Historical mining cost history
The wealth myth of "one coin, one villa" is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
this article was first published in the Southern Weekend
"if speculation is a road of no return, then investment in mining machinery is a business that can make a steady profit without loss, and it is only a matter of time before the cost is recovered." Zhong Xi, general manager of Shenzhen Aibo times Technology Co., Ltd., calculated an account. A miner earns 200 yuan a day, which can be recovered in 120 days, and then the profit
in October 2017, in addition to his main business, Zhong Xi joined the mining army and quickly became a big boss in the mining circle. He operated many large mines in Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places
in fact, the business of "steady profit without loss" still depends on the continuous rise of currency price. In the past two months, the price of bitcoin has dropped from US $15000 to about US $10000, or even below US $6000 at one time, which has extended the cycle of mining machinery return. If it keeps falling, the profit will be far away
in 2012, four years after the advent of bitcoin, mass-proced mining machines appeared. Before that, mining was mainly a private activity, which could be completed by a home computer“ At that time, the home computer was the money printing machine, and a lot of bitcoin could be g up every day. " Huang Shiliang, a senior digital currency player who sold mining machines in his early years, recalled to Southern Weekend reporters
after the emergence of mining machine, mining began to be "socialized", with the emergence of mines and pools, and mining became a collective work. The indivial miner is entrusted by the mine, just like the workers on the proction line, as long as they are there, they can get paid every day
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
China has become the world's largest procer of mining machinery. Since 2012, a number of miner manufacturers have been born in China, such as Shenzhen bitquan Co., Ltd., which proces cat roasting miner, bitmainland, Jianan Yun and Yibang communication, which are now famous. In Huaqiangbei, Shenzhen, foreigners can be seen everywhere asking about the price of mining machinery with translators
recently, in an interview with the media, the CEO of bitcontinental, Mr. Zhan Ketun, said that this startup company, which has been established for only four years, had a revenue of about US $2.5 billion in 2017. Bitcontinent is known as the world's largest miner, whose ant miner has always been the hard currency of the coin circle and miner world
just like the coin circle, the mining circle also needs belief that the mechanical mathematical operation of mining machines every day can create great wealth
However, contrary to the "decentralization" advocated by bitcoin, the miner's world is moving towards "centralization". Miner dealers build their own mines. After the investors buy the miner, they are entrusted by the seller; The procers build their own mines and manage themthis process of "centralization" made the wealth of the mining circle snatched by a few people, and it was not easy for Zhong Xi to enter the core circle
calculation force "centralization"
the main function of the mine is to provide a place for scattered mining machines to operate. But it is the "ore pool" that really plays the role of integration
the so-called "mine pool" can be simply understood as "cooperative mining". The miners and the mines give the calculation power to the mine pool, and the mine pool is used as the only address to access the digital currency network for mining, and then distribute dividends to the miners according to the calculation power of the mining machine
the history of ore pool is longer than that of mining machine. In November 2010, the mine pool named slush appeared. Today, its official website says "the world's first mine pool", which is also recognized by the coin circle. Compared with the mine, the construction of the mine pool needs certain technology, and the threshold is relatively higher
the person in charge of a well-known domestic mine pool explained the principle of the mine pool to the Southern Weekend reporter. He compares mining to buying lottery tickets. If you dig alone, the probability of winning the lottery is very unstable. You may win 100000 today, but you won't in the next six months
"gather the people who buy lottery tickets together and buy them in a unified way. No matter who wins, they will be divided according to the proportion of money they pay. In the coin circle, the mine pool plays this role. " The person in charge said
it's not complicated to connect the mining machine with the ore pool. According to the operation guidelines of the major ore pools, it can be completed in a few steps, and then according to the calculation power provided by ourselves, we can get benefits from the ore pool. The miner is like a worker standing on the proction line, receiving a fixed salary every day
the mine pool with huge computing power and many mining machines has an absolute say in the coin circle and the mining circle. For example, if you want to issue a new digital currency or dominate the bitcoin bifurcation, you generally need to get the support of the mine pool. Without the support of the mine pool, no one will dig the new currency, so it is meaningless
in addition, when a hot new coin comes out, the mine pool can also use its own miners to pack it quickly and take the lead in the rush purchase of these new coins
in June 2017, when SNT and EOS were issued, Southern Weekend reporters witnessed the scene of minchi snapping up tokens. Because there are too many investors, many indivial investors can not put their funds into the designated position, but the person in charge of a mine pool can easily complete this operation
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
on January 18, 2018, Emin Yun silash, a computer professor at Cornell University, and other five people co authored a paper pointing out that there is an implicit power structure behind bitcoin and Ethereum, the two major digital currencies, and mining is too centralized, in which 50% of bitcoin's computing power is controlled by the four major mines
In fact, this problem has always existed. Four years ago, the founder of Ethereum, vtalik, noticed this problem when he wrote Ethereum white paper. He wrote: "this problem can be said to be very serious. At the time of writing this article, the two largest mines indirectly controlled about 50% of the computing power of the whole network." Up to now, this problem has not been solved. An early translator of the Ethereum white paper told the Southern Weekend reporter, "this is not a technical problem, but a human problem."5
recessive power structure
in the mining circle, the top of the food chain is mining machinery manufacturers. At present, the three recognized mining machinery manufacturers are located in China. Through the proction and sales of mining machines, they get a lot of profits. At the same time, they also set foot in the construction of mines and pools, and have the right to speak in the whole coin circle
ant mining pool is one of the top two large mining pools in the world, and its computing power accounts for 17% of the total network computing power. However, according to instrial and commercial data, it was founded by bitmainland; Several investors of Jianan Yun are also investors of Hangzhou mining Pool Technology Co., Ltd., which has its own mining pool hash and mining platform, but the mining pool has ceased operation at the end of 2017
Yibang communications has set up three blockchain companies in Hohhot, Wuhai and Zhundong Economic Development Zone in Inner Mongolia. A salesperson of Yibang communications told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that they have mines and mining businesses in these three places, but these mines have been operating at full capacity, and there is no machine space to host new mining machines"we are building a new mine in Irkutsk, Russia, where electricity charges are much lower and new mining machines can be hosted there." The source said
above the mining machinery manufacturers, it is the harvest of chip giants“ The core technology of mining machinery lies in the chip. Whoever has the chip can proce more mining machinery. " Ding Yang told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that the chips are mainly in the hands of several giant manufacturers, such as TSMC, NVIDIA, AMD, etc
since 2015, TSMC has always been the largest chip supplier of Jianan Yun. In 2015, the chips purchased by Jianan Yun from TSMC accounted for 69.62% of all the chips purchased by Jianan Yun. Since then, this figure has been maintained at about 60%. Most of the profits of Jia Nan Yun Zhi were made by TSMC
On January 18, 2018, at the presentation meeting of TSMC's fourth quarter financial report, chairman Zhang Zhongmou said that although the mobile business prospect this year is weak, the company's revenue will still grow by 10% - 15%. One of the key factors is the demand for chips e to the continuous and steady development of cryptocurrencyunder the mining machinery manufacturers, there is another power structure. Jianan Yun disclosed this secret in its 2017 prospectus. In the first four months of 2017, four of the top five customers of Jianan Yun were "indivials". According to public information, three of them are well-known "wrists" in the currency circle
Wu Gang, the largest customer, was the first group of miners, and later founded haobtc, which has one of the world's top ten mines; Lin Zhipeng, the second largest customer, is the founder of Xiaoqiang mining machinery. He has been engaged in the proction and sales of mining machinery for a long time. He has been cooperating with Xie Weiqin, the sixth largest customer; Wang Jin, the third largest customer, founded bitbang, a coin circle information websitethese big customers are not simple miners, they all have their own influence in the coin circle. Mechanical operation of the mining machine to bring them income at the same time, also brought the right to speak
according to an insider in bitmainland, most of the big customers in bitmainland are big guys in the currency circle. However, bitmainland officials declined an interview with the Southern Weekend reporter. The company's Public Relations Department responded that it was not convenient to disclose the content because it signed a confidentiality agreement with its customers
"one coin, one villa" wealth myth is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
most of the new entrants can only make the harvested "leeks"
Primitive human beings have been able to collect stones, grind them into proction tools, and collect clay for pottery making, which is the earliest germination of mining. Mining in ancient China has a long history. Unearthed from the ancient copper mine site in Tonglushan, Daye, Hubei Province, are various proction tools made of copper, iron, wood, bamboo, stone, pottery, copper ingot, copper weapons, etc., which are used for mining, loading, lifting, drainage, lighting, etc., and prove that the combined development of shaft, inclined shaft and drift has been used in the spring and Autumn period, and the underground mining system has initially formed. By the Western Han Dynasty, the mining system had been quite perfect. At this time in Hebei, Shandong, Hubei and other places of iron, copper, coal, placer gold and other mines have begun mining. At the end of the Warring States period, Li Bing, the governor of the state of Qin and Shu, g salt wells in Shuangliu County, Sichuan Province. Before Ming Dynasty, iron, copper, tin, lead, silver, gold, mercury and zinc were mainly proced. At the beginning of the 17th century, Europeans used the black powder imported from China for mining, and replaced manual mining with rock drilling and blasting, which was a milestone in the development of mining technology. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, mining explosives, detonators, detonating cords and rock drilling equipment were successively invented, forming modern blasting technology; The use of electric mechanical shovel, electric locomotive and electric lifting, communication, drainage and other equipment has formed modern shipping technology. Since the first half of the 20th century, mining technology has developed rapidly, with the emergence of ammonium nitrate explosive, the use of underground deep hole blasting technology, the continuous improvement and large-scale of various mining equipment, and graally formed mechanized mining technology suitable for different deposit conditions. The scientific methods of mine design, deposit evaluation and mine plan management are put forward to make mining develop from technology to engineering science. After the 1950s, e to the use of down the hole drill, cone drill, self drilling jumbo and other new equipment, mining equipment to achieve large-scale, transportation and lifting equipment automation, the emergence of unmanned locomotives. Computer technology is used in mine proction management, planning and design and scientific calculation. System science is used to study mining problems, and system mining engineering is born. Mine proction began to establish automatic control system, using modern test equipment, testing technology and electronic computers to predict and solve some practical problems. Therefore, the subject of mining engineering has been formally proposed and recognized
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China has a long history of mining in ancient times. From the ancient copper mine site in Tonglushan, Daye, Hubei, there are many kinds of proction tools made of copper, iron, wood, bamboo and stone used for mining, loading, lifting, drainage and lighting, as well as pottery, copper ingots and copper weapons. It is confirmed that the combined development of shaft, inclined shaft and drift has been used in the spring and Autumn period, and the underground mining system has initially formed. By the Western Han Dynasty, the mining system had been quite perfect. At this time in Hebei, Shandong, Hubei and other places of iron, copper, coal, placer gold and other mines have begun mining. At the end of the Warring States period, Li Bing, the governor of the state of Qin and Shu, g salt wells in Shuangliu County, Sichuan Province. Before Ming Dynasty, iron, copper, tin, lead, silver, gold, mercury and zinc were mainly proced. At the beginning of the 17th century, Europeans used the black powder imported from China for mining, and replaced manual mining with rock drilling and blasting, which was a milestone in the development of mining technology. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, mining explosives, detonators, detonating cords and rock drilling equipment were successively invented, forming modern blasting technology; The use of electric mechanical shovel, electric locomotive and electric lifting, communication, drainage and other equipment has formed modern shipping technology. Since the first half of the 20th century, the mining technology has developed rapidly, ammonium nitrate explosive has appeared, and underground deep hole blasting technology has been used. All kinds of mining equipment have been continuously improved and large-scale, and mechanized mining technology suitable for different deposit conditions has graally formed. The scientific methods of mine design, deposit evaluation and mine plan management are put forward to make mining develop from technology to engineering science. After the 1950s, e to the use of down the hole drill, cone drill, self drilling jumbo and other new equipment, large-scale mining equipment and automation of transportation and lifting equipment have been realized, resulting in the emergence of unmanned locomotives. In addition, computer technology was applied to mine proction management, planning and design and scientific calculation, and began to use system science to study mining problems, resulting in the birth of system mining engineering. Mine proction began to establish automatic control system, using modern test equipment, testing technology and electronic computers to predict and solve some practical problems. Therefore, the subject of mining engineering has been formally proposed and recognized
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under historical cost measurement, assets are measured according to the amount of cash or cash equivalent paid at the time of acquisition, or the fair value of the consideration paid at the time of acquisition. Liabilities shall be measured according to the amount of money or assets actually received e to the assumption of current obligations, or the contract amount for the assumption of current obligations, or the amount of cash or cash equivalent expected to be paid for the repayment of liabilities in daily activities
historical cost, also known as actual cost, refers to the cash or other equivalent actually paid for acquiring or manufacturing a certain property. Under historical cost measurement, assets are measured according to the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid at the time of acquisition, or the fair value of the consideration paid at the time of acquisition. Liabilities shall be measured according to the amount of money or assets actually received e to its current obligations, or the contract amount of current obligations, or the amount of cash or cash equivalent expected to be paid in daily activities to repay the liabilities
it should be noted that in general, in view of the reliability and accuracy required by the accounting statements and accounting, we use the historical cost concept to calculate the book value in the accounting statements and accounting, which is caused by different market price judgments
current cost
the exchange price needed to obtain the same asset or its equivalent. The current cost in the current cost accounting usually refers to the replacement cost, that is, the total cost required to re purchase the same assets or re proce the same procts
[edit this paragraph] current cost acquisition channels
1. Current purchase invoice price
2. Supplier's price list or quotation
3. Standard manufacturing cost which can reflect the current cost
4. Special price index or classified price index provided by the government or other authoritative departments
5. The price index of a commodity or a kind of commodity compiled by the enterprise itself< [edit this paragraph] current cost analysis
for the determination of current costs, some of them can be directly obtained in the market, such as raw materials, commodities and other purchased assets, the cost of re purchasing these assets can be used as the current cost; For self-made semi-finished procts and finished procts, the cost of resources needed to re proce these assets can be regarded as the current cost. But some assets are different. For example, machinery, equipment and factories, e to the development of technology and the innovation of manufacturing process, the commodities in the market are different from the assets held by enterprises. It is unreasonable to take the current value of these commodities as the replacement cost of the assets held by enterprises. At this time, the cost of new assets with the same function but different services can be used as the current cost of old assets after adjusting the difference of service potential. For example, the original cost of an old equipment in an enterprise is 50000 yuan, its service life is 5 years, and it has been depreciated for 2 years. The current price of equipment with the same function in the market is 120000 yuan, and its service life is 10 years. The current cost of the old equipment is 60000 yuan (120000 yuan) × 5 / 10), with a net value of 36000 yuan (60000 yuan) × 3/5
some enterprises may hold thousands of assets. If we want to determine the current cost for each type of asset, the enterprise can not afford it. In order to simplify the work, the assets held can be divided into several categories, such as steel, wood, etc., and then converted into the current cost by using the classified price index. But in this way, we must pay attention to the appropriate classification. If the classification is too rough, the current cost will not be accurate; If the classification is too detailed, the work can not be simplified< The role of current cost is a significant development of accounting measurement technology. As the impact of price change adjusted by replacement cost on accounting is closer to the actual situation of enterprises than that adjusted by general price level, replacement cost has a considerable impact in current practice. However, some people think that it is unrealistic for most enterprises to immediately reset the assets they currently hold. However, for those enterprises which mainly rely on the purchase of inventory and the inventory accounts for a large proportion of assets, it is more appropriate to use the replacement cost to reflect and eliminate the impact of price changes under the condition of continuous price changes.
under historical cost measurement, assets are measured according to the amount of cash or cash equivalent paid at the time of acquisition, or the fair value of the consideration paid at the time of acquisition. Liabilities shall be measured according to the amount of money or assets actually received e to the assumption of current obligations, or the contract amount for the assumption of current obligations, or the amount of cash or cash equivalent expected to be paid for the repayment of liabilities in daily activities
historical cost, also known as actual cost, refers to the cash or other equivalent actually paid for acquiring or manufacturing a certain property. Under historical cost measurement, assets are measured according to the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid at the time of acquisition, or the fair value of the consideration paid at the time of acquisition. Liabilities shall be measured according to the amount of money or assets actually received e to its current obligations, or the contract amount of current obligations, or the amount of cash or cash equivalent expected to be paid in daily activities to repay the liabilities
it should be noted that in general, in view of the reliability and accuracy required by the accounting statements and accounting, we use the historical cost concept to calculate the book value in the accounting statements and accounting, which is caused by different market price judgments.
There is also an interesting mining history in Darol. In the early 20th century, brave explorers came to daluor and found a large amount of potash deposits here. Potassium carbonate can be used to proce fertilizer. So an Italian company set up a small stope in Dallol and built a town on it. Interestingly, the buildings in Dallol are all made of salt bricks. The walls of all the buildings in the town were made of blocks of salt, the only building material available for miles at the time. Today, although the remains of the mining site and a narrow gauge railway connecting the Eritrean port of Fatima have been preserved, the history of dalore is still a mystery e to the lack of written records. Because there is no record of human existence there