ASIC mining equipment

mining is perhaps one of the most important components of the bitcoin ecosystem. Miners need to solve complex mathematical problems, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the transaction. These problems are so complex that they are difficult to solve even for extremely powerful computers. Computers need work and luck to solve these mathematical problems, just as miners dig underground. The chance of solving this problem correctly is about one in 13 trillion

bitcoin mining has two purposes. Firstly, by solving mathematical problems, bitcoin miners can verify the transaction information, so as to ensure the security and reliability of bitcoin payment network. Miners are the people who ensure that transactions are accurate and that there is no "double payment."

since miners will eventually sell the bitcoin, it is also an important source of supply and liquidity. As chainalysis reports, many digital currency exchanges rely on miners to receive bitcoin and increase their liquidity. Typically, exchanges get about 88% of bitcoin from other exchanges, and bitcoin miners are the largest source of the remaining percentage. As you can imagine, there is fierce competition between exchanges to receive bitcoin directly from miners

further enlarge the map, most of the mining activities are only carried out in four provinces, the first two provinces are Xinjiang and Sichuan, accounting for nearly half of all bitcoin mining in China. Electricity prices are cheap and the weather is cold in these areas. This helps to keep mining profits and equipment cool ring the 24 / 7 operation and maintenance period of bitcoin mining

but this is nothing new for digital currency issuance. For many years, China has been a major market for bitcoin miners e to its cheap electricity and abundant resources. Bitmain, f2pool and Canaan are all located in China

whether this is a negative or positive message depends on your point of view. But for decentralized, distributed, unlicensed networks, geographic regions across multiple entities are more healthy for the entire ecosystem

At present, the mining machines in the market are mainly divided into two categories, one is PC based mining machine, the other is professional mining machine based on ASIC chip

the general PC mining machine can be used as a home computer, but the CPU performance is weak and the power consumption is high. Professional mining machine based on ASIC chip can not be used as ordinary computer because it has no graphics card and does not support mainstream desktop operating system

extended data:

mining machine is one of the ways to obtain Bitcoin is a kind of network virtual currency proced by open source P2P software. It doesn't rely on a specific currency institution to issue, but is generated by a large number of calculations of a specific algorithm. It uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions economically. The decentralized nature of P2P and the algorithm itself can ensure that the currency value cannot be manipulated by mass proction

any computer can become a mining machine, but the profit will be relatively low, and there may not be one in ten years. Many companies have developed professional mining machines, which are equipped with special mining crystal. They are tens or hundreds of times higher than ordinary computers

mining is actually a competition of performance and equipment. The mining machine composed of many graphics cards, even if it is just a garbage card like hd6770, can surpass the single graphics card of most users in terms of computing power

and this is not the most terrible. Some mining machines are made up of more such graphics card arrays. When dozens or even hundreds of graphics cards come together, the graphics card itself costs money. Considering the hardware price and other costs, there are considerable expenses in mining

in addition to the display card burning machine, some ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) professional mining machines are also put into the battlefield. ASIC is specially designed for hash operation. Although the performance may not be able to kill the display card in seconds, it is already quite strong. Moreover, because their power consumption is far lower than that of the display card, it is easier to form scale and the electricity cost is also lower, It is difficult to compete with these excavators. And this kind of machine will be more expensive

It will accelerate the aging of graphics card

in order to make money, the graphics card works continuously for 7x24 hours and runs at full load. Some people will overclock the graphics card in order to earn more money. The general home game graphics card is not designed for this kind of use environment at all. Long time full load operation will lead to accelerated aging of the graphics card, Generally, the life of the graphics card used for half a year of mining is longer than that of the normal use of the players for three years, so now the major brands have made strict restrictions on the quality assurance of the cards

< H2 > extended data:

principles of computer Mining:

starting from the essence of bitcoin, the essence of bitcoin is actually the special solution generated by a bunch of complex algorithms. A special solution is one of the finite solutions of a system of equations. Every particular solution can solve the equation and is unique. In the metaphor of banknotes, bitcoin is the number of the top word of a banknote. If you know the number of the top word of a banknote, you will have the banknote

and the process of mining is to constantly seek the special solutions of the equations through huge amount of calculation. The equations are designed to have only 21 million special solutions, so the upper limit of bitcoin is 21 million

to mine bitcoin, you can download the special bitcoin computing tools, register various cooperation websites, fill the registered user name and password into the computing program, and then click the operation to officially start. After completing the installation of bitcoin client, you can directly obtain a bitcoin address. When others pay, you only need to paste the address to others, and you can pay through the same client

after installing the bitcoin client, it will assign a private key and a public key. You need to back up the wallet data containing your private key to ensure that your property is not lost. Unfortunately, if the hard disk is completely formatted, personal bitcoin will be completely lost

lightning network is a kind of chain breaking technology, which uses layer 2 to eliminate the transaction processing capacity of bitcoin

examples of terminology usage

bitfinex plans to implement tether based lightning network (usdt)

detailed description

if lightning network is introced, it is possible to trade outside the crowded blockchain, so as to speed up the transaction speed and rece the cost. If you can speed up transactions and rece costs, you can make small payments, which is expected to create new procts and services

Mining pool is an organized server, which is created to collect the hash value of each miner and cooperate in mining

examples of terminology usage

the rewards earned by the virtual currency exchange binance in the mining pool can be directly traded by binance

detailed description

in the mining business of vital scale, a mechanism for multiple miners to cooperate in mining. The reward is paid according to the contribution of the mining

half life refers to the time when the mining reward (= new circulation) of bitcoin and other virtual currencies is reced by half

examples of terminology usage

cryptocurrency bitcoin (BTC) will reach its third half-life on May 12, 2020, and the mining reward will be reced from 12.5 BTC to 6.25 BTC

detailed description

many virtual currencies have "issuance limits" to prevent inflation, and the new issuance will be reced by half every certain interval of half-life. This is also a noteworthy event unique to virtual money, because with the decrease of supply and the rising of price, the scarcity value increases significantly

The development of ASIC can be divided into three parts: design, manufacture and test. But it has more characteristics because of its various functions. 1) The purpose of function design is to prepare for the circuit design. The system function is used for the system realization, which is convenient for the hierarchical design according to the level of system, circuit and component
2) the result of logic design is to give the logic structure of the logic relationship that meets the requirements of the function block. It is realized by gate level circuit or function mole circuit, and expressed by table, Boolean formula or specific language

3) the purpose of circuit design is to determine the circuit structure (component connection relationship) and component characteristics (component value, transistor parameters) to meet the required characteristics of functional circuits, and to consider the performance changes caused by power supply voltage changes, temperature changes and manufacturing errors
4) layout design directly serves process manufacturing. According to the logic circuit diagram or electronic circuit diagram, it determines the configuration of components and functional moles on the chip, as well as the connection path between them. In order to save the chip area, a variety of schemes should be compared until they are satisfied
5) verification is the process of designing circuit function, logic and layout with the help of CAD system, and considering the possible time delay and fault of actual procts. The design parameters are modified on the basis of simulation analysis
in order to achieve the success of one-time proction, the results should be repeatedly compared at each stage of the design work to obtain the best design results. Generally, it can be divided into full custom design and semi custom design. The former is to complete each stage of the design according to the flow shown in the figure, while the latter is to make more effective design by using the existing achievements at a certain stage of the design. For example, the semi custom design of the mole circuit with reasonable layout structure and proved to be practical by practical use can save the layout or manufacturing time. Standard cell method, gate array method and programmable logic array method are commonly used in semi custom design using molar circuits
in the CAD system, the more abundant the basic cells developed in the form of cell circuit library and macro cell library, the better the circuit design. These libraries include basic gate, trigger, decoder, microprocessor core circuit, ROM, ram and analog circuit mole. Generally, the description of library unit includes name, function, Boolean expression, logic diagram, circuit diagram, electrical parameters, layout frame, input, output port and layout structure. The basic process of ASIC is CMOS, bipolar, BiCMOS, etc. BiCMOS is a kind of hybrid technology, which has the al characteristics of bipolar and CMOS. It is convenient to improve the working speed, rece the power consumption, improve the integration and realize the hybrid of analog and digital circuits. The use of GaAs semiconctor materials not only improves the working speed of the circuit, but also reces the power consumption
as the required functions become more and more complex, the device size graally decreases and the number of pins increases. In order to meet the requirements of the number of leads, volume, heat dissipation performance, automation of chip and inner lead bonding process, and convenience of device mounting on the printed circuit board, ASIC adopts the packaging process of square shell with leads on all sides, or arranging two rows of outer leads side by side. For the electronic systems that require high-density assembly, strong vibration resistance and harsh temperature and humidity environment, chip carrier packaging and belt type automatic bonding packaging have been adopted, which improves the automation of their installation on the printed circuit board, reces the volume and weight
ASIC also adopts multi chip technology, which makes it easier to design, manufacture and test multi-functional ASIC. ASIC requires circuit designers to participate in the test closely. From the beginning of circuit design, we need to consider the proct test scheme and method. Test design is an important part of ASIC development
when designing circuits, some additional automatic test circuits are designed and integrated with the designed functional circuits on the same chip. After the chip is processed, these additional circuits automatically complete the function test of the chip with the support of software. This test method can test the internal nodes without restriction, and can work synchronously with the circuit under test, so as to improve the test quality and save time
the traditional test method is still a main method used in ASIC proction. It is hoped that the input excitation, output response sampling and test process can be controlled on an automatic test equipment, otherwise it is difficult to cope with the expanding circuit scale and function
material defects, machining deviation, poor working environment, especially design errors can cause circuit failure. With the help of computer aided design system, circuit designers can simulate the possible faults in the process of circuit design, analyze the fault attributes, detect and determine the fault location, so as to improve the circuit design, and make it easy to detect these faults in the proction process