Small scale mining

1.

I also use almost all the mining software on the market. Many of them say they don't smoke, but I actually smoke them, and the highest one is even 20% (this friend told me that I didn't use a certain software myself)

the number of old miners has increased graally from a few to now. I recommend Marvel Moore for the large ones. It's really tiring to have no disk and one by one if the disk drops. No, look at the income chart

2.

In short, mining is the use of chips for a random number related calculation, get the answer in exchange for a virtual currency. Virtual currency can be exchanged for the currency of each country through some way. The stronger the computing power, the faster the chip can find this random answer. Theoretically, the more virtual coins can be proced per unit time. Because it's about random numbers, you can only get rewards if you happen to find the answer

In his paper, Nakamoto stated:

"in the absence of central authority, it not only encourages miners to support bitcoin network, but also enables bitcoin's currency circulation system to have the initial source of money injection."

Nakamoto compares the generation of bitcoin by consuming CPU power and time to the consumption of resources by gold mines to inject gold into the economy. Bitcoin mining and node software mainly initiates zero knowledge proof and verification transactions through peer-to-peer network, digital signature and interactive proof system

each network node concts broadcast transactions to the network. After these broadcast transactions are verified by miners (computers on the network), miners can use their own work proof results to express their confirmation. The confirmed transactions will be packaged into data blocks, and the data blocks will form a continuous data block chain

Nakamoto himself designed the first version of bitcoin mining program, which was later developed into the first generation of widely used mining software bitcoin, which was popular from 2009 to mid-2010

each bitcoin node will collect all the unconfirmed transactions and gather them into a data block. The miner node will add a random adjustment number and calculate the SHA-256 hash value of the previous data block. The mining node tries again and again until it finds the random adjustment number so that the hash value is lower than a specific target

extended data

at the earliest, bitcoin miners were mining through Intel or AMD CPU procts. But because mining is a computing intensive application, and with the continuous improvement of mining number and equipment performance, the difficulty graally increases, now using CPU mining has no profit or even loss

as of 2012, since the first quarter of 2013, miners graally began to use GPU or FPGA and other mining equipment [5]. At the same time, a large number of ASIC devices were launched in mid 2013

since July 2013, the computing power of the whole network has shown a straight-line rise e to the large number of ASIC equipment put into operation. Based on the average computing power in July 2013, all CPU mining equipment has been unable to generate positive revenue, and FPGA equipment is close to no revenue

according to the estimation of average computing power in September 2013, the existing small ASIC mining equipment developed for indivials will also be close to no positive revenue in the next 1-2 months. A large amount of computing power is monopolized by cluster ASIC mining equipment with 5 th ash / s or more. Because of no profit, indivial mining is almost squeezed out of mining groups. Some bitcoin miners have raised funds to build machine rooms and install a large number of mining equipment in places where low-cost electricity can be obtained

in order to save the cost of mining, some bitcoin miners make mining programs into malicious programs to infect other people's computers on the network to mine for themselves

3. Because indivial mining is difficult to meet the demand, the global computing power is increasing, and it is difficult for a single device or a small amount of computing power to dig bitcoin again. It is also a combination of a large number of mining machines to form a mine pool. The computing power of the mine pool is very powerful, and it can also ensure that virtual currency can be g more quickly. So how can the mine pool dig? Let's have a look
how to mine a mine pool
the location of a mine pool is also very particular. It's not that a mine pool can be built anywhere, but it needs early-stage capital investment. A mine pool is to combine a single mining machine together. Because of the collection of many miners' computing power, the computing power of the mine pool accounts for a large proportion, and the probability of digging bitcoin is higher. The mine pool will distribute rewards according to the contribution value of each equipment
there are many mines all over the world, and the scale of each mine varies from big to small. Generally, small mines no longer have great advantages. Large mines have many miners for mining. For each miner, he can join any mine or join multiple mines at the same time, The first task of the mine pool is to distribute the income to the miners
(1) PPLNs method
this method gathers the shares g by all miners together. Whenever a certain amount of shares is accumulated (generally 30 million shares), the mine pool will allocate the profits of the previous stage to the miners according to the proportion of contribution
in this way, the income of miners depends entirely on the time needed to dig 30 million shares in the mine pool. If you are lucky, you can dig them in a short time, then the income of miners will be more, otherwise it will be less. In return, the pool charges a 3% tax
(2) PPS mode
for users, the income of this mode is relatively stable
the profit mainly depends on the miner's mining speed. As long as the mining speed is stable, the corresponding profit can be obtained, and the profit is real-time, that is, the mine pool will pay the profit for the miner while the miner is running
obviously, every time a block is calculated, the mine pool has paid for all the miners. If the block fails in the subsequent confirmation link, all the losses will be paid by the pool operator. Therefore, this method reces the risk of the miners, but transfers the risk to the pool operator
therefore, usually the ore pool can charge a handling fee to make up for the possible losses caused by these risks. In this mode, the tax of the ore pool is 7.5%
the above is about how to mine. The difficulty of mining has greatly increased, but the mining army is expanding. If the basic equipment does not meet the standard, it will be difficult to gain in the mining instry, because the value of the virtual currency may not be equal to the price of an equipment, and many miners are not just digging bitcoin, Instead, we choose other virtual currencies to mine.

4. It's against the law and discipline, because some small mining enterprises also have laws and regulations to prohibit it. Besides, if you are a private miner, it's conceivable to break the law. Please refer to!

5. Before mining, you should learn to mine, and then buy a miner's hoe to accompany you all your life
50 years ago, I practiced at the 5-10 level transfer station map of each race. ha-ha. Mineable copper
at 50, you can learn intermediate Sao. Now you can go to the 20-30 transfer station to study. It is recommended to study in (wetland) here, which is mainly in the cave beside the waterfall in the north of the map. After 125 years of training, I graated from the wetland. Copper, silver, iron and scorpion can be mined here
the place where you can enter LM BL now is thousand needle stone forest. This is a good place 125-175. If you are not happy here, you can beat me. Here you can mine copper, tin, iron, silver and gold
when you get to 175, you'll be happy now. You'll move to the wasteland immediately. I don't know why the mine is so big. You can ride your mount and run freely, but don't run to the top corner of the map. Want to kill NPC play can go to ha! You can pick (real silver) when you practice 230 here, but it's good to practice 245 here. The minerals that can be collected are iron ore, gold ore, silver ore, true silver and secret silver
now you can go to the scorching canyon. The black iron is waiting for you. If you don't go, he will cry. If you are tired of mining, you can go to the melting pot to watch the fire. But I believe you are sweating and don't want to leave the fire. You can practice 275 here. Congratulations when you get to 275. It's time for you to graate from mining school, Although I'm only 275, what's the matter? I can't mine any mine. It is mainly used to collect the iron ore from the true silver gold deposit in miyin and the black iron ore from the gold deposit
now you can go to East plague to realize your dream of becoming rich. Arcane crystal is watching you smile. If it's a thief, I'll go to xilishu and tear it. No one interferes with it, but I'm indifferent to it
according to this method, it's normal to go from 24 hours a day to 300 hours. It took me only 17 hours to get there. This is the mining time, not the whole time from 1 to 300,

6. If you believe it, you won't come here to advertise, which means you don't believe it yourself

7. There are many reasons, because there is no money.

8.

Small mine is a worldwide concept. The English name of small mine is small scale mining or small scale mines, which literally translates into small-scale mining or small-scale mines. It can be seen that the definition of small mine is closely related to scale, while the name of small mine in China is more complex

1.1.1 evolution of the appellation of China's small mines before the reform and opening up, under the situation of state-owned mining dominating the country, only small-scale mining of some minerals for people's livelihood or self use in rural areas is allowed, and the commodity content is very low. At this time, small mines are collectively referred to as commune enterprises or "five small" enterprises. Since then, with the relaxation of policies and the promotion of market demand, township collective mining enterprises and indivial mining have developed vigorously. According to the mineral resources law of 1986, the mining entities are divided according to the economic ownership system, which defines the legal status and policy requirements of the township collective mining enterprises and indivial mining enterprises, and their appellations are unified. In 1994, considering that in addition to township collective mines, there are also various forms of collective owned mining enterprises run by cities, towns or state-owned enterprises and institutions, the detailed rules for the implementation of the mineral resources law removed the "township" and changed them into collective mining enterprises. In 1996, the mineral resources law was amended. Article 4 weakened the provisions on mining entities with different forms of ownership, but still retained Chapter 5 "collective mining enterprises and indivial mining". In 1998, in order to eliminate the negative impact of economic ownership, the measures for the administration of mineral resources mining registration (State Council Order No. 241) was promulgated. For the first time, the titles of large, medium and small mines appeared; The Ministry of land and resources of the people's Republic of China adopts the current statistics of mining enterprises: large, medium, small and small mines

1.1.2 the definition of small mines in the world

at present, there is no unified definition of small mines in foreign countries, and different countries have put forward different interpretations. Some people think that small mines are "dirty, dangerous and destructive" and should be banned; Some people think that small mines are "profitable proctive activities" and "a simple way to get rid of poverty and become rich". However, it is generally believed that "small scale mines" refers to "small scale mines". Some countries separate small mines into artisanal mining in order to clearly distinguish between small mining and artisanal mining. Many scholars put forward the basic elements to be considered in defining small mines, including resource reserves, mining right size, investment cost, labor demand, ore mining volume, annual sales volume, etc

the United Nations uses the total amount of material mined to divide the boundary between large and small mines, and stipulates that the annual output of ore is 50000 tons for underground mines or 100000 tons for Open-pit Mines (Barnea J, 1978). However, the grade and scale of different mineral resources are different, so it is difficult to limit them by one standard. It is suggested that mines such as gold and non-ferrous metals should be defined according to the amount of metal mined, such as the annual output of gold (ounces) rather than the annual output of raw ore (tons). Others are defined by the size of capital investment, such as the investment in small mines is less than 3-5 million US dollars (taupitz K C et al., 1993)

the southern African Development Community (SADC) divides handmade mines and small mines into the following three categories:

1) micro mines. Small manual mines with simple tools, without machinery and energy

2) manual mining. Some energy sources are used, and the factory has a certain organization. The investment scale of the factory is 10000-100000 US dollars

3) small instrial mines or small mines. Using modern practical technology, the investment scale is 200000-3000000 US dollars

the world bank has also adopted the term "handmade mine", which refers to small-scale mining with manual operation, low technology content and mainly carried out in rural areas of developing countries (the world bank, 1995)

the International Labor Organization (ILO) advocates that the meaning of "small mine" depends on people and things. In 1999, the international labor organization concted a survey on small mines (ILO, 1999) and put forward the following different defining factors:

● the employment level or the number of miners in a specific mine. For example, Pakistan stipulates no more than 20 workers in small mines, the United States stipulates no more than 75 workers in underground mines, and India stipulates no more than 150 workers in open-pit mines

● annual proction: the maximum annual output of ore or mineral is 15000 tons to 25000 tons

● capital investment: Argentina clearly stipulates less than 2.5 million US dollars, South Africa 8 million Rand, Pakistan 300 million rupees, Thailand 1 million US dollars, Zimbabwe 30000 US dollars. Some countries have no regulations on capital investment and vaguely point out that small mines have "low investment and operation costs"

● mining rights: such as Ghana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, etc

● mechanization level: such as Brazil, Ethiopia, Philippines, etc

● mining depth: e.g. Senegal

● mineral types: there are two common types of small mines, one is small-scale mining and mining building materials, the other is mining high value minerals, such as small gold mine and Xiaobao jade mine

According to the comprehensive survey, different countries and international organizations have taken into account many principles (Table 1.1) in the definition of small mines, and they have the following common points: 1) most countries' small mine mining activities are limited to their own citizens; ② No need for skilled workers and complex skills; ③ Labor intensive; ④ The level of capital input and proction capacity are usually low; ⑤ From simple manual activities to advanced small mines with mechanical equipment and basic technology, there is a large space for conversion

Table 1.1 definition principles of small mines in some countries or international organizations in the world. Many scholars in China advocate that "it is necessary to clearly distinguish between small mining enterprises and large and medium-sized mining enterprises, as well as the different concepts and connotations of small mining enterprises and small mines" (Fu Mingke et al., 2004)

At present, there is a consensus:

1) take the mining scale as the division standard. The main difference between small mines and large and medium-sized mines is the mining scale, because most countries in the world take the mining scale (annual output) as the division standard, that is, the mines are only divided into large, medium and small ones, and there is no meaning of ownership

The mining scale should be combined with the deposit scale. According to the national policy and the characteristics of China's mineral resources, it is required that the mining scale should be compatible with the reserve scale of the mining area, which is also in line with the provisions of Several Provisions on the examination and approval of mineral reserves of county run state owned and township collective small mines issued by the national reserve Commission in 1995, And the reserves occupied by the mine is the definition of "mining enterprise with small deposit scale (or unclear deposit scale)". The mining enterprises with small mine standards must meet the following requirements at the same time: the mine proction scale (annual output) conforms to the minimum scale of regular small mine (Table 1.2) in the classification table of proction scale of Mines of different minerals stipulated by the state, and the reserves occupied by mines are small deposits (or the scale of deposits is unclear) (table 1.3)

Table 1.2 list of classification of mine proction and construction scale

(4) the following mineral resources can be mined in small mines: (1) deposits, occurrences and other scattered resources that are not suitable for mining in large and medium-sized mines built by the state; ② After the mine is closed, it is confirmed by the relevant departments that the resial ore bodies can be mined safely and will not cause serious environmental consequences; ③ Mineral resources and other mineral resources used as common building materials that are allowed to be mined by small mines in mineral resources planning at or above the county level

To sum up, this study suggests that the connotation of "small mine" can be summarized as follows: small mine refers to small mining enterprises and small mining enterprises. Generally speaking, small mining enterprises refer to the mining enterprises whose mining scale reaches the standard of small mines and whose reserves are small deposit scale (or unclear deposit scale); Small mining enterprises generally refer to mining enterprises whose mining scale is less than 1 / 10 of the upper limit of proction scale of small mines and whose reserves are less than small deposits (including sporadic indivial mining)

9.

In recent years, many countries have made legal and policy adjustments on the development of small-scale mining in order to strengthen management and support small-scale mining activities (table 4.5)

Table 4.5 mining law revision in the world (2004)

almost all countries have a general mining law regardless of whether a country adopts special or standard contract for large-scale projects. Older versions of laws and regulations focused on licensing reporting, oversight, and safety issues. Today's mining law still retains the license as the core function of the law, but it has introced more effective methods. For example, many of the old mining laws take the field stake as part of the process of applying for exploration permission, while the new mining laws tend to adopt the application method of map based blocks or geographical coordinates. In order to make these reports easily open to the public after the confidentiality period, improvement measures have been taken. The extent to which mining laws emphasize safety varies greatly from country to country. In less developed countries, mine safety and supervision are generally not regulated by mining law, but by other laws that regulate more general instrial safety issues. In less developed countries, environmental awareness has become increasingly strong, but this is usually not reflected in the newer version of the mining law. Usually, there is an independent environmental law to regulate the main environmental problems. In those countries where there is no independent law to regulate environmental behavior, environmental provisions have been added in the mining law

small scale mining problems exist in many countries and are generally considered illegal. Now a trend is to set up organizations restricted by law in the mining law or a special law to legalize small-scale mining. The validity period of exploration right has been extended, but corresponding protective measures should be taken to ensure that the land can not be occupied without effective exploration. Protective measures include annual percentage of concession land requirements, annual minimum exploration investment requirements, periodic review, etc

Many countries in the world have drafted special laws on small mines, which are regarded as an important sector of national economy and a driving force for poverty alleviation. The small scale mining law of the Philippines was promulgated in June 1991. Its purpose is to create more employment opportunities and enable people to share the national wealth and natural resources fairly. In order to carry out this aim, we have formulated and implemented an orderly, systematic and reasonable solution for the small-scale development and utilization of mineral resources in some areas, so as to solve the social, economic, technological and environmental problems related to small-scale mining activities. At the same time, a small-scale mining protection fund will be established to disseminate information, train small-scale miners on safety, health and environmental protection, and establish mine rescue and rehabilitation teams to obtain necessary rescue equipment in case of emergency. There are also some countries, such as Sudan, which do not have corresponding laws despite its large number of small mines. Some countries list the legal provisions of small mines separately in their mining laws, such as the mining law of Cote d'Ivoire, which specifies two categories of small mines: small mining and semi instrial mining. The mining right is a non transferable and mortgaged real property right; Large deposits found in small mines must be reported to the Ministry of mining, which decides any mining. These Provisions are obviously aimed at controlling small mines rather than encouraging their development

Generally speaking, most of these legal provisions put forward certain requirements on the types of minerals, mining scale and technical conditions of small mines, and also made relevant provisions on the basic license of mining instry. When the national and local economic development expands the demand for mineral raw materials, these legal support can guarantee the mining of small mines and promote the stable development of economy

10. The scope of the question is too wide. For example, fluorite mines are now relatively difficult to approve, and now they have to be approved by the Ministry of land and resources. The Provincial Department of land and resources can't approve it. Another example is that the mining license of copper mine is approved in the province (different regulations in different places, some in the Provincial Department of land and resources, some in the city)
in short, the mining license belongs to the Department of land and resources. You can go to the website of the land department
there should be a detailed investigation report and a plan for development and utilization before obtaining the certificate.