Mining of Kaishui power station
You can't dig in a day. It takes 2000 years
the global unified computing difficulty of bitcoin is 2621404453 (expected to change in two days). It takes more than 2000 years for a 2.5GHz CPU to work out a bitcoin
in order to make the graphics card fully loaded for a long time, the power consumption will be quite high, and the electricity bill will be higher and higher. Many professional mines at home and abroad are operated in areas with extremely low electricity charges, such as hydropower stations, while more users can only mine at home or in ordinary mines, so the electricity charges are not cheap. Even in a certain residential area in Yunnan, there was a case of crazy mining, which led to a large area trip of the residential area, and the transformer was burned
extended data:
bitcoin network generates new bitcoin through "mining". In essence, the so-called "mining" is to use computers to solve a complex mathematical problem to ensure the consistency of bitcoin network distributed accounting system
bitcoin network will automatically adjust the difficulty of mathematical problems, so that the whole network can get a qualified answer about every 10 minutes. Then bitcoin network will generate a certain amount of bitcoin as block reward to reward the person who gets the answer
when bitcoin was born in 2009, block rewards were 50 bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first 50 bitcoins were generated, and the total amount of money at this time is 50. Then bitcoin grew at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the block reward will be halved to 25
when the total amount reaches 15.75 million (5.25 million new output, i.e. 50% of 1050), the block reward will be further halved to 12.5. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to about 21 million
Taking t2t-30t as an example, the calculation force of t2t-30t is 30t, and the power consumption is 2200W, that is, 2.2kW. The power consumption of a single miner in 24-hour operation is 2.2kW * 24 = 52.8kwh, and the electricity charge is once calculated as 0.56rmb, the daily power consumption cost of a single miner is 52.8kw * 0.56 = 29.57rmb
to "mine" with bitcoin mining machine, if the graphics card is fully loaded for a long time, the power consumption will be quite high, and the electricity bill will be higher and higher. There are many professional mines at home and abroad in areas with extremely low electricity charges, such as hydropower stations, while more users can only mine at home or in ordinary mines, so the electricity charges are not cheap. Even some people in a residential area in Yunnan carried out crazy mining, which led to a large area trip of the residential area, and the transformer was burned
extended data
mining principle of bitcoin mining machine:
bitcoin mining and node software mainly initiates zero knowledge proof and verification transactions through point-to-point network, digital signature and interactive proof system. Each network node carries out broadcast transactions to the network. After these broadcast transactions are verified by miners (computers on the network), miners can use their own work proof results to express confirmation. The confirmed transactions will be packaged into data blocks, and the data blocks will form a continuous data block chain
every node of bitcoin will collect all the unconfirmed transactions and gather them into a data block. The miner node will add a random adjustment number and calculate the sha256 hash value of the previous data block. The mining node keeps trying again and again until the random adjustment number it finds makes the hash value lower than a specific target
25000 mining troops in Sichuan: a flood cost hundreds of millions, most afraid of power failure and loneliness
these computing power are scattered along the Da River, a tributary of the Minjiang River. They inlge in the night of Dalate Banner in Ordos, and sleep soundly in a small city in Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang
today, bitcoin's total network computing power has reached about 30 billion hash collisions per second, equivalent to about 600 tianhe-2 supercomputers, and it is still growing at a high speed. " Wu Jihan, the founder of bitcontinent, wrote in the beauty of computing power
he preached a set of infinitely beautiful "computational aesthetics", but behind the aesthetics is the cruel computational world and interests. Mining is moving towards instrialization step by step and becoming a game of capital
at this time, decentralized mining machines and pools began to appear. They called themselves revolutionaries and wanted to change the extremely monopolized bitcoin world
"cloud computing power mining" is one of them
their way of playing is to establish a number of distributed mines and provide computing power leasing services with tens of thousands of real mining machines
"the current computing power is too concentrated, and some decentralized play methods are difficult to change the current pattern and ecology." Li Ke said
but the essence of blockchain is decentralization. The miners still have the belief that eventually the mining instry will be broken by the decentralized mining pool
this may be the only belief that keeps them going
how long will it take
"5-10 years, slowly nibbling at the giant's territory." Li Ke said
but will giants wait for the revolution? Will they fight back
the battle of computing power and the spark of revolution have just been ignited
source; Sina Technology
valuation with bill of quantities refers to the activities such as the public provision of bill of quantities by the bid inviting party, the bidder's independent quotation or the preparation of base bid price by the bid inviting party, the signing of contract price by both parties, and the completion settlement of the project. It is all the expenses required for the bidder to complete the bill of quantities provided by the bid inviting party, including divisional and subdivisional project costs, measure project costs, other project costs, fees and taxes
the basic feature of quota pricing method is that price = quota + cost + document provisions, and it is enforced as a legal basis. Whether it is the preparation of the base price or the tender offer for the project bidding, it is the only basis. The contractor and the employer share a quota and cost standard to determine the base price and tender offer. Once the quota price is out of line with the market price, the accuracy of pricing will be affected.
Private and private nature can only build small power stations. And meet the conditions
small hydropower stations are under the centralized management of rural hydropower and Electrification Development Bureau under the Water Conservancy Bureau
hydropower stations are generally built in the narrow valley area. From the microscopic point of view:
① there is more precipitation and sufficient melting water of alpine ice and snow, and the river flow is large
② the terrain is unlating, the river drop is large, the flow velocity is fast, and the water energy resources are rich
3. There are many canyons, with the advantages of natural station construction, low unit cost and small engineering quantity< (4) less population, less migration and less inundation loss
⑤ perfect infrastructure and good instrial foundation< (6) it is close to economically developed areas with large energy demand, with broad market, close transmission distance and low transmission cost
from a macro point of view, hydropower station has four aspects, namely, basin, climate, river type and dimension
the size of water quantity affected by the basin. For example, the Songnen Plain in the Songhua River Basin of China, with annual precipitation of 350mm ~ 400mm, has unlating surface, so it is also called unlating plain. The surface of the plain is 120-300m above sea level. There are many wetlands and lakes in the middle of the plain. The terrain is relatively low and flat. Nenjiang River and Songhua River flow through the West and south, with wide floodplain and sufficient water source
climate is the main factor affecting rainfall. For example, the Pearl River in China belongs to the subtropical monsoon region, with an average annual rainfall of 1470 mm
river types are generally divided into mountain rivers and plain rivers. At present, there are still many different opinions about the classification of river types at home and abroad. The main reason is that there is not a recognized unified standard, and even the understanding of river types is not very consistent. For example, in the introction to hydropower and water conservancy, plain rivers are divided into four types, downstream type, meandering type, branching type and wandering type. However, no matter how it is divided, the river pattern itself affects the resistance of the riverbed to the flow. The existence of a certain river pattern is closely related to the total amount and nature of sediment available, as well as the flow and its changes. As most of the hydropower stations in the middle and lower reaches need to design ship locks, the river surface separated from the river center can be used to arrange ship locks. The classification of rivers is not absolute, and may be mixed, so the wandering type is also divided into the first three types of mixing, or in the dynamic division, the first three types are divided into relatively stable, and the latter is wandering river type reference, dimension , to the north of Qinling Huaihe River, there is a phenomenon of river closure. To the south of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains and to the north of the Yangtze River, there are ice flowers but the river is not closed. There is no ice to the south of the Yangtze River
according to the location can be divided into surface runoff, underground river and other types
according to the final destination, there are inland rivers flowing into the saline lake and cut-off rivers that have finally evaporated
according to the amount of water, it can be divided into large rivers, small rivers and streams
according to the change of water quantity, there are seasonal rivers (dry in dry season and water in rainy season)
according to the composition changes, it can be divided into freshwater river, saline River, alkaline River, acid River and so on
according to the temperature, there are hot water rivers