national rare earth comprehensive research institute in Baotou City, Inner Mongolia, where rare earth research strength, facilities and instry are relatively concentrated

they believe that the new institute must not follow the old path, but must innovate the system and mechanism, create a national platform for rare earth research and application with the participation of instry, University, research, government and enterprises, and let rare earth play a role of "four or two" in the national economy

stealing and selling "Black Rare Earth" is still repeatedly prohibited

Baotou rare earth procts exchange (hereinafter referred to as "Baotou rare earth exchange") located on Huanghe street of Baotou city is the "clearly marked price" exchange of rare earth in China

the reporter sees here that the trading volume and price of various rare earth procts are rolling in real time on the big screen, showing the rare earth series index and price trend

Li Zhenhong, chairman of Baotou rare earth exchange, said with emotion that most of the transactions of domestic rare earth enterprises are completed through negotiation between the two sides, and the real transaction price is like "breaking hands in the sleeve" - only they know

a person in charge of a rare earth proction enterprise in China said frankly that the company has always adopted the traditional trade mode, and the pricing of rare earth is decided by the company's leaders at an internal meeting, "that is, to maintain its market share through low price competition."

according to the reporter's investigation, the six major rare earth groups and their subordinate enterprises in China are still fighting against each other in the sales link, with traditional trade mode, opaque transaction price and chaotic competition within the instry

"foreign countries are all big buyers, and we are hundreds of enterprises selling separately. Foreign buyers buy a lot when the price is low, and stop purchasing and using inventory when the price rises, forcing domestic enterprises to sell at a lower price." Li Zhenhong said

"Black Rare Earth" trading is another chaos in rare earth market. Although in recent years, the state has continued to crack down on the "Black Rare Earth", but the "Black Rare Earth" illegally collected and sold under the guise of waste recycling and imported rare earth is still repeatedly prohibited

in 2019, the national rare earth mining quota will be controlled at 132000 tons, but the actual output will be greatly exceeded. According to instry estimates, more than half of the rare earths circulating in the market are "black rare earths" with unknown sources and proction beyond the mandatory plan, resulting in oversupply and aggravating the phenomenon of low price export of rare earths

data show that in recent years, the gross profit margin of sales of the six major rare earth groups in China has also decreased significantly. Among them, the sales gross profit rate of North rare earth group decreased from the highest 72.8% in 2011 to about 10% in 2019

China is the world's largest procer, exporter and consumer of rare earth, which has two dominant positions in rare earth resources and market, but has not obtained the corresponding pricing power

"one of the reasons is that there is no unified trading market of rare earth procts in China and there is no objective price formation mechanism." Li Zhenhong said

in fact, as early as may 2011, under the guidance of relevant state departments, Inner Mongolia approved the establishment of Baotou rare earth procts exchange, which was jointly funded by 13 rare earth backbone enterprises and institutions, including northern rare earth, Chinalco rare earth, Minmetals rare earth, and national reserve center. At that time, this move was regarded as a key move for China's rare earth instry to seek international pricing power. Since then, Hunan Southern rare and precious metals exchange and Jiangxi Ganzhou rare and precious metals exchange have been established in China

however, nine years later, domestic rare earth transactions are still "two skins" online and offline. At present, the settlement volume of rare earth enterprises in China on the open trading platform is very small. In 2019, the actual settlement amount of Baotou thin exchange is only 1.33 billion yuan, and the settlement volume is only 3000 tons

according to Li Zhenhong's analysis, in addition to the immature trading mechanism, the low level of the platform, the contradiction between mandatory proction and market-oriented trading and other factors have seriously restricted the rare earth trading platform to play its role

On the one hand, the design space of trading system is insufficient. Since 2011, China has formulated a lot of restrictive measures for non-national exchanges. Baotou rare earth exchange and other major trading platforms are provincial trading platforms, so it is difficult to play the role of serving rare earth instry

On the other hand, the instry customer participation is not high. A number of downstream rare earth application enterprises reflect that the proction of rare earth procts is planned management, while the downstream application is market-oriented behavior, resulting in the disharmony between planned management and market behavior

rare earth, like gold and oil, are national strategic resources. It should have a national exchange like gold and oil. Instry insiders and experts suggest that a national unified trading platform must be established as soon as possible, so as to avoid the "zone for war", form a fair, open and just rare earth pricing mechanism, and firmly control the pricing power of rare earth in their own hands

instry experts believe that a unified national trading platform can regulate market supply and demand through commercial purchase and storage, realize stable supply, controllable mining and sales, establish export traceability mechanism, solve the problem of tax evasion in the instry, block "Black Rare Earth" trading, and avoid rare earth selling at a "cabbage price"

Zhao Jiangtao, mayor of Baotou City, said that an open and transparent national unified market can not only rationalize the instry through the price formation mechanism, but also become the starting point for the implementation of national strategies and instrial policies

Chi Jianyi and others pointed out that the reserves of LREE, which are widely used in the market, are not low, and with the proction of foreign rare earth enterprises such as Australia, the United States and Vietnam, the diversified global supply pattern has graally formed, and the open competition of LREE is inevitable. Therefore, China's rare earth regulatory policy should not be light and heavy, and should timely release light rare earth, control heavy rare earth, and promote light rare earth trading into an open and transparent market trading platform