Proof of interest mining
Publish: 2021-04-20 12:40:37
1. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
2. For blockchain, mining is not necessary. There are many kinds of proof mechanisms, so mining is not necessary
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
European crowdfunding is also a blockchain crowdfunding platform based on blockchain development. Every crowdfunding project will issue a digital currency as an asset certificate, but this digital currency does not necessarily need to be mined.
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
European crowdfunding is also a blockchain crowdfunding platform based on blockchain development. Every crowdfunding project will issue a digital currency as an asset certificate, but this digital currency does not necessarily need to be mined.
3. Recently, a term "stacking economy" has become popular in the currency circle, which translates into pledge economy
this should be a new term rising after "Tongzheng economy" last year. Compared with the token economy, the pledge economy actually has a much greater interest relationship with our ordinary investors
so today's DDS distributed storage ecological community editor will share with you what is pledge economy and how is its investment
pledge economy is also a kind of mining in essence, but it is different from what we usually call bitcoin mining and Ethereum mining
bitcoin, lightcoin, Ethereum, BCH and other digital currencies are all based on proof of work (POW). Therefore, under this mechanism, the generation of new currencies is all competitive power, so there are all kinds of mining machines. At present, the most popular mining machine with the highest market share is bitmainland mining machine
when we want to participate in the mining of these digital currencies, we usually go to the market to buy mining machines, and then find our own machine room or entrust the mining machines to large mines for operation. The money that the miner digs every day, excluding electricity and operating expenses, is the net income
"piling" is another mining method. Usually, digital currency based on proof of equity (POS) and proxy proof of equity (dpos) adopts this mining method
in this mining method, the nodes in the blockchain system do not need too much computing power, but only need to pledge a certain number of tokens, which can generate new currency after running for a period of time, and the generated new currency is the income obtained through pledge
this is equivalent to that we can deposit money in the bank and get a certain amount of interest every year
2. What are the currencies that support the pledge economy
when the main network of EOS went online last year, the voting of the main node officially opened the prelude of stacking
it is 2020 that really makes this way hot. Since the beginning of this year, a series of digital currencies have been launched in the form of pledge. On the one hand, in order to recruit nodes, the project side carries out extensive publicity. In addition, the powerful operators are willing to cooperate with the project side as nodes to obtain stable income
as a result, the pledge mining economy is booming both inside and outside the circle
data distributed storage (DDS) is also a pledge mining mode
the DDS application circulates and pays for the charging services of the whole ecosystem app, such as: annual fee of video website, online ecation, online Red live broadcast, games, movies, catering, takeout, social networking, etc
DDS issuing mechanism: no private placement, no node selling, no project party. As you go in, as you go out, as you dig, as you sell. There is no big business. Human risk control and ecological empowerment
1. Total distribution: the total distribution of DDS is 180 million, with a constant total. The issue price is anchored at 0.5usdt
2. Design principle: the DDS team made a statistical analysis on the blockchains of data storage related instries with high return on investment in the world and drew a scatter diagram. The analysis results show that, combined with the user experience that the unit price of issue is easy to measure, the total amount of issue is 180 million
3. Distribution ratio:
5% candy distribution
5% pledge circulation
90% mining
according to the number of miners contribution space size mining, strictly in accordance with the hardware equipment involved in mining quantity, pledge certificate and mining output, token price, three trigonometric function output. In the second year, the annual output will be reced by half, and in the eighth year, the remaining output will be excavated.
this should be a new term rising after "Tongzheng economy" last year. Compared with the token economy, the pledge economy actually has a much greater interest relationship with our ordinary investors
so today's DDS distributed storage ecological community editor will share with you what is pledge economy and how is its investment
pledge economy is also a kind of mining in essence, but it is different from what we usually call bitcoin mining and Ethereum mining
bitcoin, lightcoin, Ethereum, BCH and other digital currencies are all based on proof of work (POW). Therefore, under this mechanism, the generation of new currencies is all competitive power, so there are all kinds of mining machines. At present, the most popular mining machine with the highest market share is bitmainland mining machine
when we want to participate in the mining of these digital currencies, we usually go to the market to buy mining machines, and then find our own machine room or entrust the mining machines to large mines for operation. The money that the miner digs every day, excluding electricity and operating expenses, is the net income
"piling" is another mining method. Usually, digital currency based on proof of equity (POS) and proxy proof of equity (dpos) adopts this mining method
in this mining method, the nodes in the blockchain system do not need too much computing power, but only need to pledge a certain number of tokens, which can generate new currency after running for a period of time, and the generated new currency is the income obtained through pledge
this is equivalent to that we can deposit money in the bank and get a certain amount of interest every year
2. What are the currencies that support the pledge economy
when the main network of EOS went online last year, the voting of the main node officially opened the prelude of stacking
it is 2020 that really makes this way hot. Since the beginning of this year, a series of digital currencies have been launched in the form of pledge. On the one hand, in order to recruit nodes, the project side carries out extensive publicity. In addition, the powerful operators are willing to cooperate with the project side as nodes to obtain stable income
as a result, the pledge mining economy is booming both inside and outside the circle
data distributed storage (DDS) is also a pledge mining mode
the DDS application circulates and pays for the charging services of the whole ecosystem app, such as: annual fee of video website, online ecation, online Red live broadcast, games, movies, catering, takeout, social networking, etc
DDS issuing mechanism: no private placement, no node selling, no project party. As you go in, as you go out, as you dig, as you sell. There is no big business. Human risk control and ecological empowerment
1. Total distribution: the total distribution of DDS is 180 million, with a constant total. The issue price is anchored at 0.5usdt
2. Design principle: the DDS team made a statistical analysis on the blockchains of data storage related instries with high return on investment in the world and drew a scatter diagram. The analysis results show that, combined with the user experience that the unit price of issue is easy to measure, the total amount of issue is 180 million
3. Distribution ratio:
5% candy distribution
5% pledge circulation
90% mining
according to the number of miners contribution space size mining, strictly in accordance with the hardware equipment involved in mining quantity, pledge certificate and mining output, token price, three trigonometric function output. In the second year, the annual output will be reced by half, and in the eighth year, the remaining output will be excavated.
4. Find replace find comma and space replaced with empty. OK
5. Proof of stake (POS), also known as proof of equity mechanism, is similar to storing assets in a bank. The bank will allocate corresponding income to you through the number and time of digital assets you hold. Similarly, with POS digital assets, the system allocates corresponding rights and interests to you according to your currency age, which is the proct of the amount of currency you hold and the time. For example, if you hold 100 coins for 30 days, then your currency age is 3000. Compared with pow, POS has two advantages. First, POS will not cause too much power waste, because POS does not need to rely on competitive power to mine. Second, POS is more difficult to carry out 51% attack. Only 51% of the coins can be used to attack, and the network will be attacked.
6. POC is the abbreviation of proof of capacity. As the name suggests, it is an algorithm that determines the block generation right by the storage capacity. POC consensus mechanism is expressed in a more popular language, that is, CPU and GPU are used to budget a pile of lottery numbers, and then fill the hard disk. Mining is to find the winning lottery numbers
at present, pow (proof of workload) is used in most digital currency mining. Only burst, Bhd and newbi use POC consensus mechanism.
at present, pow (proof of workload) is used in most digital currency mining. Only burst, Bhd and newbi use POC consensus mechanism.
7. Daily teaching of Dakar coin, about Dakar coin POW & # 10133; POS consensus mechanism is the blockchain 3.0 technology. POW maintains the stability of the blockchain, POS maintains the management of the blockchain. POS is the proof of rights and interests mechanism. The number and age of coins determine your mining. The minimum age of coins is two weeks. In the case that you don't transfer money from your wallet, the age of coins is calculated from the date you receive the coins. If the age of coins exceeds two weeks, you start mining. After you reach the mine, Currency age clear! That is to say, mining machines and computers are not needed, and power resources will not be wasted to pollute the environment. Just open your wallet once every two weeks. Ethereum is also planning to upgrade to POW & # 10133; POS consensus mechanism!
8. Proof of stack is a system of interest distribution according to the amount and time of money you hold. In POS mode, your "mining" income is directly proportional to your currency age, and has nothing to do with the computing performance of the computer.
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