Liangshan Mining

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The attachment of the complete works of mining in LIULANG has been uploaded to the network disk and can be downloaded for free by clicking on it:
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a crazy County town
but it says that in the north end of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan, mountains are overlapping and steep cliffs are competing to appear, There is a broad valley in the valley. There is a high slope in the valley, which is located in a small county. Under the slope, there is a turbulent river winding along the northwest, which sets off the dangerous and mysterious terrain of the county
when you stand in the city and look around, you can see the towering mountains, but the distance is different. In the early morning on a sunny day, it is most pleasing to see the green mountains, the white clouds winding around the mountainside, or wandering on the top of the peak; In the case of rainy days, rain, fog, the mountains in the hazy between the looming, ethereal, quite magical
this is a place where Han and Yi people live together. If you walk through the streets, those Yi women wear wide and colorful multi fold skirts and skirts and hats; The men, on the other hand, are dressed in a kind of "charva" woven of wool, wearing a wide hat coiled with wool towel, holding a huge pipe in their mouth, smoking a strong and pungent orchid smoke, sitting on the ground, holding a bottle of wine, walking around from their hands, drinking one mouthful each. This kind of situation can be seen everywhere and has a unique style. We can see the simplicity of the people
however, before the opening up, because of the surrounding mountains, the land

2. How to pay for more than ten days' work? Unless it's completely unskilled physical work, such as mining, even the cost of training is not enough. Don't think that if you don't get the training, the boss asks you to follow suit, that is to say, he is leading you and training you.

3. China Student Union http://www.mlr.gov.cn/kqsc/ckq/ckqspdj/ (2) Of

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There are 3003 metal mining enterprises in Southwest China, accounting for 14.2% of the total number of mines. There are 1076 in Yunnan, 1210 in Sichuan, 506 in Guizhou, 89 in Tibet and 122 in Chongqing. It is mainly distributed in Central Yunnan, Southeast Yunnan, Southwest Sichuan, North Sichuan, Central Guizhou and eastern Guizhou. Important mining enterprises include Panhua vanadium titanomagnetite, Gejiu tin mine, Zunyi Manganese Mine, Luobusa chromite mine, Hechuan strontium mine, Lugu Iron Mine, Dongchuan Copper Mine, Wuchuan Mercury Mine, Lala copper mine, Liwu copper mine, Tianbaoshan lead zinc mine, Daliangzi lead zinc mine, Maoniuping rare earth mine, Tengchong tin mine, Huize lead zinc mine, Lanping lead zinc mine, Dahongshan Iron Mine, Dounan Manganese Mine Heqing manganese mine, Tongren mercury mine, Wanshan mercury mine, Danzhai mercury mine, Hezhang iron mine, Datang manganese mine, Qingzhen bauxite mine, Yulong copper mine, southern Tibet gold mine, etc. Small mines are all over the country. The main environmental geological problems of metal mines are heavy metal pollution, landslide, debris flow and other geological disasters

(1) environmental pollution of metal mines

there is a common problem of heavy metal pollution in metal mines in Southwest China, especially the pollution of non-ferrous metal mercury and thallium, especially in Wanshan mercury mine, Lanmuchang mercury mine and Danzhai mercury mine in Guizhou Province. Mercury and thallium have entered the food chain, endangering human health and becoming invisible killers

a large amount of slag in the process of mining, tailings and slag in the process of beneficiation and metallurgy are abandoned ore components after crushing, grinding and different treatment methods. At the same time, many mine tailings, especially flotation tailings, in which the resial mineral processing agents are chloride, cyanide, sulfide, pine oil, organic flocculant, surfactant and so on. In the process of stacking, these substances are affected by sunlight, rain, air and their interaction, which will proce harmful gases, liquids or acidic water, aggravate the loss of heavy metals, pollute the groundwater and soil, and pollute the crops growing in the surrounding and downstream soil. As a result, the heavy metal content of some crops increases by several times or dozens of times, Thus, it enters the human food chain, destroys the ecological balance, and proces a series of environmental geological problems. The data show that the high incidence of lung cancer is obviously related to as, CD, Ni, Mn, TL and be in the atmosphere. Pb, Hg, as can lead to acute poisoning death, CD, Mn, Ni can also ince cardiovascular disease. It can be seen that whether in the atmosphere, water or soil, these heavy metals can enter the human body through various channels and become a terrible killer of human beings

1. Mercury pollution in Guizhou Wanshan mercury mine

Guizhou Wanshan mercury mine was originally a large-scale mining enterprise of the central government. The mining time began in the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 600 years. At present, the resources of the mine have been exhausted and the mine has been closed down. However, hundreds of years of mining and smelting have caused mercury pollution to the environment and destroyed the virtuous cycle of the biological chain in the area. Due to the air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, farmland pollution and crop pollution of the mine, serious damage has been caused to the health and living environment of the residents in the mining area and around. It has caused serious economic and social problems. The average urinary mercury in Wanshan town was 3.5 times higher than the standard, and that of mercury smelters was one order of magnitude higher than the standard. The prevalence of mercury poisoning accounted for 40% of smelters and more than 50% of smelters in township enterprises. In the total area of 338 km < sup > 2 < / sup >, 180 km < sup > 2 < / sup > were harmed by mercury pollution. The results showed that 433.29hm < sup > 2 < / sup >, accounting for 27% of the total area of rice. The mercury content of corn and rice exceeded the standard by 10.25 and 33.1 times, respectively. The highest mercury content of Pakchoi exceeded the standard by 98.1 times. The total length of mining roadway in the mining area is 970km, forming a large area of goaf, resulting in a large amount of leakage of surface water, a large decline of groundwater level and more pollution, which makes it difficult for people and livestock to drink water in many areas. The local government of the special administrative region has spared no expense in diverting water from Xinmian County, Hunan Province, 17km away, to solve the problem of drinking water in the mining area. However, 35000 people are still drinking water polluted by mercury. Therefore, once the water resources and soil are polluted, it is very difficult to restore the ecological environment, which seriously threatens the health of the local people and forms the economic and social problems of the mine and its surrounding areas. Guizhou is a large mercury mining Province, similar situation also exists in other mines, the problem is quite serious

The occurrence state of thallium (TL) in the crust is isomorphism, isomorphism, colloidal adsorption and independent minerals, mainly isomorphism under endogenesis and adsorption under exogenesis

in southwest and northeast Guizhou, a few mercury, antimony, pyrite deposits and their adjacent soils all contain thallium, which mainly occurs in related deposits, especially closely related to mercury deposits. There are thallium components in kezhai, Getang, Lanmuchang, Guizhou. The content of thallium is the highest in the Lanmuchang mercury thallium deposit

Thallium pollution belongs to local pollution, but its toxicity is no less than as, s, Hg, etc. In the mercury thallium mining area of Lanmuchang, Xingren County, Guizhou Province, a thallium pollution area has been formed. The contents of soil, spring water, vegetables and animals in the area exceed the standard. It is the first case in the world that Lanmuchang mining lead to thallium poisoning (Zhang Tianfu et al., 2005). The poisoning symptoms are headache, stomachache, whole body pain, blindness, hair loss and death. As long as the human body ingests T1 < sub > 2 < / sub > so < sub > 4 < / sub > 1g, it will die. In 1960 alone, 87 villagers near Lanmuchang had the above symptoms. From 1961 to 1962, more than 200 people had the above symptoms and died seriously. It was not known until 1986-1987 that thallium poisoning might have occurred in these patients. Thallium poisoning was mainly caused by drinking thallium polluted water and eating high thallium grain and vegetables

the exploitation of the mercury thallium deposit in Lanmuchang, Guizhou Province, began in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. From 1957 to 1960, it was identified as a large-scale mercury deposit by the geological exploration team. Because the lean ore is a concealed ore body, it is difficult to further explore and exploit, so it was shelved. Since 1958, the local villagers have been mining and smelting mercury, putting the mountain of ore and slag piles in the mountains. Due to the exposure of primary ore and slag to the surface and long-term weathering leaching, thallium changes its occurrence state and enters into soil, water body, crops and human body from the sulfide and arsenate of thallium. Due to the supergene geochemical cycle of thallium, the soil, water body, grain and vegetables are polluted. People drink thallium polluted water and eat thallium polluted grain and vegetables, resulting in thallium poisoning. But it was not known at that time that it was thallium poisoning. In June 1995, CCTV and Chinese youth reported that Zhuling, a 21-year-old girl from Tsinghua University, was suffering from acute thallium poisoning. The symptoms were very similar to those of the villagers in Lanmuchang, and they confirmed that the symptoms of the villagers in Lanmuchang were thallium poisoning

The environmental pollution of Danzhai mercury mine in Guizhou Province

Danzhai mercury mine in Guizhou Province forms about 21000t of solid wastes such as mercury smelting slag, tailings and mining waste rock every year, including 0.001% - 0.06% Hg; The concentration of mercury in tailings water, mercury washing water, slag flushing water and furnace gas condensate water is 0.008-0.07mg/l; The annual emission of waste gas is about 3500 × 10 < sup > 4 < / sup > DM < sup > 3 < / sup >, and its mercury concentration is 50mg / DM < sup > 3 < / sup > (Lin Qiwei et al., 1998). Due to the discharge of "three wastes", the mercury content in the soil around the mine is 5.91-327.5mg/kg, while the mercury carried by the water body and atmosphere has a pollution range of hundreds of square kilometers

There are 11 concentrators in Dulong tin mine of Yunnan Province, of which only 6 have tailings pond, including Tongjie, Xingfa, Manjiazhai and Gonghe group, and the other 5 have not. In addition, there are more than 10 indivial illegal workshop type small washing plants, which randomly discharge waste water and tailings. According to statistics, Dulong tin mine directly discharges 120% of ore washing wastewater into the river every year × 10 < sup > 4 < / sup > m < sup > 3 < / sup >, which contains about 27.8% tailings × 10⁴t According to the monitoring of Yunnan Geological Environment Monitoring Station, the content of sulfate ion in the sewage is as high as 1160 mg / L, suspended solids > 200 mg / L, and Zn is 5.30 mg / L. eight indexes exceed the integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978-96). The huogu tailing pond of Gejiu Tin Mine in Yunnan Province was broken and submerged in 1965, and there were still 8 HM < sup > 2 < / sup > "toxic fields" that could not be cultivated by 2003

The total daily discharge of Smelting Wastewater from Huize Lead Zinc Mine in Yunnan Province is 7587m < sup > 3 < / sup >, of which about 1163m < sup > 3 < / sup > acid containing wastewater is discharged into Shizui sinkhole and reservoir only after lime treatment. The acid content of acid containing wastewater is 30180mg / L, zinc 4380mg / L, fluorine 200.0mg/l and nitrogen 200.0mg/l. The wastewater containing a large number of toxic and harmful substances is directly discharged into the Shizui sinkhole and discharged from the Niulanjiang black fish cave, thus polluting the deep groundwater. In addition, the acid free smelting wastewater is injected into Niulan river at 882m < sup > 3 < / sup > / D, which not only pollutes the river water, but also pollutes the phreatic water of gravel layer on both sides of the river

(2) geological disasters of metal mines

environmental geological disasters of metal mines in Southwest China are more prominent, especially in Yunnan Province

1. Landslide geological disasters in metal mines often occur in goaf, which is caused by the instability of surface steep slope caused by collapse. There are two types: one is that the goaf is located in the lower part of the mountain, the area of underground goaf is too large, and roof fall occurs under the action of gravity, rain or earthquake. In addition, the slope of the mountain on the surface of the goaf is steep, the lower part of the mountain forms a free face, and the upper part of the mountain cracks, resulting in the collapse and landslide of the mountain under the infiltration of rain; Second, the goaf is located in the upper part of the mountain, and the surface of the goaf collapses to form a landslide

landslides are common geological disasters in mines, especially in laojinshan gold mine in Yuanyang, Yunnan Province. The mine has a mining history of more than 600 years. In 1992, the group mining activity was intense, and the peak mining personnel reached more than 7000. The rock mass structure of the mining area is broken, the weathering is strong, the hillside is steep, the rainfall is rich, and the landslide disaster is developed. According to the survey of Yunnan Geological Environment Monitoring Station, 36 landslides and collapses with volume larger than 500m < sup > 3 < / sup > developed within the range of 27.6km < sup > 2 < / sup >. Among them, laojinshan "5.31" and "6.3" landslides in 1996 caused the most serious damage. Two successive landslides in a few days resulted in 372 deaths or disappearances, with a direct economic loss of more than 140 million yuan. The landslide occurred in damugang Qixiang ore block of laojinshan mining area in the north east slope group of laojinshan on the West Bank of laojinshan mining area. The landslide occurred twice in three days. The landslide process and accumulation body distributed in the north east slope of laojinshan and reached the river channel of JINZI river. The total length was 1614.5m, the width was 120-300m, and the total area was 26.5m × 10 < sup > 4 < / sup > m < sup > 2 < / sup >, the thickness of the deposit varies from 0.5 m to 7m, the perimeter of the landslide is clear, and the back wall of the landslide is a wavy steep elevation with a slope of 70 °～ eighty-eight °， It is 120m long, 16-48m high and 1400-1210m high; The west side wall is 180m long, 7-10m high and 55 ° steep °， The east wall is 120m in length, 10-15m in height and 55 in slope °， The shear exit is arc-shaped in NW-SE direction, the front edge is a steep free face, 200m wide (Fig. 3-5, FIG. 3-6), and the main sliding direction of the landslide is 20 °～ twenty-three °， The total volume of the two slides is about 43 × 10⁴m³ The landslide has the characteristics of quick start, short sliding distance and rapid disintegration. After the landslide disintegrates from the shear exit, it has obvious characteristics of debris flow movement. The sliding surface is the middle and strong weathering zone of middle Silurian siliceous dolomite. At present, the back wall of landslide is still unstable, and small-scale collapse often occurs in rainy season

Fig. 3-5 plan of laojinshan landslide in Yuanyang, Yunnan Province<

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