Mining in ancient China

1. In fact, I think that the wisdom of the ancients is far more than that of our modern people. The ancients rely more on their wisdom to solve many problems in life. Now we are more a small number of elites to study and solve problems. Most of us enjoy their success and don't use our brains too much. So the wisdom of the ancients is really powerful
the recognition of ore veins by the ancients was basically based on experience, and the recognition of surface mineralization marks or ore vein outcrop shape was the accumulation of long-term labor experience

for example, "pangjinshi" is regarded as the prospecting sign of gold ore in gold ore dressing, and "black road" on rocks is regarded as the sign of silver ore prospecting

for pangjinshi, there are many records in ancient books
the compendium of Materia Medica cites the collection of materia medica: "the collection of vessels says:" common people take gold, dig more than Zhang deep, to fenzi stone, the stone is a black coke, there is gold under the stone... "Fenzi stone is the companion stone<

Qu Dajun quoted Shi Xing Ji in his Guangdong new language: "when I g more than Zhang, I saw Leifu Fanzi stone, which is brown and black scorched at one end. It is a stone with gold, and there must be horseshoe gold. There is a crystal bed beside the gedansha, and a Fanzi stone beside the gold. "
in Ben Cao Yan Yi written by song Kou Zong Xun: "a lump of gold, that is, a cave mountain or a hundred feet, can be seen with gold and stone. The stone is brown, and one end is as black as fire. This can be seen with gold, and its gold is deep red and yellow."< According to Tiangong Kaiwu, "most of the gold comes from the southwest. When you take it from the cave mountain to more than ten feet, you can see the accompanying gold and stone, and you can see the gold. The stone is brown and black like fire."“ However, in the cave of the Yi ape in the south of the five ridges, the gold first came out like black iron, and then it was g deep under the black coke stone“ The method of drawing silver. There are black roads on every stone wall< In Tiangong Kaiwu: "where is the silver seedling in the earth. There may be yellow gravel, or there may be a tangled shape in the cracks between the rocks in the soil, which means that it is not far away to go to the mine. "“ Where silver is made, the reefs are made. To the broken, such as sand, its surface sub ya, such as branch shaped, said riveting, its outer ring Stone said ore (surrounding rock). The large ore is like a fight, and the small one is like a fist. It is a useless waste. Its reef sand shape is like coal, the bottom is lined with stone but not very black, and its height is several

in addition, there are some indicative plants in the place where the gold vein is located, such as a wild Allium macrostemon growing near the gold mine in historical records
Youyang Zazu: "there are alligators on the mountain and gold under it."< According to the Geng Xin jade book, the root of the mountain looks like a green vine, purple and golden

it can be seen that the ancients have accumulated certain experience for the external performance of ore veins through years of prospecting and exploration. However, in order to truly determine the existence of ore veins, it is necessary to test mining and testing to further verify whether the experience is accurate. The Ming Dynasty Lulong's Shuyuan Zaji records: "the mine of hardware was born between mountains and rivers. In the place of origin, only the vein is hidden in the hard rock, which is as tiny as a hair. Those who have knowledge of the mineral resources can get it, chisel it and cook it. "

the so-called "gouge cooking test" is to verify experience through experimental means<

as for the mining method, for placer gold and the like, the panning method is mostly used. In "Tiangong Kaiwu · hardware", it is said that "water gold... Is extracted from the river, panning for gold."<

in addition to scouring for hair, chute method is also used. According to song Zhuyu's Pingzhou Ke Tan, "Liangchuan metallurgy, taking sand along the stream and scouring with wooden plates, has little and laborious results. Deng, laijinkeng households stop using big wood, sawing it, leaving blade marks. When you throw sand on it, you will be flooded with water. When you remove the sand, you can easily get it in the golden saw pattern. "<

the gold chute is also known as "gold Liuzi" and "gold bed". The chute method was widely used in the Qing Dynasty

all of the above are gold mining methods for placer gold. For deep buried gold, mining is necessary< In Ben Cao Yan Yi, song Kou Zong Xun said, "a lump of gold is a cave mountain or a hundred feet..."

"Tiangong Kaiwu · hardware": "most gold comes from the southwest, and the one who takes the cave mountain is more than ten feet..."

all gold and silver mines are mined by rock drilling, and the cave mountain breaks into the underground. Now some ancient mine sites have proved that the ancient mining method in China has been very mature. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the room column method was used to support the mine with wooden columns

excerpt from the fish reading club, for reference only, I hope I can help you and answer your doubts.

2.

Since the world of Warcraft nostalgic service went online at the end of August 2019, it can be said that in addition to the quality game in the early days of nostalgic service, people are doing things every day. It's not DKP regiment's Mao equipment, it's gold regiment's black gold, and even big anchor's live broadcast Mao equipment

To sum up, the king of embarrassment thinks that no matter what metaphysics it is, as long as you see the of MC fusion fire heart, if there is a boss at the door, galgarton won't let you touch it. He always emphasizes that whoever touches kicks the ball, and the big probability is to have a long-distance hairy face. What should we do when we meet such a group? Don't I remind you

(the picture is from the Internet, you can distinguish the true and false by yourself. If there is any infringement, please contact the author to delete it.)

3. In the morning, the author came to the riverside, looked up, and was surrounded by mist. After a while, when the sun came out and the fog dissipated, I saw that the riverside was full of women panning for gold“ The Chengzhou River in Rizhao is foggy, and the gold lady manjiangkuma "is a scene like this“ "Island" is the land in the river, here it refers to the beach“ [ch] é Clear and clean. The beach is constantly washed by the river, so it is called "Chengzhou". When the fog is heavy, even if you can see people, it is not easy to distinguish between men and women. Later, when the fog dispersed and the sun rose, we could see that it was a group of women“ Jiang Yu (W) ē i] At the bend of the river bank“ Partner, partner. Because many women are forced to seek gold by life, they use "female companion" and "ManJiang limit" to point out< In ancient times, gold panning was very hard. The gold digger first digs the sand, and then graally puts it into the wooden panning box tools to panning, making use of the characteristics of gold, let the water wash away the sand, leaving the gold st. The gold is often the size of a needle or chaff. And it's not always available. The women who have been panning for gold have been suffering from the cold wind and the scorching sun for many years. They have been panning and working hard, but they can't get enough food and clothing. This reminds the author of those dignitaries who live a luxurious life“ Beauty jewelry Hou Wang seal, is full of sand wave bottom In feudal society, ladies wore jewelry made of gold, and princes and generals used gold to make seals. Where did the gold come from? Isn't it all the poor people who toiled little by little out of the sand and water? Here, the author did not make any comments, but through the specific image, sharp contrast and natural connection, he sharply exposed the phenomenon of the opposition between the rich and the poor in the society at that time. The author does not view this social phenomenon as a detached spectator“ All of them. These two words have a strong emotional color, which shows the author's strong dissatisfaction with the officials and landlords and deep sympathy for the laborers. The profound ideological content of this poem is rare in the poems written by the writers of the Tang Dynasty.

4. In ancient times, the most popular method of panning for gold was digging, sliding and panning<

dig: dig out the gold bearing sand with spade and other tools
Slide: put the ore sand on the wooden chute to slide
panning: panning with gold pots, boxes, stpans, etc. We should pay attention to the essentials and techniques in sand washing to improve the recovery rate of sand gold
"blowing away the yellow sand before gold" is an ancient method of gold panning with wind. Just like the method of sifting the valley in the countryside, gold panning and wind dressing both use the characteristics of large proportion of gold to find out the method of gold separation and accumulate the placer gold bit by bit<

in ancient Chinese traditional culture, the primitive pyrometallurgical process is relatively simple and easy to operate:
put the selected sand gold and ore gold in a fire-resistant crucible, add 10% borax, soda or nitre (for catalysis and purification), and burn them in a blazing charcoal furnace, waiting for the things in the crucible to melt into bright golden water, When boiling and rolling like egg yolk, pour the solution into a conical cylinder with a big mouth and a sharp bottom. After cooling, the contents in the cylinder are separated into layers according to the specific gravity, poured out, and knocked off the resie with a small mallet to get the gold silver alloy (the content of silver and gold is very small). In the next step, the ingot is melted for the second time according to the above method. After melting, the liquid is poured into the cast iron mold of the prepared bar or block, and the ingot is formed after cooling. The gold content is as high as 85% - 95%.

5.

Because the bamboo is empty, there is a suction, which can remove the poisonous gas in the roadway, not just gas

(1) carbon monoxide (CO): a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas; When the content is between 13% and 75%, it can cause explosion in case of fire; Carbon monoxide is extremely toxic. When its content reaches 0.4%, people can be poisoned and die in a short time The maximum allowable concentration is 0.0024%

(2) hydrogen sulfide (H2S): a colorless, slightly sweet, rotten egg flavor gas, easily soluble in water, can burn and explode in case of fire; Hydrogen sulfide is extremely toxic. It can poison the blood and strongly stimulate the mucous membrane of eyes and respiratory system The maximum allowable concentration is 0.00066%

(3) sulfur dioxide (SO2): a colorless gas with strong sulfur and acid smell, which can proce sulfuric acid in contact with the moist epidermis of the respiratory trachea, stimulate and paralyze the cell tissue of the upper respiratory trachea, and inflame the lung and bronchus The maximum allowable concentration is 0.0005%

(4) nitrogen dioxide (NO2): reddish brown, soluble in water, is a highly toxic gas, which has a strong irritating effect on human eyes and respiratory organs The maximum allowable concentration is 0.00025%

(5) methane (CH4): methane is a common harmful gas in coal mines, which is colorless, tasteless, odorless and nontoxic; It is lighter than air and often gathers above the roadway. When its content in the air is high, it can rece the content of low oxygen and cause suffocation; It is explosive and its explosive concentration is generally 5% - 16% The allowable concentration of biogas in the regulation is different from each point underground, which will be detailed later

(6) ammonia (NH4): it is a colorless gas with strong odor like ammonia; It is extremely toxic, can stimulate the skin and upper respiratory tract, and can seriously damage the eyes The maximum allowable concentration is 0.004%

7) carbon dioxide (CO2): it is a colorless, slightly toxic, slightly sour gas, which does not support combustion and does not maintain long-term breathing. It is heavier than air and often gathers at the bottom of the roadway and the end of the downhill with poor ventilation; It is soluble in water and forms carbonic acid, which can stimulate the mucous membrane of eyes, nose and throat According to the regulation, the maximum allowable concentration is 0.5%

bamboo is used to remove these toxic gases, and can increase the oxygen in the roadway to prevent workers from poisoning! And gas explosion

extended materials:

the philosophy of Tiangong Kaiwu

Tiangong Kaiwu is mainly rooted in China's inherent cultural tradition. It is different from the orthodox Neo Confucianism at that time

This trend of heresy reflects a new social phenomenon and the orientation of the times. However, personal thoughts can be different from the mainstream, but can not be detached from the times. In ancient times, agriculture was the top priority, so song Yingxing's articles also reflected the idea of valuing grain over gold and jade

Pan Jixing, an expert in the history of Chinese science and technology, mentioned in the critical biography of song Yingxing that "Heaven works to open things · Zuo Xian" and "on Qi · Qi Sheng 5" both said that "there are five Qi in heaven, so there are five elements". He thought that the five elements of water, fire, earth, gold and wood are derived from the corresponding Qi, which is not the most primitive origin of all things

after analyzing the mutual relationship and transition level of water, fire, earth, gold and wood, that is, after solving the mutual relationship and transition between the material transition level of "Qi and form" and the material transition level of form, song Yingxing further elaborated the generation of all things

According to Tao long, water and fire are both economical and earth is harmonious. The country of ten thousand rooms is short of thousands of people every day, and its civilian use is also very complicated. " This means that by the interaction of water and fire with clay, ceramics can be sintered for daily use

In his commentary on Song Yingxing, pan Jixing believes that song Yingxing discusses the formation mechanism of all things in nature, and divides organisms into two categories: plants and animals. In the development sequence of organisms from low level to high level, plants are more basic. He subdivided animals into insects and fish, birds, Zou Lu and finally "the spirit of all things"

he believed that animals evolved and generated from plants, and plants evolved and generated from inorganic substances, which were generated through the interaction of water, fire and civil engineering in the final analysis. Song Yingxing wrote: "the Qi promotes a grain from the ground. The small one is the canopy, and the large one is the tree covering the ox's dry sky. How much is this grain originally? The rest of the world is transformed by Qi. " Plants grow by water, soil and fire (combustible organic fertilizer)

All kinds of plants mentioned by song Yingxing in Tiangong Kaiwu, such as rice, wheat, hemp, beans, mulberry, cotton, Pueraria, herbal dyes, oil plants, sugarcane, bamboo, Broussonetia papyrifera and all kinds of trees are planted according to this principle

he described in more detail how these plants were made into vegetable oil, sugar, clothing materials, dyes, paper, boats and other procts through the interaction of water, fire and goldwood, as well as wood, oil press, sugar cart, textile machine, various farm tools, cooking pots and other tools and daily necessities

although grain planting mainly depends on water, soil and wood, it can't do without fire and gas. Here, fire and gas are expressed in the form of sunshine. Without sunshine (Yang Qi, fire Qi) and continuous rain (Yin Qi, water Qi), proction will be reced

as for grain processing and food manufacturing, it is impossible to leave water, fire and wood. As a result of the interaction of five Qi, various plants and their processed procts are proced, which, like all things in the inorganic world, are used for daily use by the people. In the final analysis, they are generated from the material level of Yuanqi, yiyiyiqi and Yixing

Pan Jixing believes that song Yingxing described in detail the technology of making various procts from animal body in his Tiangong Kaiwu. According to his philosophical point of view, although the animal kingdom belongs to a higher stage of development than the plant kingdom, its material origin is still graally generated and evolved from the material levels of vitality, shape and Qi, shape and vegetation

although he did not tell us how long it would take to complete these transitions. When he discussed the material unity of animals, plants and minerals, he also talked about the reasons for the diversity of the material world

In Song Yingxing's critical biography, pan Jixing believes that because the interaction of water, fire, earth, metal and wood is ever-changing, there are many things. As song Yingxing said in "Heavenly Creations", many natural objects proce innumerable things that nature does not have. In his words, it is "artificial labor, or made by heaven" (salt proction)

Pan Jixing mentioned in his commentary on Song Yingxing that when it comes to the diversity of things in the material world, song Yingxing wrote in his preface to Tiangong Kaiwu: "the earth is covered by heaven, and there are tens of thousands of things, and because of this, things will never be left. It's human power. The main idea is that there are tens of thousands of things in the earth, which form a perfect world through various changes. I'm afraid it's not all human power that can do it

his philosophical proposition of "form is ever-changing but not limited" can now be understood as the diversity of the material world formed by finite element atoms in their ever-changing and infinite combination. The modern theory of material structure also proves that the view of matter is correct, because everything in the universe is made up of atoms

In his critical biography of song Yingxing, pan Jixing believes that when developing the natural philosophy of the generation and evolution of all things, song Yingxing closely combines his philosophy with science and technology, and supports and explains his philosophical thought with the examples of 30 technological processes described in Tiangong Kaiwu. This is not only impossible for other philosophers in Chinese history, but also for great scientists like Li Shizhen

when expounding the transition from the most fundamental vitality to the inorganic world and the nature of life, he provides us with a picture of the generation and evolution of all things, and the basic transition level is: vitality → water and fire → earth → metal and wood → non living things → plants (living things) → animals (advanced living things). The most critical step is the transformation from abiotic to biological

6. Because the bamboo is empty, there is a suction, which can remove the poisonous gas in the roadway, not just gas< (1) carbon monoxide (CO): a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas; When the content is between 13% and 75%, it can cause explosion in case of fire; Carbon monoxide is extremely toxic. When its content reaches 0.4%, people can be poisoned and die in a short time The maximum allowable concentration is 0.0024%

(2) hydrogen sulfide (H2S): it is a colorless, slightly sweet, rotten egg flavor gas, which is easily soluble in water and can burn and explode in case of fire; Hydrogen sulfide is extremely toxic. It can poison the blood and strongly stimulate the mucous membrane of eyes and respiratory system The maximum allowable concentration is 0.00066%

(3) sulfur dioxide (SO2): it is a colorless gas with strong sulfur and acid smell. It can proce sulfuric acid when contacting with the moist epidermis of the respiratory trachea, stimulate and paralyze the cell tissue of the upper respiratory trachea, and inflame the lung and bronchus The maximum allowable concentration is 0.0005%

(4) nitrogen dioxide (NO2): reddish brown, soluble in water, is a highly toxic gas, which has a strong irritating effect on human eyes and respiratory organs The maximum allowable concentration is 0.00025%< (5) methane (CH4): methane is a common harmful gas in coal mines, which is colorless, tasteless, odorless and nontoxic; It is lighter than air and often gathers above the roadway. When its content in the air is high, it can rece the content of low oxygen and cause suffocation; It is explosive and its explosive concentration is generally 5% - 16% The allowable concentration of biogas in the regulation is different from each point underground, which will be detailed later

(6) ammonia (NH4): it is a colorless gas with strong odor like ammonia water; It is extremely toxic, can stimulate the skin and upper respiratory tract, and can seriously damage the eyes The maximum allowable concentration is 0.004%

(7) carbon dioxide (CO2): it is a colorless, slightly toxic and slightly sour gas. It does not support combustion and does not maintain long-term breathing. It is heavier than air and often gathers at the bottom of the roadway and the end of the downhill with poor ventilation; It is soluble in water and forms carbonic acid, which can stimulate the mucous membrane of eyes, nose and throat According to the regulation, the maximum allowable concentration is 0.5%

bamboo is used to remove these toxic gases, and it can increase the oxygen in the roadway to prevent workers from poisoning! And gas explosion< br />

7. There is salt water in the deep strata of Sichuan Province. In order to take out the salt water underground, the ancients invented the bamboo shaft well. The bamboo shaft well is known as the fifth greatest invention in ancient China. The drilling principle of the bamboo shaft well is to make the drill bit move up and down together, continuously, to break the rock in the well, and then take out the sand and gravel in the well with special tools, In order to prevent the collapse of the well wall, the ancients used a kind of bamboo as thick as a bowl to empty the bamboo joints, connect the shaft and insert it into the well, which played the role of fixing the well wall.
when taking salt water, the drill bit was replaced by a water bucket and put it into the bottom of the well to fill the salt water, Then pull up the float and take out the salt water

8. It has been said that the books compiled by people today are just like the copper coins made by people today. The ancients mined copper in the mountains to make money, but now people buy the old copper money, saying that it was used as a material for making money. The money made in this way is not only coarse and ugly, but also smashes and destroys the treasures handed down by the ancients. Isn't it worth the loss? According to rilu, some people have written several volumes of books, just like the copper coins which were mined and minted by the predecessors, but now people think they are abandoned. If they choose a few sections from them and read and study them repeatedly, they can only get more than a dozen principles, but they still want to get as much understanding as the coins mined and minted by the ancients, which is impossible

9. Do you want to ride thousands of G at 60? It's a little difficult. Let me talk about my opinion

first of all, if you enchant 260, everything at your level can be decomposed, and you can decompose everything at 275. It's suggested that the landlord sell the decomposed materials. Don't practice by yourself. Enchanting materials sell well and are valuable. If you want to rush to 375, it will only burn more money and a lot more
secondly, you'd better practice mining slowly. Now the mines are very valuable, and most of them go to Outland. In this way, you should have a lot of mines where you practice. Whether it's Mitsui or Saiyin, they are still very good to sell
thirdly, if you have more RMB, you can sell a point card directly, which is the fastest
you can sell all the cloth you usually get. Now Rune cloth is still very good. As long as you accumulate more, it's very easy to get a thousand g horse. It's really not good. When you go to Outland, you can get a lot of money for a task, up to 65, and you can ride a thousand g horse. Don't worry, landlord
ha ha, I hope my answer will help you

10. Compass, gunpowder, printing, paper making.
the invention of compass (Sinan) promoted the great development of navigation instry (Western Europe triangle trade, East India Company), made mankind know the world and the earth. (Columbus) promoted the exchanges between countries.
the invention of gunpowder greatly promoted the development of proctivity, The war has changed the world pattern again and again. (Europe used gunpowder to knock on the closed door of the Qing Dynasty)
the invention of printing technology is a tool for human beings to write and promotes the great progress of human culture, science and art.
the invention of papermaking makes people have paper, Paper promotes social exchanges and development.
Compass: guides the direction.
gunpowder: fireworks, mining, missiles, bullets, military use.
printing: promotes the development of early cultural exchanges.
paper: I think you can use it all the time, I don't need to say