Why don't mining generate electricity by itself
Publish: 2021-05-10 09:05:12
1.
During the period of western development in the United States, gold panning has become a hot instry, and countless people with American dream go to the west to panning for gold, which means that they have made a lot of money, but in the end, those who panned for gold didn't make a lot of money, and those who sold jeans made a lot of money
2. mining is actually competing for the right to pack in the block
as tens of thousands of miners compete for the right to pack, the probability of a single miner seizing the right to pack is very small, and the output is very unstable. It is possible to grab the right once an hour or not once a year
in order to stabilize the mining output, miners often choose to join the mining pool. The mining pool integrates the computing power of a large number of miners and occupies a certain share in the total computing power of the whole network, so as to obtain a more stable mining output. After charging 2% ~ 4% of the pool handling charge, the output is distributed to the miners according to the miners' computing power
it's just like that it's hard for one person to win the lottery, so the mine pool organizes many people to buy the lottery together, and after winning the lottery, they are distributed to everyone according to the amount of contribution.
as tens of thousands of miners compete for the right to pack, the probability of a single miner seizing the right to pack is very small, and the output is very unstable. It is possible to grab the right once an hour or not once a year
in order to stabilize the mining output, miners often choose to join the mining pool. The mining pool integrates the computing power of a large number of miners and occupies a certain share in the total computing power of the whole network, so as to obtain a more stable mining output. After charging 2% ~ 4% of the pool handling charge, the output is distributed to the miners according to the miners' computing power
it's just like that it's hard for one person to win the lottery, so the mine pool organizes many people to buy the lottery together, and after winning the lottery, they are distributed to everyone according to the amount of contribution.
3. Why is bitcoin so valuable? The reason why issuers don't sell bitcoin themselves or others dig bitcoin is the same. Only when the demand is high enough can there be enough market. If there is no market, it is a piece of shit. not to be worth a hair
4. Bitcoin is a kind of cryptocurrency based on decentralization, using peer-to-peer network and consensus initiative, open source, and blockchain as the underlying technology. The concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto on November 1, 2008, and was officially born on January 3, 2009. Unlike all currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific currency institution to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of money circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity
warm tips:
1. The above explanations are for reference only, without any suggestions
2. Before investing, it is recommended that you first understand the risks existing in the project, and clearly understand the investors, investment institutions, chain activity and other information of the project, rather than blindly investing or mistakenly entering the capital market. Investment is risky, so we should be cautious when entering the market
response time: November 30, 2020. Please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank for the latest business changes
[Ping An Bank I know] want to know more? Come and see "Ping An Bank I know" ~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html
warm tips:
1. The above explanations are for reference only, without any suggestions
2. Before investing, it is recommended that you first understand the risks existing in the project, and clearly understand the investors, investment institutions, chain activity and other information of the project, rather than blindly investing or mistakenly entering the capital market. Investment is risky, so we should be cautious when entering the market
response time: November 30, 2020. Please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank for the latest business changes
[Ping An Bank I know] want to know more? Come and see "Ping An Bank I know" ~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html
5. There is no difference in the nature of electricity
photovoltaic power generation is essentially the same as hydropower generation
as long as the electricity is cheap
generally speaking, if the electricity charge is more than 30 cents, you can hardly earn money from mining.
photovoltaic power generation is essentially the same as hydropower generation
as long as the electricity is cheap
generally speaking, if the electricity charge is more than 30 cents, you can hardly earn money from mining.
6. 1. They need to sell their computing power to obtain funds and buy more equipment to expand their scale. The larger the scale of this cloud computing platform, the more stable it will be.
7. Solar photovoltaic power generation can be done, but if your electricity is only used for your own home, or for other people's home, then it is calculated according to the current electricity price of the residents. In the area with enough sun, the electricity you can save or use, and the final electricity charge, Only after 10 years can it reach the level of the equipment you put in
there are a few indivials whose monthly electricity bills are overspending, which can exceed the highest ladder. If the photovoltaic equipment is installed in this case, it can effectively play the role of power saving. In particular, some people use household electricity to make money from mining. If they have photovoltaic equipment, they can rece their mining investment
in addition, if you are the landlord of a farmer's house, there are hundreds of tenants, especially in Shenzhen, if you install photovoltaic equipment on the top floor and then supply power to the whole building. For landlords who rely on electricity price difference to make money, photovoltaic power supply can bring greater profits
in addition, if the photovoltaic power can be sold to the shops at the bottom and charged according to the standard of commercial electricity, you can get more profits. You can make a good profit with such a price difference
in a word, investment in photovoltaic equipment must be made under the condition of high price difference and high unit price of electricity. The same equipment can make profits hundreds of times in foreign countries, mainly because of the high electricity price in foreign countries, the equipment cost can be earned back within a few years, and then the profits can be realized
domestic electricity charges are subsidized. Ordinary residents only have 50 cents per kilowatt hour of electricity. Where it is a little more expensive, it is very difficult to make a profit. In this case, go to find customers with ladder electricity charges of more than 3 yuan and those with commercial electricity charges of more than 5 yuan in shops to give them their stores, so that you can have enough profit to support your equipment investment
of course, it is necessary to consult the relevant departments of electric power whether such electricity sales are legal or not. After all, you are moving the cake of the State Grid by selling your electricity to shops with higher profits
for some small enterprises, the power demand is high, but it does not meet the high standard of large enterprises. If the cost can be reced through photovoltaic equipment, it can be considered to invest in photovoltaic equipment and install it on the roof of the plant. The electricity bill saved is not a small expense.
there are a few indivials whose monthly electricity bills are overspending, which can exceed the highest ladder. If the photovoltaic equipment is installed in this case, it can effectively play the role of power saving. In particular, some people use household electricity to make money from mining. If they have photovoltaic equipment, they can rece their mining investment
in addition, if you are the landlord of a farmer's house, there are hundreds of tenants, especially in Shenzhen, if you install photovoltaic equipment on the top floor and then supply power to the whole building. For landlords who rely on electricity price difference to make money, photovoltaic power supply can bring greater profits
in addition, if the photovoltaic power can be sold to the shops at the bottom and charged according to the standard of commercial electricity, you can get more profits. You can make a good profit with such a price difference
in a word, investment in photovoltaic equipment must be made under the condition of high price difference and high unit price of electricity. The same equipment can make profits hundreds of times in foreign countries, mainly because of the high electricity price in foreign countries, the equipment cost can be earned back within a few years, and then the profits can be realized
domestic electricity charges are subsidized. Ordinary residents only have 50 cents per kilowatt hour of electricity. Where it is a little more expensive, it is very difficult to make a profit. In this case, go to find customers with ladder electricity charges of more than 3 yuan and those with commercial electricity charges of more than 5 yuan in shops to give them their stores, so that you can have enough profit to support your equipment investment
of course, it is necessary to consult the relevant departments of electric power whether such electricity sales are legal or not. After all, you are moving the cake of the State Grid by selling your electricity to shops with higher profits
for some small enterprises, the power demand is high, but it does not meet the high standard of large enterprises. If the cost can be reced through photovoltaic equipment, it can be considered to invest in photovoltaic equipment and install it on the roof of the plant. The electricity bill saved is not a small expense.
8. Use the computer manager to update the driver
1. Open Tencent computer manager and click "toolbox"
2. Find "hardware detection" in the toolbox
4. Click "driver installation" in hardware detection
5. You can see the "installation status". If it is not installed, you can click Install directly.
1. Open Tencent computer manager and click "toolbox"
2. Find "hardware detection" in the toolbox
4. Click "driver installation" in hardware detection
5. You can see the "installation status". If it is not installed, you can click Install directly.
9. It is suggested that the landlord should not take it home to mine. It is not stable and it is difficult to make money. It is better to entrust their company to manage it and collect money steadily.
10. Territory includes a country's land, rivers, lakes, inland seas and territorial seas, as well as their beds, subsoil and airspace (airspace). It is the total territory of a country under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state
a specific part of the earth's surface under national sovereignty, as well as its subsoil and sky. Territory is the space for a country to exercise its sovereignty. International law recognizes the exclusive jurisdiction of a state in its territory. At the same time, territory is the object of national sovereignty and the object of international law
territory is one of the elements of a country. A country must have a certain territory, regardless of its size. Nomadic tribes living by water and grass do not constitute a state in international law. However, the territory of a state does not require absolute determination. The fact that part of its borders are not demarcated or there are boundary disputes does not prevent it from being a state. Territory includes land and water, as well as its subsoil and air
national territory is divided into three parts: territorial land, territorial waters (including internal waters and territorial seas) and territorial airspace, upper and upper, lower and subsoil. Territorial waters are attached to territorial land. The airspace and subsoil are attached to the territorial land and territorial waters. Therefore, the territorial land is the most important part and the main component of the territory. If the territorial land changes, the territorial waters, airspace and subsoil attached to the territorial land will also change< The Zhongsha Islands declaration of BR the Dongsha Islands in September 4th of September 4th, claimed that China's territory includes coastal islands and Taiwan and its surrounding islands, mainland Penghu and its surrounding islands, Penghu islands, Dongsha Islands, Paracel Islands, Zhongsha group, Spratly Islands and other islands belonging to China. The breadth of China's territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, and a straight baseline is adopted. The waters within the baseline, including the Bohai Bay and Qiongzhou Strait, are China's inland waters. The islands within the baseline, including Dongyin Island, Gaodeng Island, Mazu Island, Baigou Island, Wujia Island, xiaojinmen Island, Dadan Island, Ertan island and Dongyi Island, are all China's inland islands
territorial land refers to the land and subsoil within the national boundaries, which is the basic part of national territory. A country's territorial land includes its continental part as well as its islands. If it is an island or archipelago country, its territorial land consists of all its islands or archipelago. The state has the right to explore, exploit, build tunnels, lay pipelines and engage in other undertakings for underground resources of unlimited depth under the surface of the land to which it belongs
geographically, territorial sea refers to the zonal marine waters parallel to the coast and with a certain distance and width
according to the law of the sea, the territorial sea is defined as: "the territorial sea refers to the sea area adjacent to its coast outside its land territory and internal waters." Sovereignty refers not only to the waters, but also to the space, seabed and subsoil extending above the territorial sea
the determination of the "one belt sea area" in the territorial sea involves the determination of the baseline, width and outer line of the territorial sea
the baseline of the territorial sea refers to "the coastal low tide line indicated by the large-scale chart officially recognized by the coastal state". However, "where the coast is extremely tortuous, or if there are a series of islands close to the coast, the determination of the baseline for measuring the width of the territorial sea can adopt the straight-line baseline method connecting the appropriate points.". The straight line baseline method is to select a series of base points on the protruding places on the shore and some islands close to the coast. The base points are connected in turn, and the straight lines between the points form a broken line along the coast
there is a development process about the width of the baseline outward. In the 18th century, it was limited to the distance that coastal cannons could reach. At that time, the range of artillery was about 5.6km, so it was accepted by the maritime powers at that time. Then, e to the increase of gun range, countries expanded their territorial waters outward to 7, 11, 22 km or more, but most of them used 22 km. By 1972, Peru and other countries in South America had taken the lead in expanding their territorial waters to about 370km in order to protect their coastal fishery resources. The first part of the Third Conference on the law of the sea was held in 1973. After nine years of hard negotiations, the new Convention on the law of the sea (the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea) was adopted at the eleventh session of the Third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea on April 30, 1982. After consultation, the convention adopted according to the opinions of the majority of countries stipulates that "each country has the right to determine the width of its territorial sea until it does not exceed the limit of 22km from the baseline determined in accordance with this Convention." However, some Latin American countries still insist on 370km and have not signed the Convention
the outer limit of the territorial sea is "a line whose distance from each point to the nearest point of the baseline is equal to the width of the territorial sea"
the baseline of the territorial sea refers to the starting line from which the coastal state delimits the outer limits of its territorial sea. Along this line, a certain width of sea area is the territorial sea. In international practice, there are two kinds of baselines in the territorial sea: one is the low tide line, that is, the coastline with the farthest water withdrawal at low tide, which is called the normal baseline. The other is straight line baseline, that is, select appropriate points on the continental shore and the islands along the outer edge of the coast as the base points, and then connect the adjacent base points with straight lines. The baseline formed by this series of lines is straight line baseline. The sea area with a certain width drawn out from the straight baseline constitutes the territorial sea. The sea area between the straight baseline and the land is internal water. This method is suitable for places with extremely tortuous coastline or a series of islands close to the coast
determination of the outer limits of the territorial sea the outer limits of the territorial sea is a line whose distance from each point to the nearest point on the baseline is equal to the width of the territorial sea. There are several ways to delimit the outer limits of the territorial sea: 1. When the baseline of the territorial sea is a low tide line, a series of intersecting semicircles can be drawn outwards with some points on the baseline as the center and the width of the territorial sea as the radius. The line formed by connecting the vertices of each semicircle is the outer limit of the territorial sea. ② Common tangent method. When the baseline of the territorial sea is a straight baseline, a series of semicircles can be drawn outwards with each base point as the center and the width of the territorial sea as the radius, and then the common tangent of each two semicircles can be drawn. Each such tangent is a straight line parallel to the baseline, and its distance from the baseline is equal to the width of the territorial sea. These tangents join to form the outer limits of the territorial sea. ③ Parallel line method. During the period of the Republic of China, the imperialists arrested and detained the Chinese people in the territory of China. When the baseline of the territorial sea was the low tide line, the points of the baseline moved from the width of the territorial sea to the direction perpendicular to the coast, so that the outer boundary of the territorial sea was completely parallel to the baseline
the legal system of the territorial sea is innocent. The territorial sea is a part of the territory of the coastal state and belongs to the sovereignty of the coastal state. However, in the territorial sea of a state, foreign ships enjoy the right of innocent passage“ "Passage" refers to navigation through the territorial sea for the following purposes: first, to cross the territorial sea without entering the internal waters or berthing at berths or port facilities other than the internal waters. The second is to sail to or out of the inland water or to call at such berths or port facilities. Adoption should continue to be non-stop and rapid. The passage includes stopping the ship and anchoring, but only to the extent that it is incidental to the normal navigation or necessary e to force majeure or distress or for the purpose of rescuing persons, ships or aircraft in distress or distress. The conditions for the right of innocent passage are as follows: first, the passage of foreign ships through the territorial sea must be innocent“ "Harmless" means that it does not harm the peace, good order or security of the coastal state, nor does it violate the rules of international law. According to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea, the acts that damage the peace, good order and security of coastal states include: illegal use of force, military exercises, collection of defense information of coastal States, propaganda acts that affect the security of coastal States, taking off and landing aircraft on board, launching or landing military installations, intentional pollution of the sea, illegal fishing, research or surveying activities Interference with the communication system of coastal countries, etc. Second, when passing through a country's territorial sea, foreign ships should abide by relevant laws and regulations of coastal countries, such as laws and regulations on customs, finance, immigration, health, navigation safety, conservation of marine living resources, environmental protection, scientific research and surveying, etc. The statement on the territorial sea issued by the Chinese government clearly stipulates that "any foreign vessel sailing in China's territorial sea must abide by the relevant laws and regulations of the government of the people's Republic of China." Neither the 1958 Convention on the territorial sea and its adjacent areas nor the 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea stipulates that warships do not enjoy the right of innocent passage. However, many countries make certain restrictive provisions on warships' passage in the territorial sea, such as limiting the number of ships or tonnage, requiring prior notice or permission. The declaration of the Chinese government on the territorial sea and the 1992 law on the territorial sea and its contiguous zone point out that all foreign aircraft and military vessels are not allowed to enter China's territorial sea and its airspace without the permission of the government of the people's Republic of China< (2) jurisdiction. According to the territorial superiority of a state, each state has the right to exercise jurisdiction over all criminal acts committed in its territorial sea, including those committed on board a foreign ship. However, in practice, whether criminal jurisdiction is exercised over crimes committed by foreign merchant ships in the territorial sea or not, most countries consider whether the crimes involve their own security and interests. The coastal state has full criminal jurisdiction over foreign ships passing through the territorial sea after leaving the internal waters. Coastal states usually take a non-interference attitude in civil cases involving foreign ships only passing through their territorial waters
territorial airspace
before the 20th century, there were four different opinions about whether the state had complete sovereignty over the territorial land and waters:
① the whole space was free and non possessive, and the state did not have sovereignty over the airspace of its territory. ② It is considered that the space below a certain height from the ground is the territorial space, while the space above it is the public space. The public space is completely free like the high seas and does not belong to any country. ③ Recognition of national sovereignty over territorial air space is conditional on allowing foreign aircraft to pass through the territorial sea innocently. ④ It holds that the state has complete sovereignty over the airspace of territorial land and territorial waters, that is, air space
Sino Japanese territorial sea dispute
the dispute over oil and gas fields in the East China Sea between China and Japan originated from the dispute over the demarcation of the exclusive economic zone between China and Japan. According to the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea, coastal countries can calculate from the coastal baseline and take the sea area within 200 nautical miles as their exclusive economic zone. All resources in the exclusive economic zone belong to the coastal states
the width of the East China Sea between China and Japan is less than 400 nautical miles. Therefore, Japan advocates that the boundary of the exclusive economic zone should be determined by the middle line of the coastline datum line of the two countries, namely the so-called "Japan China middle line". As there is no basis for Japan's "middle line" proposition, China has not recognized it. The topography and geomorphic structure of the seabed in the East China Sea determine that the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between China and Japan should follow the principle of "natural extension of continental shelf" Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea stipulates that "the continental shelf of a coastal state includes the sea bed and subsoil of the seabed area on the outer edge of the continental margin beyond the territorial sea and in accordance with all the natural extension of its land territory". If it is less than 200 nautical miles, it will be extended to 200 nautical miles. According to the principle of natural extension of the continental shelf determined by this definition, including the seabed where the Diaoyu Islands are located, the East China Sea continental shelf is a broad and gentle continental shelf extending eastward to the Okinawa trough. This continental shelf was built in the first place
a specific part of the earth's surface under national sovereignty, as well as its subsoil and sky. Territory is the space for a country to exercise its sovereignty. International law recognizes the exclusive jurisdiction of a state in its territory. At the same time, territory is the object of national sovereignty and the object of international law
territory is one of the elements of a country. A country must have a certain territory, regardless of its size. Nomadic tribes living by water and grass do not constitute a state in international law. However, the territory of a state does not require absolute determination. The fact that part of its borders are not demarcated or there are boundary disputes does not prevent it from being a state. Territory includes land and water, as well as its subsoil and air
national territory is divided into three parts: territorial land, territorial waters (including internal waters and territorial seas) and territorial airspace, upper and upper, lower and subsoil. Territorial waters are attached to territorial land. The airspace and subsoil are attached to the territorial land and territorial waters. Therefore, the territorial land is the most important part and the main component of the territory. If the territorial land changes, the territorial waters, airspace and subsoil attached to the territorial land will also change< The Zhongsha Islands declaration of BR the Dongsha Islands in September 4th of September 4th, claimed that China's territory includes coastal islands and Taiwan and its surrounding islands, mainland Penghu and its surrounding islands, Penghu islands, Dongsha Islands, Paracel Islands, Zhongsha group, Spratly Islands and other islands belonging to China. The breadth of China's territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, and a straight baseline is adopted. The waters within the baseline, including the Bohai Bay and Qiongzhou Strait, are China's inland waters. The islands within the baseline, including Dongyin Island, Gaodeng Island, Mazu Island, Baigou Island, Wujia Island, xiaojinmen Island, Dadan Island, Ertan island and Dongyi Island, are all China's inland islands
territorial land refers to the land and subsoil within the national boundaries, which is the basic part of national territory. A country's territorial land includes its continental part as well as its islands. If it is an island or archipelago country, its territorial land consists of all its islands or archipelago. The state has the right to explore, exploit, build tunnels, lay pipelines and engage in other undertakings for underground resources of unlimited depth under the surface of the land to which it belongs
geographically, territorial sea refers to the zonal marine waters parallel to the coast and with a certain distance and width
according to the law of the sea, the territorial sea is defined as: "the territorial sea refers to the sea area adjacent to its coast outside its land territory and internal waters." Sovereignty refers not only to the waters, but also to the space, seabed and subsoil extending above the territorial sea
the determination of the "one belt sea area" in the territorial sea involves the determination of the baseline, width and outer line of the territorial sea
the baseline of the territorial sea refers to "the coastal low tide line indicated by the large-scale chart officially recognized by the coastal state". However, "where the coast is extremely tortuous, or if there are a series of islands close to the coast, the determination of the baseline for measuring the width of the territorial sea can adopt the straight-line baseline method connecting the appropriate points.". The straight line baseline method is to select a series of base points on the protruding places on the shore and some islands close to the coast. The base points are connected in turn, and the straight lines between the points form a broken line along the coast
there is a development process about the width of the baseline outward. In the 18th century, it was limited to the distance that coastal cannons could reach. At that time, the range of artillery was about 5.6km, so it was accepted by the maritime powers at that time. Then, e to the increase of gun range, countries expanded their territorial waters outward to 7, 11, 22 km or more, but most of them used 22 km. By 1972, Peru and other countries in South America had taken the lead in expanding their territorial waters to about 370km in order to protect their coastal fishery resources. The first part of the Third Conference on the law of the sea was held in 1973. After nine years of hard negotiations, the new Convention on the law of the sea (the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea) was adopted at the eleventh session of the Third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea on April 30, 1982. After consultation, the convention adopted according to the opinions of the majority of countries stipulates that "each country has the right to determine the width of its territorial sea until it does not exceed the limit of 22km from the baseline determined in accordance with this Convention." However, some Latin American countries still insist on 370km and have not signed the Convention
the outer limit of the territorial sea is "a line whose distance from each point to the nearest point of the baseline is equal to the width of the territorial sea"
the baseline of the territorial sea refers to the starting line from which the coastal state delimits the outer limits of its territorial sea. Along this line, a certain width of sea area is the territorial sea. In international practice, there are two kinds of baselines in the territorial sea: one is the low tide line, that is, the coastline with the farthest water withdrawal at low tide, which is called the normal baseline. The other is straight line baseline, that is, select appropriate points on the continental shore and the islands along the outer edge of the coast as the base points, and then connect the adjacent base points with straight lines. The baseline formed by this series of lines is straight line baseline. The sea area with a certain width drawn out from the straight baseline constitutes the territorial sea. The sea area between the straight baseline and the land is internal water. This method is suitable for places with extremely tortuous coastline or a series of islands close to the coast
determination of the outer limits of the territorial sea the outer limits of the territorial sea is a line whose distance from each point to the nearest point on the baseline is equal to the width of the territorial sea. There are several ways to delimit the outer limits of the territorial sea: 1. When the baseline of the territorial sea is a low tide line, a series of intersecting semicircles can be drawn outwards with some points on the baseline as the center and the width of the territorial sea as the radius. The line formed by connecting the vertices of each semicircle is the outer limit of the territorial sea. ② Common tangent method. When the baseline of the territorial sea is a straight baseline, a series of semicircles can be drawn outwards with each base point as the center and the width of the territorial sea as the radius, and then the common tangent of each two semicircles can be drawn. Each such tangent is a straight line parallel to the baseline, and its distance from the baseline is equal to the width of the territorial sea. These tangents join to form the outer limits of the territorial sea. ③ Parallel line method. During the period of the Republic of China, the imperialists arrested and detained the Chinese people in the territory of China. When the baseline of the territorial sea was the low tide line, the points of the baseline moved from the width of the territorial sea to the direction perpendicular to the coast, so that the outer boundary of the territorial sea was completely parallel to the baseline
the legal system of the territorial sea is innocent. The territorial sea is a part of the territory of the coastal state and belongs to the sovereignty of the coastal state. However, in the territorial sea of a state, foreign ships enjoy the right of innocent passage“ "Passage" refers to navigation through the territorial sea for the following purposes: first, to cross the territorial sea without entering the internal waters or berthing at berths or port facilities other than the internal waters. The second is to sail to or out of the inland water or to call at such berths or port facilities. Adoption should continue to be non-stop and rapid. The passage includes stopping the ship and anchoring, but only to the extent that it is incidental to the normal navigation or necessary e to force majeure or distress or for the purpose of rescuing persons, ships or aircraft in distress or distress. The conditions for the right of innocent passage are as follows: first, the passage of foreign ships through the territorial sea must be innocent“ "Harmless" means that it does not harm the peace, good order or security of the coastal state, nor does it violate the rules of international law. According to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea, the acts that damage the peace, good order and security of coastal states include: illegal use of force, military exercises, collection of defense information of coastal States, propaganda acts that affect the security of coastal States, taking off and landing aircraft on board, launching or landing military installations, intentional pollution of the sea, illegal fishing, research or surveying activities Interference with the communication system of coastal countries, etc. Second, when passing through a country's territorial sea, foreign ships should abide by relevant laws and regulations of coastal countries, such as laws and regulations on customs, finance, immigration, health, navigation safety, conservation of marine living resources, environmental protection, scientific research and surveying, etc. The statement on the territorial sea issued by the Chinese government clearly stipulates that "any foreign vessel sailing in China's territorial sea must abide by the relevant laws and regulations of the government of the people's Republic of China." Neither the 1958 Convention on the territorial sea and its adjacent areas nor the 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea stipulates that warships do not enjoy the right of innocent passage. However, many countries make certain restrictive provisions on warships' passage in the territorial sea, such as limiting the number of ships or tonnage, requiring prior notice or permission. The declaration of the Chinese government on the territorial sea and the 1992 law on the territorial sea and its contiguous zone point out that all foreign aircraft and military vessels are not allowed to enter China's territorial sea and its airspace without the permission of the government of the people's Republic of China< (2) jurisdiction. According to the territorial superiority of a state, each state has the right to exercise jurisdiction over all criminal acts committed in its territorial sea, including those committed on board a foreign ship. However, in practice, whether criminal jurisdiction is exercised over crimes committed by foreign merchant ships in the territorial sea or not, most countries consider whether the crimes involve their own security and interests. The coastal state has full criminal jurisdiction over foreign ships passing through the territorial sea after leaving the internal waters. Coastal states usually take a non-interference attitude in civil cases involving foreign ships only passing through their territorial waters
territorial airspace
before the 20th century, there were four different opinions about whether the state had complete sovereignty over the territorial land and waters:
① the whole space was free and non possessive, and the state did not have sovereignty over the airspace of its territory. ② It is considered that the space below a certain height from the ground is the territorial space, while the space above it is the public space. The public space is completely free like the high seas and does not belong to any country. ③ Recognition of national sovereignty over territorial air space is conditional on allowing foreign aircraft to pass through the territorial sea innocently. ④ It holds that the state has complete sovereignty over the airspace of territorial land and territorial waters, that is, air space
Sino Japanese territorial sea dispute
the dispute over oil and gas fields in the East China Sea between China and Japan originated from the dispute over the demarcation of the exclusive economic zone between China and Japan. According to the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea, coastal countries can calculate from the coastal baseline and take the sea area within 200 nautical miles as their exclusive economic zone. All resources in the exclusive economic zone belong to the coastal states
the width of the East China Sea between China and Japan is less than 400 nautical miles. Therefore, Japan advocates that the boundary of the exclusive economic zone should be determined by the middle line of the coastline datum line of the two countries, namely the so-called "Japan China middle line". As there is no basis for Japan's "middle line" proposition, China has not recognized it. The topography and geomorphic structure of the seabed in the East China Sea determine that the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between China and Japan should follow the principle of "natural extension of continental shelf" Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea stipulates that "the continental shelf of a coastal state includes the sea bed and subsoil of the seabed area on the outer edge of the continental margin beyond the territorial sea and in accordance with all the natural extension of its land territory". If it is less than 200 nautical miles, it will be extended to 200 nautical miles. According to the principle of natural extension of the continental shelf determined by this definition, including the seabed where the Diaoyu Islands are located, the East China Sea continental shelf is a broad and gentle continental shelf extending eastward to the Okinawa trough. This continental shelf was built in the first place
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