How do underground miners mine underground deposits

2. Human beings only look at the immediate interests, not the future. After mining, the environment becomes particularly harsh.

3. Underground mining is the process of extracting ore from the ore block of underground deposit. It is realized through three steps of ore block preparation, cutting and stoping. Mining preparation is to excavate a series of roadways to create conditions for cutting and mining; The cutting work opens up free surface and caving space for ore mining; Stoping is the process of extracting ore from ore block, which is the core of mining. It includes three operations: ore caving (mining ore from ore body with appropriate block size), ore drawing (transporting ore from ore caving face to stage transportation level) and ground pressure management (including maintaining goaf with pillar, filling body and various supports). There are many kinds of underground mining methods, and the commonly used ones are divided into three categories based on the ground pressure management methods: ① natural support mining method. Also known as open stoping method. It mainly depends on the stability of the surrounding rock and the support capacity of the pillar to maintain the goaf formed in the process of mining, and some use supports or mined ore as auxiliary or temporary support. This method has the advantages of simple mining technology, easy mechanization, high labor proctivity and low mining cost. It is suitable for mining the ore body with stable ore and surrounding rock, and is widely used in underground mines. However, a large number of pillars need to be left for mining the ore body above the medium thick layer, and the ore recovery rate is low, so it is less used for mining high price deposits. ② Artificial support mining method. Filling method is mainly used to maintain goaf with filling materials or other supports, so it is also called filling mining method. In the room or ore block, with the advance of the working face, the filling materials such as gravel, slag and cement are sent to the goaf for ground pressure management, control of surrounding rock caving and surface movement, and mining is carried out on or under the protection of the formed filling body. It is suitable for mining high-grade, rare and precious ore body with unstable surrounding rock; Surface collapse is not allowed and mining conditions are complex, such as water body, railway trunk line, ore body under main buildings and ore body with natural fire risk; It is also an effective measure to control ground pressure in deep mining. The advantages are strong adaptability, high ore recovery rate, low dilution rate, safe operation, utilization of instrial waste, surface protection, etc. The disadvantages are complex process, high cost, low labor proctivity and ore block proction capacity. ③ Caving mining method. With the advance of the working face, it is a mining method to fill the goaf with planned caving surrounding rock to manage the ground pressure. It is suitable for the ore body where the surrounding rock is easy to collapse and the surface is allowed to collapse. In order to meet the requirements of safety, economy, high efficiency and high quality, the geological conditions, technical conditions and economic factors of the deposit should be considered in the selection of mining methods. The geological conditions of the deposit include ore body shape, dip angle, thickness, distribution of useful components, physical, mechanical and chemical properties of surrounding rock and ore; The technical conditions of the mine include the requirements of materials, equipment, surface environment and management level; Economic factors include mine value, cost, economic benefit, comprehensive utilization of resources and requirements of national economy. According to the above conditions, several schemes are put forward, and the optimal scheme is selected through comprehensive evaluation. After passing the instrial test, it is officially used============================ Surface mining the process of extracting useful minerals from an open stope. Also known as open-pit mining. When the ore body is buried shallowly or there is outcrop on the surface, open pit mining is the most advantageous. Compared with underground mining, it has the advantages of full utilization of resources, high recovery rate and low dilution rate. It is suitable for large-scale mechanical construction, with fast mine construction, large output, high labor proctivity, low cost, good working conditions and safe proction. However, it is necessary to strip rock and soil and mp a large amount of rock, especially in deep open-pit mines, which often occupy more farmland and have higher equipment purchase cost, so the initial investment is larger. In addition, open pit mining is greatly affected by climate, which has a certain impact on equipment efficiency and labor proctivity. With the development of mining technology, more and more open-pit mines are suitable for mining low-grade deposits and some underground mined resial ores. For gentle deposits (generally, the dip angle of ore bed is less than 12 ° The mining method of mping, horizontal or vertical transportation is adopted. For the inclined deposit, the method of combined bench, horizontal mining belt or partition and stage mining is adopted. Open pit mining operation mainly includes perforation blasting, mining and loading, transportation and mping. The quality of these four works and their cooperation are the key to open pit mining. Perforation blasting is to drill a certain diameter and depth of directional blasting hole in the open pit mine rock, and use explosive blasting to break and loosen the mine rock. Perforating equipment mainly includes percussive drilling machine, down the hole drilling machine and cone drilling machine. Ammonium oil explosive, slurry water resistant explosive, emulsion explosive and granular emulsion explosive are mostly used. Mining and loading work is to load ore and rock into transportation equipment manually or mechanically, or directly unload them to the designated place. The common equipment is excavator (multi bucket and single bucket), wheel shovel and front-end loader, and single bucket excavator is widely used. The transportation work is to transport the ore and rock from the open pit to the unloading point (or concentrator) and the mp respectively, and transport the proction personnel, equipment and materials to the Stope at the same time. The main modes of transportation are railway, highway, conveyor, hoist, hydraulic transportation and cableway transportation used in rugged mountainous areas. The selection of transportation mode must consider terrain, geology, climate conditions, proction capacity of open-pit mine, mining depth, physical and mechanical properties of ore and surrounding rock, etc. after comprehensive technical and economic comparison, the reasonable transportation mode can be determined. Dumping refers to transporting a large amount of topsoil and rock covering the upper part of the deposit and its surrounding from the open pit to a special site (such as mp or waste rock yard) for mping. According to the different mping equipment, mping methods can be divided into plough mping, bulldozer mping, front loader mping and dragline scraper mping. The bulldozer should be located as close as possible to the mining field and occupy less farmland. If possible, it should be placed in valleys and depressions. Attention should be paid to environmental protection, land reclamation and returning. Reference: Internet

4.

Mineral resources development refers to the mining, mineral processing and other proction activities of the mining right holder

[mining sequence] refers to a certain sequence in space and time of mining reserves. Reasonable mining sequence refers to the mining sequence that can ensure the safety of mining operation, fully, reasonably and comprehensively recycle the resources and have good mining benefits

[mining method] when mining the useful minerals in the deposit, according to the geological conditions and proction technology level of the deposit, in the ore body and surrounding rock, with a certain layout and procere, a series of mining and cutting roadways are excavated, and the mining work is carried out according to a certain proction process. Mining methods are divided into open-pit mining and underground mining

[mining scheme] refers to the design scheme of mining method to be adopted when mining mineral resources

[mining technology] refers to the technical measures and construction methods in the development, mining, cutting and stoping of mineral resources

[Mining Engineering] refers to all kinds of adits and roadways, as well as all kinds of specific construction projects for the establishment of transportation, ventilation and other systems, safety proction, roof management, etc. ring the development, mining, cutting and mining of mineral resources

[mineral processing technology] refers to the process of separating useful minerals from useless minerals (usually called gangue or gangue) or harmful minerals, or separating a variety of useful minerals by physical or chemical methods

[mining recovery rate] refers to the percentage of the actual mined ore volume and the geological reserves in the open pit and underground mining area. According to the calculation range, it is divided into working face, mining area (block), stage and recovery rate of the whole mine. Mining recovery rate is the main technical and economic index to measure mining technology, mining management level and resource utilization level of mining enterprises

[mining dilution rate] refers to the ratio of the difference between the geological grade of raw ore and the grade of mined ore and the geological grade of raw ore within the mining range. This is one of the indicators to measure the quality of ore mined by mining enterprises, and also one of the methods to analyze whether the mining method is reasonable

[beneficiation recovery rate] refers to the percentage of the weight of the recovered useful component in the beneficiation proct (generally the concentrate) in the weight of the useful component in the beneficiation stone. This is the main economic and technical index to evaluate the beneficiation technology and management level of mining enterprises and the recovery degree of useful components in the selected ore, and it is also an index to reflect the level of resource utilization

[ore] refers to the mineral aggregate in the crust, which can extract metals or mineral procts necessary for the national economy on an instrial scale under the current economic and technological conditions

[ore body] refers to the underground natural ore aggregates

[deposit] refers to the general name of ore body. Ore bodies in the earth's crust, which are formed by mineralization and meet the current economic and technological conditions in quality and quantity, can be mined and utilized, are called deposits

[ore field] refers to all or part of the ore deposits that are mined by a mining enterprise

[minefield] in a mining enterprise, the minefield is divided into several independent parts, which are divided into several mines for mining, and the mining scope of the mine is called minefield

[unified planning for mining mineral resources] refers to the exploitation of all symbiotic and associated mineral resources as much as possible by using a set of development and transportation system on the basis of overall planning within the scope of technical conditions

[comprehensive mining] refers to the simultaneous mining of symbiotic and associated mineral resources of different deposits, different useful components of the same deposit and different horizons under the premise of unified planning

[comprehensive utilization] refers to that in the process of beneficiation and metallurgy, in addition to recovering the main minerals according to the design, the useful symbiotic minerals and associated minerals must be fully recovered under the conditions of feasible technology and reasonable economy. At the same time, the waste water, waste gas and waste resie proced in the process of mining and beneficiation and metallurgy should be treated in time to recover all the minerals and available substances that can be recovered as far as possible

[mine design] refers to the technically feasible and economically reasonable mineral resources development plan selected according to the deposit occurrence and economic and technical conditions. The main content is to determine the mine scale, service life, mining method, mining sequence, mining method, ore washing and processing technology, proct plan, general layout plan of proction and social facilities, drainage, power supply, transportation and other plans

[resial ore body] refers to the ore body that the mining right owner fails to extract e to the economic and technical conditions of mining, or the ore pillar reserved to ensure the safety of mine proction

[security resial ore body of closed mine] refers to some security pillars, roadway protection pillars, boundary pillars, fault pillars, waterproof (fire) pillars left by the mining right holder in the mining process in order to ensure the proction safety of the mine, protect the landform, ground buildings and main roadways, cut mining areas and mines, and prevent water and fire. Among them, the pillars left for the protection of landforms and surface buildings are permanent Security pillars, which shall not be mined or recovered

[tailing] refers to the part of ore dressing proction waste whose useful component content is too low to be separated and recovered under the economic and technological conditions at that time

[waste rock (gangue)] refers to rocks or ore bearing rocks that do not contain useful minerals (components) or are too small to be processed on an instrial scale. Generally, it includes the surrounding rock (i.e. surrounding rock) of the ore body removed in the mining process, the rock inclusion in the ore body, the gangue inclusion in the coal seam, and the internal and external stripping materials stripped out in the open-pit mining

[comparison map of underground and underground engineering] is a kind of map for mine geological survey, mine geology and mining. The terrain, ground features and main underground roadways in the mining area are drawn on one map, which is convenient for the comparison of the above and underground projects. This kind of mine map is called the comparison map of underground and underground engineering

5. Administrative measures for mineral resources mining registration< Article 1 These measures are formulated in accordance with the mineral resources law of the people's Republic of China for the purpose of strengthening the management of mineral resources exploitation, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of mining right holders, maintaining the order of mineral resources exploitation and promoting the development of mining instry
Article 2 mining mineral resources within the territory of the people's Republic of China and other sea areas under its jurisdiction must comply with these measures< Article 3 the mining of the following mineral resources shall be examined, approved and registered by the competent department of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council, and a mining license shall be issued:
(1) mineral resources in mining areas planned by the state and of great value to the national economy< (2) mineral resources in the territorial sea and other sea areas under the jurisdiction of China< (3) mineral resources exploited with foreign investment< (4) mineral resources listed in the appendix of these measures< After being examined and approved by the authorities designated by the State Council, those who exploit petroleum and natural gas minerals shall be registered by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council and issued mining licenses< The mining of the following mineral resources shall be examined, approved and registered by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the people's Government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government, and a mining license shall be issued:
(1) mineral resources with medium-sized or above mineral reserves other than those specified in the first and second paragraphs of this article< (2) Mineral Resources approved and registered by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the people's Government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government authorized by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council< In mining mineral resources other than those specified in the first, second and third paragraphs of this article, the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources administration of the local people's government at or above the county level shall examine, approve, register and issue mining licenses in accordance with the administrative measures formulated by the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government
if the scope of the mining area is beyond the administrative region at or above the county level, the registration shall be examined and approved by the registration authority at the next higher level of the administrative region concerned, and the mining license shall be issued< The departments in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the local people's governments at or above the county level shall report to the departments in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the people's governments at the next higher level for the record after examining, approving and issuing certificates
Article 4 before applying for mining right, the applicant for mining right shall apply to the registration and administration authority for delimiting the mining area according to the approved geological exploration reserves report
if it is necessary to apply for the establishment of a mining enterprise, it shall go through the relevant proceres according to the designated mining area and the national regulations< Article 5 when applying for a mining license, an applicant for a mining right shall submit the following materials to the registration authority:
(1) application for registration and a map of the mining area< (2) certification of the qualifications of mining right applicants< (3) development and utilization plan of mineral resources< (4) approval documents for the establishment of mining enterprises in accordance with the law< (5) environmental impact assessment report of mining mineral resources< (6) other materials required by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council
the approval documents of the relevant competent departments of the State Council shall also be submitted to those who apply for mining the mineral resources in the state planned mining areas or mining areas of great value to the national economy and the specific minerals that the State implements protective mining
when applying for the exploitation of oil and natural gas, the approval documents of the State Council approving the establishment of an oil company or the exploitation of oil and natural gas, as well as the qualification certificate of the legal person of the mining enterprise, shall also be submitted
Article 6 the registration administration organ shall, within 40 days from the date of receiving the application, decide whether to approve or not to register, and notify the applicant of the mining right
if the data specified in Article 5 of these measures need to be modified or supplemented by the mining right applicant, the registration administration authority shall notify the mining right applicant to modify or supplement within a time limit
if the registration is approved, the applicant of the mining right shall, within 30 days from the date of receiving the notice, pay the fee for the use of the mining right in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 of this law, pay the price of the mining right formed by the state funded exploration in accordance with the provisions of Article 10 of these measures, go through the registration proceres, obtain the mining license, and become the mining right holder
in case of no registration, the registration authority shall explain the reasons to the applicant of mining right
Article 7 the validity period of mining license shall be determined according to the scale of mine construction: for large-scale or above, the maximum validity period of mining license shall be 30 years; For medium-sized enterprises, the maximum period of validity of mining license is 20 years; For small ones, the mining license is valid for up to 10 years. If it is necessary to continue mining after the expiration of the mining license, the mining right holder shall go through the registration formalities at the registration administration organ 30 days before the expiration of the mining license
if the mining right holder fails to go through the renewal registration proceres within the time limit, the mining license will be automatically annulled
Article 8 after issuing mining license, the registration authority shall notify the relevant people's government at the county level in the place where the mining area is located. The relevant people's government at the county level shall, within 90 days from the date of receiving the notice, make an announcement on the scope of the mining area, and may, according to the application of the mining right holder, organize the laying of boundary stakes or the setting of ground signs< Article 9 the State practices the system of paid acquisition of mining rights. The royalty of mining right shall be paid year by year according to the area of the mining area, and the standard is 1000 yuan per square kilometer per year
Article 10 if an applicant applies for the mining right of the state funded exploration and the mining origin has been proved, the applicant of the mining right shall, in addition to paying the fee for the use of the mining right in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 of these measures, also pay the price of the mining right formed by the state funded exploration which has been assessed and confirmed; According to the relevant provisions of the state, the price of mining right can be paid in one lump sum or in installments
the price of the mining right formed by the state funded exploration shall be assessed by the competent department of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council in conjunction with the appraisal institution recognized by the state owned Assets Management Department of the State Council; The assessment results shall be confirmed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council
Article 11 the fees for the use of mining rights and the price of mining rights formed by state funded exploration shall be collected by the registration and administration authorities, and all of them shall be put under the state budget management. Specific measures for administration and use shall be formulated by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council in conjunction with the financial department and the planning department under the State Council
Article 12 under any of the following circumstances, the mining right holder shall submit an application, which may be reced and paid by the registration authority of the people's government at or above the provincial level after examination and approval in accordance with the measures for the rection and exemption of mining right use fee and mining right price formulated by the competent department of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council in conjunction with the financial department of the State Council (1) mining of mineral resources in remote and poverty-stricken areas< (2) mining of minerals in short supply in the country< (3) serious losses or proction stoppage of mining enterprises e to natural disasters or other force majeure< (4) other situations stipulated by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council and the financial department under the State Council
Article 13 mining rights can be obtained with compensation through bidding
the registration authority shall determine the scope of the mining area for bidding according to the authority specified in Article 3 of these measures, issue the bidding announcement, and put forward the bidding requirements and deadline; However, the scope of mining areas for overseas bidding shall be determined by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council
the registration authority organizes the bid evaluation and adopts the principle of selecting the best to determine the successful bidder. After paying the fees specified in Article 9 and Article 10 of these measures, the successful bidder shall go through the registration proceres, obtain the mining license, become the mining right holder, and fulfill the obligations promised in the tender
Article 14 the registration authority shall supervise and inspect the rational development and utilization of mineral resources, environmental protection and other legal obligations of the mining right holders within its administrative region. The mining right holder shall truthfully report the relevant information and submit an annual report< Article 15 under any of the following circumstances, the mining right holder shall apply to the registration authority for registration of alteration within the validity period of the mining license:
(1) alteration of the scope of the mining area
(2) change of main mining minerals< (3) change of mining method< (4) changing the name of a mining enterprise< (5) the transfer of mining right is approved according to law
Article 16 If a mining right holder suspends or closes a mine within the term of validity or at the end of the term of validity of the mining license, he shall, within 30 days from the date of deciding to suspend or close the mine, apply to the original license issuing authority for the cancellation registration of the mining license
Article 17 Any unit or indivial that mines without a mining license, enters the state planned mining area or mining area of great value to the national economy without authorization, mines specific minerals that are protected by the state, or mines beyond the approved mining area shall be registered by the registration administration organ in accordance with relevant laws and regulations They shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of administrative regulations
Article 18 If an annual report is not submitted in accordance with the provisions of these measures, refuses to accept supervision and inspection, or practices fraud, the Department in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the people's government at or above the county level shall, within the limits of authority prescribed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council, order it to stop the illegal act, give it a warning, and may also impose a fine of less than 50000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, the original license issuing organ shall revoke the mining license
Article 19 Whoever destroys or moves boundary stakes or ground signs within the mining area without authorization shall be ordered by the Department in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the people's government at or above the county level to restore them within a time limit in accordance with the limits of authority prescribed by the department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of less than 30000 yuan shall be imposed
Article 20 If a mining license is printed, forged or falsely used without authorization, the Department in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the people's government at or above the county level shall, within the limits of authority prescribed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council, confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine of less than 100000 yuan; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law
Article 21 those who violate the provisions of these measures and fail to pay the fees that should be paid according to the provisions of these measures on time shall be ordered by the registration administration authority to pay the fees within a time limit, and a fine of two thousandths of the overe fees shall be charged every day from the date of overe payment; If it fails to pay within the time limit, the original license issuing organ shall revoke the mining license
Article 22 those who, in violation of the provisions of these measures, fail to go through the registration proceres of alteration or cancellation of mining license shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit by the registration authority; If no correction is made within the time limit, the original license issuing organ shall revoke the mining license
Article 23 anyone who exploits petroleum or natural gas minerals in violation of these Measures shall be given administrative penalty by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council in accordance with the relevant provisions of these measures
Article 24 If a mining right holder's mining license is revoked, he shall not apply for the mining right again within two years from the date of revocation of the mining license
Article 25 If a staff member of a registration administration organ engages in malpractice for personal gain, abuses his power or neglects his ty, which constitutes a crime, he shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; If the case does not constitute a crime, administrative sanctions shall be imposed according to law< Article 26 mining licenses shall be uniformly printed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council. The forms of the application for registration, the application for change of registration and the application for cancellation of registration shall be uniformly formulated by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council
Article 27 registration fees shall be paid in accordance with the regulations when going through the mining registration proceres. The pricing department of the State Council shall, in conjunction with the Ministry of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council, formulate the charging standards, management and use methods

6. The main reasons are as follows:
1
2. Protect the surface vegetation and ecological balance, prevent soil erosion, especially in the ecologically fragile areas of northwest and southwest, once the vegetation and soil layer are damaged by surface mining, it is difficult to recover
3. To protect the mining resources, for some special mineral deposits, the protection of surface soil layer is needed ring mining, such as natural gas. If open-pit mining, it is easy to cause leakage< With the development of underground mining tools and technologies, the cost of underground mining is constantly reced, which makes underground mining possible.

7. I have taken it under the mine, which is of course safer than the coal mine. So far, I still remember that underground coal mine is the one with the lowest safety factor. Because of its loose structure, the underground mine structure is not compact. Therefore, I have a high sense of safety in the work below. I should always pay attention to the actions under the mine. Therefore, I suggest that you should not engage in the work under the mine, especially in the coal mine. The risk factor is too high.

8. Answer: life is like a dream
scholars
management measures for mineral resources mining registration at 09:01 on April 13

(August 5, 2003< Article 1 These measures are formulated in accordance with the mineral resources law of the people's Republic of China for the purpose of strengthening the management of mineral resources exploitation, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of mining right holders, maintaining the order of mineral resources exploitation and promoting the development of mining instry
Article 2 mining mineral resources within the territory of the people's Republic of China and other sea areas under its jurisdiction must comply with these measures< Article 3 the mining of the following mineral resources shall be examined, approved and registered by the competent department of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council, and a mining license shall be issued:
(1) mineral resources in mining areas planned by the state and of great value to the national economy< (2) mineral resources in the territorial sea and other sea areas under the jurisdiction of China< (3) mineral resources exploited with foreign investment< (4) mineral resources listed in the appendix of these measures< After being examined and approved by the authorities designated by the State Council, those who exploit petroleum and natural gas minerals shall be registered by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council and issued mining licenses< The mining of the following mineral resources shall be examined, approved and registered by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the people's Government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government, and a mining license shall be issued:
(1) mineral resources with medium-sized or above mineral reserves other than those specified in the first and second paragraphs of this article< (2) Mineral Resources approved and registered by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the people's Government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government authorized by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council< In mining mineral resources other than those specified in the first, second and third paragraphs of this article, the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources administration of the local people's government at or above the county level shall examine, approve, register and issue mining licenses in accordance with the administrative measures formulated by the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government
if the scope of the mining area is beyond the administrative region at or above the county level, the registration shall be examined and approved by the registration authority at the next higher level of the administrative region concerned, and the mining license shall be issued< The departments in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the local people's governments at or above the county level shall report to the departments in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the people's governments at the next higher level for the record after examining, approving and issuing certificates
Article 4 before applying for mining right, the applicant for mining right shall apply to the registration and administration authority for delimiting the mining area according to the approved geological exploration reserves report
if it is necessary to apply for the establishment of a mining enterprise, it shall go through the relevant proceres according to the designated mining area and the national regulations< Article 5 when applying for a mining license, an applicant for a mining right shall submit the following materials to the registration authority:
(1) application for registration and a map of the mining area< (2) certification of the qualifications of mining right applicants< (3) development and utilization plan of mineral resources< (4) approval documents for the establishment of mining enterprises in accordance with the law< (5) environmental impact assessment report of mining mineral resources< (6) other materials required by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council
the approval documents of the relevant competent departments of the State Council shall also be submitted to those who apply for mining the mineral resources in the state planned mining areas or mining areas of great value to the national economy and the specific minerals that the State implements protective mining
when applying for the exploitation of oil and natural gas, the approval documents of the State Council approving the establishment of an oil company or the exploitation of oil and natural gas, as well as the qualification certificate of the legal person of the mining enterprise, shall also be submitted
Article 6 the registration administration organ shall, within 40 days from the date of receiving the application, decide whether to approve or not to register, and notify the applicant of the mining right
if the data specified in Article 5 of these measures need to be modified or supplemented by the mining right applicant, the registration administration authority shall notify the mining right applicant to modify or supplement within a time limit
if the registration is approved, the applicant of the mining right shall, within 30 days from the date of receiving the notice, pay the fee for the use of the mining right in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 of this law, pay the price of the mining right formed by the state funded exploration in accordance with the provisions of Article 10 of these measures, go through the registration proceres, obtain the mining license, and become the mining right holder
in case of no registration, the registration authority shall explain the reasons to the applicant of mining right
Article 7 the validity period of mining license shall be determined according to the scale of mine construction: for large-scale or above, the maximum validity period of mining license shall be 30 years; For medium-sized enterprises, the maximum period of validity of mining license is 20 years; For small ones, the mining license is valid for up to 10 years. If it is necessary to continue mining after the expiration of the mining license, the mining right holder shall go through the registration formalities at the registration administration organ 30 days before the expiration of the mining license
if the mining right holder fails to go through the renewal registration proceres within the time limit, the mining license will be automatically annulled
Article 8 after issuing mining license, the registration authority shall notify the relevant people's government at the county level in the place where the mining area is located. The relevant people's government at the county level shall, within 90 days from the date of receiving the notice, make an announcement on the scope of the mining area, and may, according to the application of the mining right holder, organize the laying of boundary stakes or the setting of ground signs< Article 9 the State practices the system of paid acquisition of mining rights. The royalty of mining right shall be paid year by year according to the area of the mining area, and the standard is 1000 yuan per square kilometer per year
Article 10 if an applicant applies for the mining right of the state funded exploration and the mining origin has been proved, the applicant of the mining right shall, in addition to paying the fee for the use of the mining right in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 of these measures, also pay the price of the mining right formed by the state funded exploration which has been assessed and confirmed; According to the relevant provisions of the state, the price of mining right can be paid in one lump sum or in installments
the price of the mining right formed by the state funded exploration shall be assessed by the competent department of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council in conjunction with the appraisal institution recognized by the state owned Assets Management Department of the State Council; The assessment results shall be confirmed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council
Article 11 the fees for the use of mining rights and the price of mining rights formed by state funded exploration shall be collected by the registration and administration authorities, and all of them shall be put under the state budget management. Specific measures for administration and use shall be formulated by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council in conjunction with the financial department and the planning department under the State Council
Article 12 under any of the following circumstances, the mining right holder shall submit an application, which may be reced and paid by the registration authority of the people's government at or above the provincial level after examination and approval in accordance with the measures for the rection and exemption of mining right use fee and mining right price formulated by the competent department of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council in conjunction with the financial department of the State Council (1) mining of mineral resources in remote and poverty-stricken areas< (2) mining of minerals in short supply in the country< (3) serious losses or proction stoppage of mining enterprises e to natural disasters or other force majeure< (4) other situations stipulated by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council and the financial department under the State Council
Article 13 mining rights can be obtained with compensation through bidding
the registration authority shall determine the scope of the mining area for bidding according to the authority specified in Article 3 of these measures, issue the bidding announcement, and put forward the bidding requirements and deadline; However, the scope of mining areas for overseas bidding shall be determined by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council
the registration authority organizes the bid evaluation and adopts the principle of selecting the best to determine the successful bidder. After paying the fees specified in Article 9 and Article 10 of these measures, the successful bidder shall go through the registration proceres, obtain the mining license, become the mining right holder, and fulfill the obligations promised in the tender
Article 14 the registration authority shall supervise and inspect the rational development and utilization of mineral resources, environmental protection and other legal obligations of the mining right holders within its administrative region. The mining right holder shall truthfully report the relevant information and submit an annual report< Article 15 under any of the following circumstances, the mining right holder shall apply to the registration authority for registration of alteration within the validity period of the mining license:
(1) alteration of the scope of the mining area
(2) change of main mining minerals< (3) change of mining method< (4) changing the name of a mining enterprise< (5) the transfer of mining right is approved according to law
Article 16 If a mining right holder suspends or closes a mine within the term of validity or at the end of the term of validity of the mining license, he shall, within 30 days from the date of deciding to suspend or close the mine, apply to the original license issuing authority for the cancellation registration of the mining license
Article 17 Any unit or indivial that mines without a mining license, enters the state planned mining area or mining area of great value to the national economy without authorization, mines specific minerals that are protected by the state, or mines beyond the approved mining area shall be registered by the registration administration organ in accordance with relevant laws and regulations They shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of administrative regulations
Article 18 If an annual report is not submitted in accordance with the provisions of these measures, refuses to accept supervision and inspection, or practices fraud, the Department in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the people's government at or above the county level shall, within the limits of authority prescribed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council, order it to stop the illegal act, give it a warning, and may also impose a fine of less than 50000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, the original license issuing organ shall revoke the mining license
Article 19 Whoever destroys or moves boundary stakes or ground signs within the mining area without authorization shall be ordered by the Department in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the people's government at or above the county level to restore them within a time limit in accordance with the limits of authority prescribed by the department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of less than 30000 yuan shall be imposed
Article 20 If a mining license is printed, forged or falsely used without authorization, the Department in charge of the administration of Geology and mineral resources of the people's government at or above the county level shall, within the limits of authority prescribed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council, confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine of less than 100000 yuan; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law
Article 21 those who violate the provisions of these measures and fail to pay the fees that should be paid according to the provisions of these measures on time shall be ordered by the registration administration authority to pay the fees within a time limit, and a fine of two thousandths of the overe fees shall be charged every day from the date of overe payment; If it fails to pay within the time limit, the original license issuing organ shall revoke the mining license
Article 22 those who, in violation of the provisions of these measures, fail to go through the registration proceres of alteration or cancellation of mining license shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit by the registration authority; If no correction is made within the time limit, the original license issuing organ shall revoke the mining license
Article 23 anyone who exploits petroleum or natural gas minerals in violation of these Measures shall be given administrative penalty by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council in accordance with the relevant provisions of these measures
Article 24 If a mining right holder's mining license is revoked, he shall not apply for the mining right again within two years from the date of revocation of the mining license
Article 25 If a staff member of a registration administration organ engages in malpractice for personal gain, abuses his power or neglects his ty, which constitutes a crime, he shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; If the case does not constitute a crime, administrative sanctions shall be imposed according to law< Article 26 mining licenses shall be uniformly printed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council. The forms of the application for registration, the application for change of registration and the application for cancellation of registration shall be uniformly formulated by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources under the State Council
Article 27 registration fees shall be paid in accordance with the regulations when going through the mining registration proceres. The State Council shall determine the charging standards, management and use methods

9. Article 3 of the mineral resources law stipulates that mineral resources are owned by the state, and the State Council shall exercise the state ownership of mineral resources. The state ownership of surface or underground mineral resources shall not change with the ownership or use right of the land to which they are attached. The state guarantees the rational development and utilization of mineral resources. It is forbidden for any organization or indivial to occupy or destroy mineral resources by any means. People's governments at all levels must strengthen the protection of mineral resources. In the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources, it is necessary to apply for and obtain the exploration right and the mining right respectively according to law, and register them; However, mining enterprises that have applied for mining rights according to law are excluded from the exploration carried out for their own proction within the designated mining area< According to Article 39, those who, in violation of the provisions of this law, mine without a mining license, enter a state planned mining area, mine within a mining area of great value to the national economy, or mine a specific type of mineral for which protective mining is prescribed by the State shall be ordered to stop mining, compensate for losses, and confiscate the mined mineral procts and illegal income, They may also be fined; Those who refuse to stop mining and cause damage to mineral resources shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 156 of the criminal law

meeting the standard constitutes the crime of illegal mining. The specific term of imprisonment is calculated according to the appraisal losses caused to mineral resources.

10. Underground mining can be divided into two kinds, one is shallow, can be directly excavated into open-pit mine, without support. The other is underground mining, which generally requires safety evaluation. There is no clear regulation on the specific number of meters. It needs to be analyzed and calculated according to specific conditions, such as geological conditions and economic conditions. However, it generally needs support. After all, safety is the first.