GPU mining

1.

mining, in fact, is a problem-solving process. First, we work out a formula with many answers, and then the dealer releases a random answer every other period of time. An answer is the prototype of a virtual coin. We can see who can calculate the answer at this time, and then this person or these people can divide the virtual coin. When the result comes out, we can find the answer, virtual currency is attached with information such as the computer information and problem-solving time of the tester, so that the virtual currency can be "materialized", that is, it has traceability and uniqueness attributes. At this time, the virtual currency is officially g out

using the graphics card is because the computing method of the graphics card is different from that of the CPU. The CPU focuses on logic computing. The graphics card is simple computing, and mining (that is, solving problems) just needs simple computing power. Therefore, mining with the graphics card

bitcoin miner is the equipment for mining bitcoin. The mining equipment can be ordinary computer or USB miner, It can also be a professional ASIC miner

It is true that ordinary computer CPU can mine bitcoin, but because bitcoin mining has formed a huge instry all over the world, it is difficult for indivials to mine bitcoin with ordinary computers. You need to buy expensive and professional bitcoin

ASIC mining machine

and join the bitcoin miners organization to dig bitcoin, that is, to join a mining pool for mining

First of all, CPU and GPU are designed differently for different missions in the computer:

1. CPU is mainly optimized for serial instructions, while GPU is optimized for large-scale parallel computing

Modern multi-core CPUs aim at instruction set parallelism (ILP) and task parallelism (TLP), while GPUs aim at data parallelism (DLP)

3. GPU often has a larger bandwidth of memory, that is, the so-called video memory, so it will also have good performance in high throughput applications

2. GPU mining

Hardware

algorithm is difficult to solve in memory. In order to make DAG suitable for memory, each GPU needs 1-2gb of memory. If you get an error prompt: error GPU mining. GPU memory fragmentation? It means you don't have enough memory. GPU mining software is based on OpenCL, amd GPU will be faster than NVIDIA GPU of the same level. ASIC and FPGA are relatively inefficient, so they are blocked. To get OpenCL for chip integration platform, try:
amd SDK OpenCL
NVIDIA CUDA OpenCL
Ubuntu Linux settings

for this quick guide, you will need Ubuntu 14.04 or 15.04 and fglrx image driver. You can also use NVIDIA drives and other platforms, but you have to find your own way to get an effective OpenCL installation, such as genoil's ethminer fork
if you are using 15.04, go to & quot; Software and updates 〉 extra drives & quot; Set to & quot; Use the video driver & quot; from fglrx for AMD graphics accelerator
if you are using 14.04, go to & quot; Software and updates 〉 extra drives & quot; Set to & quot; Use the video driver & quot; from fglrx for AMD graphics accelerator;. Unfortunately, for some people, this method may not work, because there is a known program error in Ubuntu 14.04.02 that will prevent you from switching to the exclusive graphics drive necessary for GPU mining
therefore, if you encounter this program error, go to & quot; "Software and update" update & quot; Select & quot; Pre release reliable update proposal & quot;. Then, back to & quot; Software and updates 〉 extra drives & quot; Set to & quot; Use the video driver & quot; from fglrx for AMD graphics accelerator;. After restarting, it's worth checking that the drive is now properly installed (for example, by going to & quot; Additional drives & quot;)
no matter what you do, if you are using 14.04.02, once installed, do not change the drive or drive configuration. For example, the use of aticonfig – initial (especially the - F, - force option) will & quot; Destruction & quot; Your settings. If you accidentally change the configuration, you will need to uninstall the drive, restart, install the drive again and restart.

3.

The first step in setting up mining equipment is to choose the right hardware. This article will focus on GPU (graphics card) mining, of course, you can use CPU or ASIC equipment mining. Amd graphics card architecture is very beneficial to mining. NVIDIA card is not suitable for mining because of its low hash rate. The best NVIDIA graphics cards are less than 0.5 megahash. Notebook Hardware mining is not as good as NVIDIA card, which is a bad option for mining. You need to use a desktop system for mining. There is a desktop system to ensure adequate cooling of the hardware

the graphics card or card needs to be able to match the motherboard, and the power supply must have enough PCI-E connectors. Before determining the graphics card, pay attention to these. In order for the system to cool down sufficiently, you need to remove the cover of the chassis in order to get better heat dissipation. This is what people call "open air rig.". If you can aim the system at a fan or air conditioner, you can make the device cooler when it's running, thus extending its life and keeping it efficient

4. Mining software, from the programming principle, is about large-scale parallel computing
there are many stream processors in GPU of graphics card. For example, the old HD5770 has 800 stream processors, which is equivalent to 800 computing cores. In recent years, the mainstream high-end graphics card has more built-in stream processors and more powerful computing performance. Using GPU for mining operation, the stream processor is used for parallel operation, and the mining program also optimizes the GPU parallel operation, so the operation efficiency is particularly high, and the efficiency of bitcoin mining has been greatly improved
the number of CPU cores is relatively small. At present, the number of the most powerful mainstream desktop processor cores is no more than 10 or 20 (many are logic cores virtualized by hyper threading technology), and the parallel computing power is far less than that of GPU.

5. If you encounter this program error, first go to & quot; "Software and update" update & quot; Select & quot; Pre release reliable update proposal & quot;. Then, back to & quot; Software and updates 〉 extra drives & quot; Set to & quot; Use the video driver & quot; from fglrx for AMD graphics accelerator;. After restarting, it's worth checking that the drive is now properly installed (for example, by going to & quot; Extra drives & quot;)

6. First of all, we analyze the development of China's economy from the perspective of GDP. The GDP is national purchase + government purchase + investment + export import. Since the reform and opening up, China's GDP growth has been mainly driven by investment and export, and the proportion of export stations is larger. In recent years, China's frequent investment and construction of large-scale projects mainly rely on government purchase as another driving force for development. Due to the deformity and bias of domestic instrial structure, national purchase has not been the main economic driving force. China is the country with the highest degree of foreign dependence in the world (the ratio of international trade deficit to national income). According to the textbook, it accounts for 70% (I think it should be only 40% at most), which is nearly twice as high as Russia, the second highest country. Therefore, e to the high degree of foreign dependence, the market main body of made in China is not at home, It has caused the deformity of the national instrial chain Most of the exported nails, steel, can't encourage the public to buy them home, and can't eat them In order to get rid of this dilemma, the government has been calling for the expansion of domestic demand, because the annual trade deficit makes China hoard too much foreign exchange... Ordinary people can't use US dollars to shop in their daily life at home, so the money can only be exchanged by the state treasury in the end.) coupled with the foreign "mping" lawsuits against China and the emergence of trade barriers, the weakness of excessive dependence on foreign countries has begun to hurt China's economy. Economic transformation is not easy. First of all, you have to make rational use of the surplus proction. At this time, the most useful real estate appears, and an investment target that can pull more than 30 instries by itself appears. In addition, land development and auction have become a large part of local government revenue, Therefore, the state vigorously supports (there are many forced demolition problems). But with the passage of time, the overheating of real estate also involves financial instability. When real estate is no longer a necessity but a speculative investment, it will eventually become pure concrete rather than stable repayment ability (whether it is building or buying a house, most businesses and indivials are through loans or mortgages), China's "subprime" crisis began to break out. In fact, according to the theory of western economics, it may be a miracle that China's real estate did not cause China's economy to collapse now, but the state's macro-control and slow weakening of real estate development have indeed played an incomparable role. With the development of economy and the improvement of employment rate in our country, people are happy to see that our GDP is developing at a high speed of 10% every year, and we are jubilant to become the second largest economy in the world. At the same time, we have encountered three headache problems
first, China has become the world's creditor. The foreign exchange reserves of 200 billion US dollars mean that China has more US dollar cash in its treasury than the United States. When its economy goes wrong, it will reach out to China and borrow it. It will return it, but it is just fresh money directly from the banknote printing machine. So what's the difference between the fresh banknotes and the old banknotes? The difference lies in their depreciation and sharp decline in purchasing power. We can think that they originally had 100 cattle, issued 1 million US dollars, and China had 100000 in its pocket. At this time, 10000 US dollars is a cow; Later, the United States and China borrowed the 100000, and when they returned it, they printed another 100000 US dollars to China, but only 11000 US dollars could buy a cow at that time, so they cheated us... Then we can't borrow it. Your loss in China is even more miserable. If I don't lose a dollar against your RMB, you will lose 200 billion RMB. Can you afford to lose? So China had to help him. In this way, China should be very passive. But last year, our leaders began to use US dollars to inhale a lot of gold, turning piles of waste paper into lovely, gorgeous and golden gold. Although we have got rid of the fixed exchange rate system, the stability of the value of gold is far higher than that of paper money. Therefore, comrades, Get some gold before we run out of dollars... At least I made a small profit from my gold
Second, the rapid economic development and high employment rate bring about high inflation rate. With the increase of inflation rate and CPI, more and more people work and have a stable income. Moreover, the income graally increases, and the rise of prices can not be avoided. I still remember that when I was in junior high school, a finished noodle at my home only sold for 3.5 yuan. This time I returned home and asked for 6 yuan. God... Compared with the rise of the exchange rate, it's a good choice for everyone to study abroad. Therefore, how to control the priceless rise and stabilize the inflation is one of the main problems of China's economy in the next step, and this environment also urges us to prepare to invest abroad (we can also be foreign enterprises in foreign countries). Of course, it is not necessarily the European and American powers, but the relatively backward but resource rich small countries, such as Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries, whose economic situation and resource utilization rate are very similar to those of China in the 1980s and 1990s, are also encouraging foreign investment. Our great motherland saw such an opportunity, so it vigorously developed the Southwest (this is related to the third issue), established bridgeheads, laid the Pan Asian Railway and so on, and achieved initial results, such as vegetable oil exchange in Yunnan and Thailand, China and Thailand free of fruit and vegetable tariffs and so on... Because I'm here
thirdly, the gap between the rich and the poor is too large, the utilization rate of resources is low, the utilization of resources is unreasonable, etc.
the rapid development makes some people richer and some people may be poorer. To some extent, we have no conscience can be called the law of the jungle, but we can also have a conscience to say that many rich people are not benevolent. This seems to have nothing to do with economy, but it is closely related to social stability and political strength. If these two points are gone, what we can consider is to escape from the country or resell arms to make a fortune. The first to become rich should be those engaged in import and export (both legal and illegal), then those engaged in mining, and those engaged in real estate recently. Here we want to see the times and the conditions for them to become rich. Import and export have just started the reform and opening up. Whether it's the low price of Chinese made goods or the curiosity of Chinese people about foreign goods, these people almost became the first to get rich at that time by using the price difference in the middle. They have a condition to get rich. They have a place to do import and export for you. For bulk logistics, trains can't go directly, Airplanes are too expensive. They can only be transported by sea... The coastal people laughed (so that up to now, some people think that apart from the coastal areas, most of the inland areas are poor, and my mother-in-law should be counted as one...), Later, foreigners found that your mine was better. All right, those who found the mine laughed. Overnight, they changed from farmers to mine owners. Some of them could not adapt to this gap, making mine owners a derogatory term today... For them, wealth and their cultural quality may not be in direct proportion, which leads to some very rampant rich second generation XX. Mine boss mine boss in the final analysis, you have to find your own mine, or you are likely to be a miner... Therefore, it is necessary to have regional characteristics. Finally, when it comes to real estate, it's finally a bit balanced, at least not regional, but you still need to have "resources". Although some of their black hearted people are still poor, from the perspective of economics, I would like to pay tribute to them, because economy is the rational use of all resources to maximize, they not only use the funds, technology, human resources, but also "contacts" resources, Finally, it also affected the economic situation and financial trend of the whole country. A few people own resources, and they don't share all the resources with everyone. Therefore, the gap between the rich and the poor is graally widening, causing a series of problems. In Thailand, the rich people donate money to temples every month, buy things to temples, and then distribute them to the poor and the needy. In addition, temples actively build schools and really achieve compulsory ecation (I was a teacher in Temple schools), I hope the rich in our country can do the same. It's not economics, it's sociology, but I'm still itching to say, remember that the founding of the people's Republic of China was e to grandfather Mao's fight against local tyrants and division of land, be careful of his reincarnation
China's national strength is becoming stronger and stronger, and the strong economy has also brought us a happy life, although the economic system still has many disadvantages (such as buying bonds, not to mention making profits, even losing the principal... But I think with the development of the times, China will only become more and more powerful (if we don't become the second Song Dynasty in history, and find the time to beat those Filipinos who say we Chinese are small eyes every day). God bless China
I have little talent and little learning. I dare to talk about China's economy. If there is something wrong, please correct it and communicate with my friends. If the landlord adopts my question, I would be very grateful

7. Mining requires a lot of calculation. The computing power of GPU is much stronger than that of CPU
therefore, high-end graphics cards are used in mining. Large GPUs operate together. It's much faster.