51 mining
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
Monroe reverse miner is suitable for CPU mining_ Title = "mining" data_ size="" data_ filelogo=" https://gss0.bdstatic.com//yun-file-logo/file-logo-6.png " data_ number="1" data_ sharelink=" https://pan..com/s/16T8rLa35JIEd89dzax9GMg " data_ Extract code: tra2
1. Download the mining software and unzip it. Right click: "start. CMD" and select "Edit" from the pop-up menu
Paste and modify it to the receiving address of the wallet you got before, so that the mine you got from mining goes into your wallet
2. Double click start.cmd to start mining
for the first time, the words "reboot" may appear. You can follow its English operation, right-click "start. CMD", select "run as administrator", and then restart the computer. After AES Ni takes effect, it can run normally and efficiently again to make money
Mining is the use of bitcoin mining machine, which is used to earn bitcoin
one of the ways to get bitcoin is that users download software from personal computer and then run specific algorithm to get corresponding bitcoin after communicating with remote server
bitcoin is a kind of virtual currency. Bitcoin mining system is the process of carrying out mathematical operation for bitcoin network through computer hardware. Miners who provide services can get a reward, because the network reward is calculated according to the tasks completed by miners, so the competition for mining is very fierce
mining is actually a competition of performance and equipment. The mining machine composed of many graphics cards, even if it's only hd6770, can surpass the single graphics card of most users
and this is not the most terrible. Some mining machines are made up of more such graphics card arrays. When dozens or even hundreds of graphics cards come together, the graphics card itself costs money. Considering the hardware price and other costs, there is a considerable expenditure in mining
bitcoin mining process:
1. To find the ore pool
to start mining, there must be a ore pool with convenient operation and stable output. Its function is to subdivide the data packets for each terminal, and pay the corresponding amount of bitcoin according to the proportion of the data packets calculated by the terminal through precise algorithm
2. Download bitcoin miner (software)
in fact, there are many kinds of this miner, you can go to the official website to download
3. Setting mining software is a green software. After installation, we can set the language first to facilitate further setting. Next, you need to set the server, user name, password, equipment and so on. Generally, the server chooses a better network from BTC guide series, and the user name and password are set by ourselves before
4, bitcoin mining start
when we confirm that all settings are correct, click the "start mining" button to start bitcoin mining, and then the graphics card will soon enter the full speed running state, the temperature and fan speed will increase, you can monitor the state through gpu-z or graphics card driver
"Transaction is mining" is a typical platform operation mode. Users mine through transactions. Some platforms will issue their own tokens as rewards for users' trading behavior
Relevant introction:in June 2018, the cryptocurrency exchange fcoin put forward the concept of "trading is mining", and in a short period of time, the daily trading volume rose to the first in the world, triggering a war between exchanges
"transaction is mining" is actually a return mechanism of personal transaction fees based on platform currency. Strictly speaking, there were similar playing methods before the establishment of fcoin. For example, bibox had a mechanism to return a certain proportion of fee income to platform currency holders
extended data
fcoin's "transaction is mining" is repackaged. Following the allocation rules of bitcoin mining, 51% of platform currency ft is taken as the mining reward pool. Through "mining (trading on fcoin)", FT is graally unlocked. Once 51% of FT is fully fed back, "mining" is automatically terminated
in terms of specific implementation, fcoin trading means mining starts at 0 o'clock every day (GMT + 8), and the transaction fees generated by users will be converted into ft for accumulation every hour. The conversion price is calculated according to the average price of FT in that hour (the average price is calculated as total transaction amount / total trading volume)
Wuliang 1-10 copper mine / 1 -- 0
Jiange 1-10 copper mine / 1 -- 0
Dunhuang 9-16 copper mine / 1 -- 0
Jinghu 9-16 copper mine / 1 -- 0
Songshan 15-21 copper mine / 1 -- 1
Taihu 15-21 copper mine / 1 -- 1
Xihu 20-26 copper mine / 1 iron mine / 2 1
Erhai 25-31 iron mine / 2 silver mine Ore / 3 2
Yannan 30-36 silver ore / 3 Cambrian iron ore / 4 3
Longquan 35-41 Cambrian iron ore / 4 gold ore / 5 4
Cangshan 40-46 gold ore / 5 basaltic iron ore / 6 5
Yanbei 45-51 basaltic iron ore / 6 crystal ore / 7 6
Wuyi 50-56 crystal ore / 7 jadeite ore / 8 7
Shilin 55-61 jadeite ore / 8 Zhenwu ore / 9 8
Caoyu 60-66 Zhenwu ore / 9 Longxue ore / 10 9
Meiling 65-71 Longxue ore / 10 10
the coordinates of mining are not fixed and are immediately drawn out. 40 (including level 40) or above
A: composition of regional chain
blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer
The data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and algorithms such as data encryption and timestamp The network layer includes distributed networking mechanism, data transmission mechanism and data verification mechanism Third, the role of consensus layer The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives The contract layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain The application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain
-- many new functions are added, the performance has been greatly improved, and the price is only slightly higher than 89C51
-- ISP online programming function. The advantage of this function is that it does not need to separate the chip from the working environment to rewrite the program in MCU memory. It's a powerful and easy-to-use feature
-- the maximum working frequency is 33MHz. As we all know, the limit working frequency of 89C51 is 24m, which means that s51 has higher working frequency, so it has faster calculation speed
-- with plex UART serial channel
-- the watchdog timer is integrated internally, so it is no longer necessary to connect the watchdog timer unit circuit as 89C51
-- al data indicator
-- power off sign
-- a new encryption algorithm, which makes the decryption of 89S51 impossible, and greatly enhances the confidentiality of the program, so as to effectively protect intellectual property rights from infringement
-- Compatibility: fully compatible with 51 word series procts. For example, 8051, 89C51 and other early MCS-51 compatible procts. That is to say, all the programs in textbooks and network courses (whether the single chip microcomputer used in textbooks is 8051 or 89C51 or MCS-51, etc.) can still run on 89S51, which is the so-called downward compatibility
comparison result: just like the upgrade from P3 to P4 of Intel, although both can run windows, the speed is different
upgrading from AT89C51 to AT89S51 is the same. Compared with s51, c51 is inferior, and the technological progress in practical application market is always forward.
Direct auction house to buy stones to melt
it took me only one afternoon to wash the ore
after melting and then selling it, basically no loss, and soon I was full of skills
Wuliang 1-10 copper mine / 1 -- 0
Jiange 1-10 copper mine / 1 -- 0
Dunhuang 9-16 copper mine / 1 -- 0
Jinghu 9-16 copper mine / 1 -- 0
Songshan 15-21 copper mine / 1 -- 1
Taihu 15-21 copper mine / 1 -- 1
Xihu 20-26 copper mine / 1 iron mine / 21
Erhai 25-31 Iron ore / 2 silver ore / 3 2
Yannan 30-36 silver ore / 3 Cambrian iron ore / 4 3
Longquan 35-41 Cambrian iron ore / 4 gold ore / 5 4
Cangshan 40-46 gold ore / 5 basaltic iron ore / 6 5
Yanbei 45-51 basaltic iron ore / 6 crystal ore / 7 6
Wuyi 50-56 crystal ore / 7 jadeite ore / 8 7
Shilin 55-61 jadeite ore / 8 Zhenwu ore / 9
caoyou 60-66 Zhenwu ore / 9 Longxue ore / 10 9
Meiling 65-71 Longxue ore Blood mineral / 10