What is physical mining
In short, mining is the use of chips for a random number related calculation, get the answer in exchange for a virtual currency. Virtual currency can be exchanged for the currency of each country through some way. The stronger the computing power, the faster the chip can find this random answer. Theoretically, the more virtual coins can be proced per unit time. Because it's about random numbers, you can only get rewards if you happen to find the answer
In his paper, Nakamoto stated:"in the absence of central authority, it not only encourages miners to support bitcoin network, but also enables bitcoin's currency circulation system to have the initial source of money injection."
Nakamoto compares the generation of bitcoin by consuming CPU power and time to the consumption of resources by gold mines to inject gold into the economy. Bitcoin mining and node software mainly initiates zero knowledge proof and verification transactions through peer-to-peer network, digital signature and interactive proof system
each network node concts broadcast transactions to the network. After these broadcast transactions are verified by miners (computers on the network), miners can use their own work proof results to express their confirmation. The confirmed transactions will be packaged into data blocks, and the data blocks will form a continuous data block chain
Nakamoto himself designed the first version of bitcoin mining program, which was later developed into the first generation of widely used mining software bitcoin, which was popular from 2009 to mid-2010
each bitcoin node will collect all the unconfirmed transactions and gather them into a data block. The miner node will add a random adjustment number and calculate the SHA-256 hash value of the previous data block. The mining node tries again and again until it finds the random adjustment number so that the hash value is lower than a specific target
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at the earliest, bitcoin miners were mining through Intel or AMD CPU procts. But because mining is a computing intensive application, and with the continuous improvement of mining number and equipment performance, the difficulty graally increases, now using CPU mining has no profit or even loss
as of 2012, since the first quarter of 2013, miners graally began to use GPU or FPGA and other mining equipment [5]. At the same time, a large number of ASIC devices were launched in mid 2013
since July 2013, the computing power of the whole network has shown a straight-line rise e to the large number of ASIC equipment put into operation. Based on the average computing power in July 2013, all CPU mining equipment has been unable to generate positive revenue, and FPGA equipment is close to no revenue
according to the estimation of average computing power in September 2013, the existing small ASIC mining equipment developed for indivials will also be close to no positive revenue in the next 1-2 months. A large amount of computing power is monopolized by cluster ASIC mining equipment with 5 th ash / s or more. Because of no profit, indivial mining is almost squeezed out of mining groups. Some bitcoin miners have raised funds to build machine rooms and install a large number of mining equipment in places where low-cost electricity can be obtained
in order to save the cost of mining, some bitcoin miners make mining programs into malicious programs to infect other people's computers on the network to mine for themselves
Mining is the use of bitcoin mining machine, which is used to earn bitcoin
one of the ways to get bitcoin is that users download software from personal computer and then run specific algorithm to get corresponding bitcoin after communicating with remote server
bitcoin is a kind of virtual currency. Bitcoin mining system is the process of carrying out mathematical operation for bitcoin network through computer hardware. Miners who provide services can get a reward, because the network reward is calculated according to the tasks completed by miners, so the competition for mining is very fierce
mining is actually a competition of performance and equipment. The mining machine composed of many graphics cards, even if it's only hd6770, can surpass the single graphics card of most users
and this is not the most terrible. Some mining machines are made up of more such graphics card arrays. When dozens or even hundreds of graphics cards come together, the graphics card itself costs money. Considering the hardware price and other costs, there is a considerable expenditure in mining
bitcoin mining process:
1. To find the ore pool
to start mining, there must be a ore pool with convenient operation and stable output. Its function is to subdivide the data packets for each terminal, and pay the corresponding amount of bitcoin according to the proportion of the data packets calculated by the terminal through precise algorithm
2. Download bitcoin miner (software)
in fact, there are many kinds of this miner, you can go to the official website to download
3. Setting mining software is a green software. After installation, we can set the language first to facilitate further setting. Next, you need to set the server, user name, password, equipment and so on. Generally, the server chooses a better network from BTC guide series, and the user name and password are set by ourselves before
4, bitcoin mining start
when we confirm that all settings are correct, click the "start mining" button to start bitcoin mining, and then the graphics card will soon enter the full speed running state, the temperature and fan speed will increase, you can monitor the state through gpu-z or graphics card driver
only for the principle, design, application and other key points of mining machinery
including feeding equipment, crushing equipment, grinding equipment, classification equipment, screening equipment, flotation equipment, filtration equipment, mixing equipment, gold smelting equipment, cyanidation equipment, lifting equipment, concentration equipment, iron removal equipment, magnetic separation equipment, carbon pulp plant equipment, transportation equipment,
such as ultra-fine laminar autogenous mill, full cross-section airlift micro bubble flotation machine Multi frequency dewatering screen, tailings dry discharge and other equipment belong to mining machinery.
Bitcoin mining is a process of using computer hardware to calculate transaction confirmation and improve security. Bitcoin is a reward for miners to calculate and confirm
bitcoin also has a hype mode. Similar to bitcoin, there are also flow ores. Flow ores also have ways of trading and speculation, but the mining principle of flow ores is different from bitcoin. Flow ores mainly collect the idle bandwidth of miners and give them rewards
in fact, the blockchain technology adopted by bitcoin is more valuable than itself. This is a new way of information storage. The data is stored in all devices connected to the network. When new devices join, the information will be updated automatically, and all devices have the right to read the information
to understand the significance of bitcoin from the perspective of currency, we need to understand the currency itself first, and then compare it with the characteristics of bitcoin. After comparison, I think that bitcoin is a very high-quality currency, but some people don't think it is. They mainly question the formation mechanism of bitcoin and the lack of national credit as guarantee. They think its foundation is relatively weak
at present, there are quite a lot of arguments about bitcoin in academic circles. For example, if the total amount of bitcoin is certain, then whether it will cause deflation or inflation has different views. I think it's deflation, and the value of bitcoin will be higher and higher
at present, bitcoin still means a little bit of a safe haven currency. When the news of brexit came out, the transaction price of bitcoin rose by 20% - 30% to about 4500 yuan / piece
the biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million
the concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. Bitcoin, also known as bitcoin, is an open source software designed and released according to the idea of Nakamoto Tsung, and a P2P network built on it. Unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific central issuing institution. It uses distributed databases throughout the P2P network nodes to record currency transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation
Almost all microorganisms can interact with metals, and it can obtain considerable economic benefits by using this kind of interaction properly, so it has been paid more and more attention by enterprises. At present, it is mainly used in leaching metal from ore or concentrating trace metal in waste liquid. Now, the United States has used bacterial leaching method to recover copper from waste raw materials on a large scale. Leaching is a process in which a large amount of water (usually hundreds of tons) is recycled between ores to leach metals from bacteria living in rocks. There are two mechanisms: one is that bacteria directly interact with ore to extract metal; Second, bacteria proce ferrous and sulfuric acid and other substances, using these substances to extract metals. It is possible to extract uranium from uranium ore which can not be mined by bacterial leaching in uranium mines. The water containing bacteria is infiltrated into the shaft through underground veins, and then the water containing uranium is lifted to the surface by pumps to recover uranium
The so-called definition refers to the popular explanation of this physical phenomenon, and meaning refers to the influence of this phenomenon.
for example, power:
definition: work done by an object per unit time (explanation)
meaning: the speed of work done by an object (influence)
it's hard to say clearly, but it's basically such a difference.
take the most common example, For example, speed
definition: speed refers to the displacement passing through in unit time
physical meaning: refers to the speed of object motion
physics is a discipline that studies the most general laws of material motion and the basic structure of matter. As the leading discipline of natural science, physics studies the most basic forms and laws of motion of all matter, from the universe to the elementary particles, so it becomes the research basis of other natural science disciplines. Its theoretical structure makes full use of mathematics as its working language, and takes experiment as the only standard to test the correctness of theory. It is the most precise natural science discipline today[ 1]
Physics is a subject that studies the most general law of matter motion and the basic structure of matter. As the leading discipline of natural science, physics studies the most basic forms and laws of motion of all matter, from the universe to the elementary particles, so it becomes the research basis of other natural science disciplines
Its theoretical structure makes full use of mathematics as its working language, and takes experiment as the only standard to test the correctness of theory. It is the most precise natural science discipline today Physics is a kind of natural science, which focuses on the study of matter, energy, space and time, especially their respective properties and mutual relations. Physics is the knowledge about the laws of nature; More broadly, physics explores and analyzes the phenomena that occur in nature to understand its rulesphysics: physical phenomena, material structure, material interaction, law of material motion
scope of physics research level and order of magnitude of material world
space scale:
atoms, nuclei, basic particles, DNA length, smallest cells, solar mountain Hubble radius, galaxy cluster, milky way, distance between stars, solar system, supercluster, etc. The figure of human snake swallowing tail vividly represents the level of material space size
microscopic
mesoscopic
macroscopic
cosmological quasar 10 ^ 26m
time scale:
basic particle lifetime 10s
cosmological lifetime 10s
divided by space scale: quantum mechanics, classical physics, cosmophysics
divided by rate: relativistic physics Non relativistic physics
divided by object size: micro, mesoscopic, macro, cosmological
divided by motion speed: low speed, medium speed, high speed
divided by research methods: experimental physics, theoretical physics, computational physics
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the fields of physics research can be divided into the following four aspects:
1 Condensed matter physics is the study of macroscopic properties of matter. These phases contain a large number of components, and the interaction between the components is very strong. The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids, which are formed by atomic bonds and electromagnetic forces. More condensed phases include superfluid and Bose Einstein condensates (found in some atomic systems at very low temperatures); The superconcting phase of concting electrons in some materials; Ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases in atomic lattice. Condensed matter physics is always the biggest research field. Historically, it grew out of solid state physics. It was first put forward by Philip Anderson in 1967 and adopted this name
Atomic, molecular and optical physics: Study of matter matter and light matter interactions within atomic size or several atomic structures. These three areas are closely related. Because they use similar methods and related energy scales Both of them include classical and quantum methods; From the micro point of view to deal with the problem. Atomic physics deals with the shell of atoms, focusing on the quantum control of atoms and ions; Cooling and trapping; Low temperature collision dynamics; Accurate measurement of basic constants; Collective effects of electrons in structural dynamics Atomic physics is influenced by nuclei. However, such phenomena as nuclear fission and nuclear synthesis are high energy physics. Molecular physics focuses on Polyatomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light. The optical physics here only studies the basic properties of light and the interaction between light and matter in the micro field High energy / particle physics particle physics studies the basic components of matter and energy and their interactions; It can also be called high energy physics. Because many elementary particles do not exist in nature, they only appear in the high-energy collisions between particle accelerators and other particlesaccording to the standard model of elementary particle interaction, there are 12 kinds of elementary particle models (quarks and light particles) of known substances. They interact through strong, weak and electromagnetic fundamental forces. The standard model also predicts the existence of a Higgs Bose particle. We are looking for it
Astrophysics -- Astrophysics and astronomy are the theories and methods of physics, which are used to study the structure and evolution of stars, the origin of the solar system, and the related problems of the universe. Because astrophysics has a wide range. It uses many principles of physics. It includes mechanics, electromagnetics, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and quantum mechanics In 1931, Karl discovered the radio signals from celestial bodies. Radio astronomy started. The frontier of astronomy has been expanded by space exploration. The interference of the earth's atmosphere makes the observation space need infrared, ultra ultraviolet, gamma ray and X-ray. Physical cosmology studies the formation and evolution of the universe in a wide range Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in the modern universe theory. In the early 20th century, Hubble discovered that the universe was expanding, which promoted the discussion between the stable state theory of the universe and the big bang. The discovery of cosmic microwave background in 1964 proved that the big bang theory may be correct. The big bang model is based on two theoretical frameworks: Einstein's general theory of relativity and cosmological principles. Cosmology has established the ACDM cosmological evolution model; It includes the expansion of the universe, black energy and black matter Many possibilities and discoveries can be expected from the new data of Fermi gamma ray telescope and the improvement of the existing universe model. Especially in the next few years, there may be many discoveries around black matter