How to mine black diamond
Publish: 2021-04-25 17:41:03
1.
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the most relevant interest is your force value, as shown in the figure below, I am now 159
this is yesterday. I was lucky, but I saw it only 10 days after entering the arena. After receiving a large amount of lucky drill, I will dect 5 forces, but still earn a lot
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those who are interested in the Internet earning activities of science and technology can pay attention to the headline number: Internet technology Cafe
micro headline updates the latest internal information of the activities from time to time every day
2. If you're a hunter or one who can take a baby, you'd better practice
1. Alaxi, XX Canyon, is in the East cave of luochui town. There are too many mines and too many brushes
2. It's alaxi. I'm going to dig the silver in the cave of Kuye village, where I brush very fast,
3. I'm going to dig the real silver when I'm finished. It's hard to teach ring this period, because there is so little real silver
4. When it comes to 225 or 230, I will go to Angolo crater to dig silver, and soon it will be 300
it's easy to practice mining. I wish you an early start
1. Alaxi, XX Canyon, is in the East cave of luochui town. There are too many mines and too many brushes
2. It's alaxi. I'm going to dig the silver in the cave of Kuye village, where I brush very fast,
3. I'm going to dig the real silver when I'm finished. It's hard to teach ring this period, because there is so little real silver
4. When it comes to 225 or 230, I will go to Angolo crater to dig silver, and soon it will be 300
it's easy to practice mining. I wish you an early start
3. Never used it
4. Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petersburg, is the second largest city in the Russian Federation, located in the Neva River Delta at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. Historically, it is the political, economic and cultural center of Russia, known as the capital of northern Russia. The current population is about 5 million (May 2003). The whole city is composed of more than 40 islands, which are connected by more than 700 bridges. Beautiful scenery, known as "Venice of the north". St. Petersburg is located at 60 degrees north latitude. In midsummer, the sunshine lasts for nearly 20 hours. The setting sun shines on the sky for a long time. After the short sk, the dawn begins to appear again, and the red sun just set rises again. This is the "white night" spectacle in early summer in June and July. There are "White Nights" in early summer every year<
the famous ancient building, fortress Peter Paul, on the Neva River Bank of St. Petersburg, was founded by Peter the great in 1703, so it is called St. Petersburg. In 1914, it was renamed petersgrad. After Lenin died in January 1924, it was renamed Leningrad. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the city resumed its original name, St. Petersburg<
St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia for two centuries and played an extremely important role in Russian history. The February and October Revolutions of 1917 took place in this city. During the Great Patriotic War, the city withstood the siege of the German fascist army for 900 days and was called the hero city by later generations
St. Petersburg is famous for its scenic spots and historic sites. There are many famous buildings from 18th to 19th century: Fortress Peter Paul, summer palace of Peter the great, smornie palace, winter palace, Kazan Cathedral, Saint Isaac Cathedral, etc. Many famous Russian poets and writers, such as Pushkin, lemontov and Gorky, have lived and created here<
St. Petersburg is one of the important teaching and scientific research centers in Russia, with the Academy of Sciences established in the era of Peter the great. There are more than 40 institutions of higher learning and 400 scientific research institutions in the city, including the famous national St. Petersburg University, national St. Petersburg University of technology, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and permafrost Research Institute. There are more than 50 museums in the city, known as "museum city"<
St. Petersburg is Russia's second largest instrial center after Moscow, as well as an important seaport and shipbuilding base. The instry is dominated by shipbuilding, power machinery and other manufacturing instries, which can proce large-scale atomic energy icebreakers. The chemical, textile and food instries are also very developed
"white night" is a wonder of St. Petersburg. It usually takes place in June and July. There is only a short gap between the setting sun and the rising sun. People can read books and newspapers in the street without holding a lamp< In 1988, St. Petersburg became a friendly city with Shanghai, China.
the famous ancient building, fortress Peter Paul, on the Neva River Bank of St. Petersburg, was founded by Peter the great in 1703, so it is called St. Petersburg. In 1914, it was renamed petersgrad. After Lenin died in January 1924, it was renamed Leningrad. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the city resumed its original name, St. Petersburg<
St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia for two centuries and played an extremely important role in Russian history. The February and October Revolutions of 1917 took place in this city. During the Great Patriotic War, the city withstood the siege of the German fascist army for 900 days and was called the hero city by later generations
St. Petersburg is famous for its scenic spots and historic sites. There are many famous buildings from 18th to 19th century: Fortress Peter Paul, summer palace of Peter the great, smornie palace, winter palace, Kazan Cathedral, Saint Isaac Cathedral, etc. Many famous Russian poets and writers, such as Pushkin, lemontov and Gorky, have lived and created here<
St. Petersburg is one of the important teaching and scientific research centers in Russia, with the Academy of Sciences established in the era of Peter the great. There are more than 40 institutions of higher learning and 400 scientific research institutions in the city, including the famous national St. Petersburg University, national St. Petersburg University of technology, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and permafrost Research Institute. There are more than 50 museums in the city, known as "museum city"<
St. Petersburg is Russia's second largest instrial center after Moscow, as well as an important seaport and shipbuilding base. The instry is dominated by shipbuilding, power machinery and other manufacturing instries, which can proce large-scale atomic energy icebreakers. The chemical, textile and food instries are also very developed
"white night" is a wonder of St. Petersburg. It usually takes place in June and July. There is only a short gap between the setting sun and the rising sun. People can read books and newspapers in the street without holding a lamp< In 1988, St. Petersburg became a friendly city with Shanghai, China.
5. No
cuttlefish is commonly known as cuttlefish and cuttlefish. Cuttlefish not only tastes delicious and nutritious, but also has hemostatic and analgesic effects< In fact, abalone is not a fish proct, but a shellfish
abalone, commonly known as "Jiangjunmao" and "erlei", is a kind of single shelled shellfish. It lives on the rocks on the sea floor. It can be eaten fresh and raw. Dehydrated dried procts can only be cooked after being soaked, and canned procts can be cooked directly
the output of abalone is the highest in Changshan Island, Shandong Province, and also in the open sea of Qing and Changhai County, Liaoning Province. Most of the foreign countries are Australia and Japan< At present, abalone sold on the market in China is mainly proced in Liaoning, Shandong and Guangdong. Abalone is mostly proced from April to June every year, but rarely in autumn. Generally every 7-8 kg can be processed into 500 grams of dried abalone. Abalone should be full and big
abalone usually lives scattered on the bottom of the sea, so when fishing, it needs to dive into the bottom to search one by one. It is also a kind of valuable seafood because it is laborious and difficult to catch
abalone is rich in protein and its meat is delicious. It is a valuable seafood. It's not a fish, it's a single shelled mollusk that crawls on rocks below the low water line in shallow waters. Abalone's body is covered with a thick calcareous shell, which is a right-handed spiral shell in the shape of an ear. Its Latin scientific name can be translated as "ear" because its shell is shaped like an ear. Abalone feet are particularly thick, divided into two parts. There are many antennae and hillocks on the upper foot, which are used to feel the external conditions; When the lower foot is extended, it is oval and flat on the abdomen, which is suitable for attachment and crawling. We eat abalone is mainly to eat its foot muscles. Abalone live in the fast flowing and algal reefs. They like to live in the coastal islands or the protruding rock corners. Abalone mostly crawls in the crevices or caves of reefs, and the depth of their distribution varies with species. Like the abalone in northern China, it is generally distributed in the depth of more than 10 meters. In winter, it moves to the depth of 30 meters in order to avoid the cold. In spring, it moves up slowly, and some can live several meters below the tide line. Abalone like to eat brown algae or red algae, such as abalone like to eat Undaria pinnatifida, young kelp and sargassum. The consumption of abalone varies with seasons. Generally, abalone is eaten more in the season with higher water temperature; In winter, they are not active and eat less. There are many kinds of abalone, which are widely distributed in China's coastal areas. In the north, Dalian and Changshan Island proce more abalone, which are big and ovoid. In the South China Sea, Haliotis diversicolor and Haliotis eryngii are proced; The abalone is bigger, and its shell is more like an ear. Its foot meat is the thickest. Usually, the shell can't completely wrap it in it
abalone is known as & quot; Mullet & quot;, There are also & quot; Mirror fish, nine hole snail, bright eye fish & quot; Abalone has been one of the most popular Chinese dishes since ancient times; Egotism & quot; And those who can taste the delicious abalone are those who are not officials but rich. The taste of abalone in China has a long history; Delicacies & quot According to the biography of Wang Mang in Han Dynasty: & quot; Wang Mang will be defeated. He can't eat but drink and eat abalone liver After tasting abalone, Su Dongpo praised it in a trip to carp; The caterers are good at managing Jianhua hall, and sitting in it, the maggots will glow. There are not enough meat fungus and stone ears. The real story of vinegar pen fish skin is against the wall& quot; The implication is that once you have tasted the delicious abalone, all the delicacies will be fine. Abalone, as a precious and famous dish, was listed as one of the eight treasures in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It often appeared on the top of the banquet dishes for the officials and nobles in Yuanguan. At the end of the Republic of China, the famous representative of official dishes in Beijing was "quot; Tanjiacai;, There are two famous dishes "Braised Abalone" and "abalone in oyster sauce", which become the model of abalone. Comrade Deng Xiaoping also praised the delicious abalone at that time. Now, in the state banquet and large banquet in the Great Hall of the people, abalone is on the list of classics and is a classic country of China. After thousands of years of Chinese food culture, the cooking and appreciation of abalone is pure. We not only know how to eat fresh abalone, but also use extremely complex cooking techniques to process dried abalone (dried abalone). The delicious of dried abalone is incomparable to fresh abalone, and the price is directly proportional to its delicacy.
cuttlefish is commonly known as cuttlefish and cuttlefish. Cuttlefish not only tastes delicious and nutritious, but also has hemostatic and analgesic effects< In fact, abalone is not a fish proct, but a shellfish
abalone, commonly known as "Jiangjunmao" and "erlei", is a kind of single shelled shellfish. It lives on the rocks on the sea floor. It can be eaten fresh and raw. Dehydrated dried procts can only be cooked after being soaked, and canned procts can be cooked directly
the output of abalone is the highest in Changshan Island, Shandong Province, and also in the open sea of Qing and Changhai County, Liaoning Province. Most of the foreign countries are Australia and Japan< At present, abalone sold on the market in China is mainly proced in Liaoning, Shandong and Guangdong. Abalone is mostly proced from April to June every year, but rarely in autumn. Generally every 7-8 kg can be processed into 500 grams of dried abalone. Abalone should be full and big
abalone usually lives scattered on the bottom of the sea, so when fishing, it needs to dive into the bottom to search one by one. It is also a kind of valuable seafood because it is laborious and difficult to catch
abalone is rich in protein and its meat is delicious. It is a valuable seafood. It's not a fish, it's a single shelled mollusk that crawls on rocks below the low water line in shallow waters. Abalone's body is covered with a thick calcareous shell, which is a right-handed spiral shell in the shape of an ear. Its Latin scientific name can be translated as "ear" because its shell is shaped like an ear. Abalone feet are particularly thick, divided into two parts. There are many antennae and hillocks on the upper foot, which are used to feel the external conditions; When the lower foot is extended, it is oval and flat on the abdomen, which is suitable for attachment and crawling. We eat abalone is mainly to eat its foot muscles. Abalone live in the fast flowing and algal reefs. They like to live in the coastal islands or the protruding rock corners. Abalone mostly crawls in the crevices or caves of reefs, and the depth of their distribution varies with species. Like the abalone in northern China, it is generally distributed in the depth of more than 10 meters. In winter, it moves to the depth of 30 meters in order to avoid the cold. In spring, it moves up slowly, and some can live several meters below the tide line. Abalone like to eat brown algae or red algae, such as abalone like to eat Undaria pinnatifida, young kelp and sargassum. The consumption of abalone varies with seasons. Generally, abalone is eaten more in the season with higher water temperature; In winter, they are not active and eat less. There are many kinds of abalone, which are widely distributed in China's coastal areas. In the north, Dalian and Changshan Island proce more abalone, which are big and ovoid. In the South China Sea, Haliotis diversicolor and Haliotis eryngii are proced; The abalone is bigger, and its shell is more like an ear. Its foot meat is the thickest. Usually, the shell can't completely wrap it in it
abalone is known as & quot; Mullet & quot;, There are also & quot; Mirror fish, nine hole snail, bright eye fish & quot; Abalone has been one of the most popular Chinese dishes since ancient times; Egotism & quot; And those who can taste the delicious abalone are those who are not officials but rich. The taste of abalone in China has a long history; Delicacies & quot According to the biography of Wang Mang in Han Dynasty: & quot; Wang Mang will be defeated. He can't eat but drink and eat abalone liver After tasting abalone, Su Dongpo praised it in a trip to carp; The caterers are good at managing Jianhua hall, and sitting in it, the maggots will glow. There are not enough meat fungus and stone ears. The real story of vinegar pen fish skin is against the wall& quot; The implication is that once you have tasted the delicious abalone, all the delicacies will be fine. Abalone, as a precious and famous dish, was listed as one of the eight treasures in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It often appeared on the top of the banquet dishes for the officials and nobles in Yuanguan. At the end of the Republic of China, the famous representative of official dishes in Beijing was "quot; Tanjiacai;, There are two famous dishes "Braised Abalone" and "abalone in oyster sauce", which become the model of abalone. Comrade Deng Xiaoping also praised the delicious abalone at that time. Now, in the state banquet and large banquet in the Great Hall of the people, abalone is on the list of classics and is a classic country of China. After thousands of years of Chinese food culture, the cooking and appreciation of abalone is pure. We not only know how to eat fresh abalone, but also use extremely complex cooking techniques to process dried abalone (dried abalone). The delicious of dried abalone is incomparable to fresh abalone, and the price is directly proportional to its delicacy.
6. The eight planets are Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, mercury, earth, Mars, Uranus and Neptune, and Pluto is no longer a classical planet<
the general assembly of the International Astronomical Union voted on resolution 5, which partially approved the new definition of planet. Pluto was excluded from the list of planets and was listed as "dwarf planet"
the general assembly of the International Astronomical Union gave up the idea that the eight planets in the solar system other than Pluto were called "classic planets", thus confirming that there were only eight planets in the solar system, and Pluto was downgraded to "dwarf planet". The first plan that had been widely publicized before put forward the plan of adding another three secondary planets to the solar system
for decades, scientists generally believe that there are nine planets in the solar system, but with the discovery of an object larger and farther than Pluto, the controversy about Pluto's status as a major planet has intensified. First, the process of its discovery is based on a wrong theory; Second, because of the wrong mass estimation, it was mistakenly included in the list of major planets. Therefore, in the International Astronomical Union conference, whether to give Pluto "name correction" has become the focus of the conference, for this reason, astronomers have given a variety of programs< In 1930, American astronomer Thompson discovered Pluto. At that time, he mistakenly estimated the mass of Pluto and thought that Pluto was bigger than the earth, so he named it the big planet. However, after nearly 30 years of further observation, it is found that its diameter is only 2300 km, smaller than the moon. When Pluto's size is confirmed, "Pluto is a big planet" has been written into the textbook, it will be wrong in the future
Pluto is the farthest planet in the solar system, and its orbit is the flattest. Pluto's mass is much smaller than other planets, even in the satellite world, it can only rank seventh and eighth. Pluto's surface temperature is very low, so most of its material can only be solid or liquid
Mars is the fourth farthest from the sun, It is also the seventh largest planet in the solar system:
basic parameters of Mars:
orbit half length diameter: 227.94 million km (1.52 astronomical units)
revolution period: 686.98 days
average orbit speed: 24.13 km / s
orbit eccentricity: 0.093
orbit inclination: 1.8 degrees
equatorial radius of Planet: 3398 km
mass (earth mass = 1): 0.1074
density: 3.94g/cm3
rotation period: 1.026 days
number of satellites: 2
orbit: 227940000 km (1.52 AU) from the sun
Mars (Greek: Ares) is known as the God of war. This may be e to its bright red color; Mars is sometimes called "red Zodiac." Interesting note: before the Greeks, the ancient Romans worshipped Mars as the God of farming. The aggressive Greeks took Mars as a symbol of war, and the name of "March" came from Mars
Mars has been known to mankind since prehistoric times. It is popular with science fiction writers because it is considered to be the best dwelling place in the solar system (except the earth). Unfortunately, the famous canal "seen" by Lowell and other things are just as fictional as the princesses of barsoomian
the first Mars exploration was carried out by Mariner 4 in 1965. Several more attempts were made, including two Vikings in 1976 (left). After 20 years, on July 4, 1997, Mars Pathfinder successfully landed on Mars (right)
the orbit of Mars is remarkably elliptical. As a result, the temperature difference between the perihelion and the aphelion is close to 30 degrees centigrade where the sun shines. This has a huge impact on the climate of Mars. The average temperature on Mars is about 218k (- 55 ℃, - 67 ℃), but it has a span from 140k (- 133 ℃, - 207 ℃) in winter to nearly 300K (27 ℃, 80 ℃) in summer. Although Mars is much smaller than the earth, its surface area is equivalent to the land area on the earth's surface
besides the earth, Mars is a solid surface planet with the most interesting terrains. Some of them are spectacular terrain:
- Olympus: it is 24 kilometers (78000 feet) above the earth's surface, the largest mountain in the solar system. Its base is more than 500 kilometers in diameter and is surrounded by a cliff as high as 6 kilometers (20000 feet) (right)
- Tharsis: a huge bulge on the surface of Mars, about 4000 km wide and 10 km high
- Valles Marineris: a group of canyons with a depth of 2-7 km and a length of 4000 km (title, below)
- Hellas Planitia: an impact crater with a depth of more than 6000 meters and a diameter of 2000 kilometers in the southern hemisphere< There are many craters on the surface of Mars. But there are also many valleys, ridges, hills and plains that have not been formed long ago
in the southern hemisphere of Mars, there are circular highlands similar to those on the moon (left). On the contrary, its northern hemisphere is mostly composed of newly formed low and flat plains. The formation process of these plains is very complicated. There is a huge height change of several thousand meters on the North-South border. The reason for the huge difference in topography between the north and the South and the drastic change in the height of the border area is not known (some speculate that this is e to the huge force generated by the instant of the increase of the outer layer of Mars). Recently, some scientists have begun to wonder if the steep mountains are where they were. The problem will be solved by Mars Global Surveyor
the internal conditions of Mars are inferred only by its surface conditions and a large number of relevant data. It is generally believed that its core is composed of high-density materials with a radius of 1700km; The outer layer of lava is thicker than the earth's mantle; The outermost layer is a thin shell. Compared with other solid planets, Mars has a lower density, which indicates that iron (magnesium and iron sulfide) in the core of Mars may contain more sulfur
like mercury and the moon, Mars lacks active plate motion; There is no evidence that Mars has experienced crustal movement that can cause as many folded mountain systems as the earth. Because there is no lateral movement, the Megathermal zone under the crust is still relative to the ground. Combined with the slight gravity of the ground, tharis bulge and huge volcano are formed. However, no evidence of recent volcanic activity has been found. Although Mars may have experienced a lot of volcanic activity, it seems that it has never experienced any plate movement
there have been floods on Mars, and there are some small rivers on the ground (right picture), which clearly proves that many places have been eroded. In the past, there has been clean water on the surface of Mars, and there may even have been great lakes and oceans. But these things seem to exist only for a short time, and they are estimated to be about four billion years ago Valles marneris was not formed by running water. It is caused by the extension and impact of the shell, accompanied by the Tharsis bulge)
in the early days of Mars, it was very similar to the earth. Like earth, almost all of the carbon dioxide on Mars is converted into Carbonaceous Rocks. However, e to the lack of plate movement of the earth, Mars can't recycle carbon dioxide into its atmosphere again, so it can't proce significant greenhouse effect. Therefore, even if it is pulled to the same distance from the sun as the earth, the surface temperature of Mars is still much colder than that on earth
the thin atmosphere of Mars is mainly composed of resial carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%), argon (1.6%), trace oxygen (0.15%) and water vapor (0.03%). The average atmospheric pressure on the surface of Mars is only about 7 mbar (less than 1% of that on earth), but it varies with altitude, reaching as high as 9 mbar at the deepest part of the basin and only 1 mbar at the top of Olympus Mons. But it's also enough to support the occasional hurricanes and storms that sweep the planet all month. Although Mars's thin atmosphere can also create a greenhouse effect, those that can only increase the surface temperature by 5K are much less than those of Venus and the earth as we know it
the poles of Mars are permanently covered with solid carbon dioxide (dry ice). The structure of this ice cover is laminated. It is made up of ice layer and changing carbon dioxide layer in turn. In the summer of the north, carbon dioxide sublimates completely, leaving the remaining ice layer. Since the carbon dioxide in the South has never completely disappeared, we can't know whether there is an ice layer under the ice in the South (left). The reason for this phenomenon is unknown, but it may be e to climate change caused by the long-term change of the angle between Mars equatorial plane and its orbit. Perhaps there is water deep below the surface of Mars. This seasonal change in the polar cover changes the pressure of Mars by about 25% (measured by Viking)
however, recent observations through the Hubble Telescope show that the environment of the Viking at that time was not typical. Mars's atmosphere now seems to be colder and drier than the Viking survey showed (see STScI for details)
Viking has tried to make experiments to determine whether there is life on Mars, but the results are negative. But optimists point out that only two small samples are qualified and not from the best places. Future Mars explorers will continue more experiments
a small meteorite (SNC meteorite) is believed to be from Mars< On August 6, 1996, David McKay and others claimed that organic matter was found in Martian meteorites for the first time. The author even said that this composition, together with some other minerals from meteorites, could be evidence of Martian paleontology Left?)
such an amazing conclusion, but it does not make the conclusion that there are aliens hold water. Since the publication of David zhukai's opinion, the research of some opponents has also been published. But any conclusion should be "reasonable and justified". There is still a lot to be done before the conclusion is quite certain
there is a large area of weak gravity in the tropics of Mars. This is an unexpected discovery made by Mars Global Surveyor when it entered Mars orbit. They may have been left when the early shell disappeared. This may be very useful for studying the internal structure of Mars, the past pressure, and even the possibility of ancient life
in the night sky, Mars can be easily seen with the naked eye. Because it is very close to the earth, it looks very bright. Mike Harvey's planet search chart shows the position of Mars and other planets in the sky. More and more details, better and better charts will be discovered and completed by astronomical programs such as brilliant stars
mercury
English Name: Mercury
water
the general assembly of the International Astronomical Union voted on resolution 5, which partially approved the new definition of planet. Pluto was excluded from the list of planets and was listed as "dwarf planet"
the general assembly of the International Astronomical Union gave up the idea that the eight planets in the solar system other than Pluto were called "classic planets", thus confirming that there were only eight planets in the solar system, and Pluto was downgraded to "dwarf planet". The first plan that had been widely publicized before put forward the plan of adding another three secondary planets to the solar system
for decades, scientists generally believe that there are nine planets in the solar system, but with the discovery of an object larger and farther than Pluto, the controversy about Pluto's status as a major planet has intensified. First, the process of its discovery is based on a wrong theory; Second, because of the wrong mass estimation, it was mistakenly included in the list of major planets. Therefore, in the International Astronomical Union conference, whether to give Pluto "name correction" has become the focus of the conference, for this reason, astronomers have given a variety of programs< In 1930, American astronomer Thompson discovered Pluto. At that time, he mistakenly estimated the mass of Pluto and thought that Pluto was bigger than the earth, so he named it the big planet. However, after nearly 30 years of further observation, it is found that its diameter is only 2300 km, smaller than the moon. When Pluto's size is confirmed, "Pluto is a big planet" has been written into the textbook, it will be wrong in the future
Pluto is the farthest planet in the solar system, and its orbit is the flattest. Pluto's mass is much smaller than other planets, even in the satellite world, it can only rank seventh and eighth. Pluto's surface temperature is very low, so most of its material can only be solid or liquid
Mars is the fourth farthest from the sun, It is also the seventh largest planet in the solar system:
basic parameters of Mars:
orbit half length diameter: 227.94 million km (1.52 astronomical units)
revolution period: 686.98 days
average orbit speed: 24.13 km / s
orbit eccentricity: 0.093
orbit inclination: 1.8 degrees
equatorial radius of Planet: 3398 km
mass (earth mass = 1): 0.1074
density: 3.94g/cm3
rotation period: 1.026 days
number of satellites: 2
orbit: 227940000 km (1.52 AU) from the sun
Mars (Greek: Ares) is known as the God of war. This may be e to its bright red color; Mars is sometimes called "red Zodiac." Interesting note: before the Greeks, the ancient Romans worshipped Mars as the God of farming. The aggressive Greeks took Mars as a symbol of war, and the name of "March" came from Mars
Mars has been known to mankind since prehistoric times. It is popular with science fiction writers because it is considered to be the best dwelling place in the solar system (except the earth). Unfortunately, the famous canal "seen" by Lowell and other things are just as fictional as the princesses of barsoomian
the first Mars exploration was carried out by Mariner 4 in 1965. Several more attempts were made, including two Vikings in 1976 (left). After 20 years, on July 4, 1997, Mars Pathfinder successfully landed on Mars (right)
the orbit of Mars is remarkably elliptical. As a result, the temperature difference between the perihelion and the aphelion is close to 30 degrees centigrade where the sun shines. This has a huge impact on the climate of Mars. The average temperature on Mars is about 218k (- 55 ℃, - 67 ℃), but it has a span from 140k (- 133 ℃, - 207 ℃) in winter to nearly 300K (27 ℃, 80 ℃) in summer. Although Mars is much smaller than the earth, its surface area is equivalent to the land area on the earth's surface
besides the earth, Mars is a solid surface planet with the most interesting terrains. Some of them are spectacular terrain:
- Olympus: it is 24 kilometers (78000 feet) above the earth's surface, the largest mountain in the solar system. Its base is more than 500 kilometers in diameter and is surrounded by a cliff as high as 6 kilometers (20000 feet) (right)
- Tharsis: a huge bulge on the surface of Mars, about 4000 km wide and 10 km high
- Valles Marineris: a group of canyons with a depth of 2-7 km and a length of 4000 km (title, below)
- Hellas Planitia: an impact crater with a depth of more than 6000 meters and a diameter of 2000 kilometers in the southern hemisphere< There are many craters on the surface of Mars. But there are also many valleys, ridges, hills and plains that have not been formed long ago
in the southern hemisphere of Mars, there are circular highlands similar to those on the moon (left). On the contrary, its northern hemisphere is mostly composed of newly formed low and flat plains. The formation process of these plains is very complicated. There is a huge height change of several thousand meters on the North-South border. The reason for the huge difference in topography between the north and the South and the drastic change in the height of the border area is not known (some speculate that this is e to the huge force generated by the instant of the increase of the outer layer of Mars). Recently, some scientists have begun to wonder if the steep mountains are where they were. The problem will be solved by Mars Global Surveyor
the internal conditions of Mars are inferred only by its surface conditions and a large number of relevant data. It is generally believed that its core is composed of high-density materials with a radius of 1700km; The outer layer of lava is thicker than the earth's mantle; The outermost layer is a thin shell. Compared with other solid planets, Mars has a lower density, which indicates that iron (magnesium and iron sulfide) in the core of Mars may contain more sulfur
like mercury and the moon, Mars lacks active plate motion; There is no evidence that Mars has experienced crustal movement that can cause as many folded mountain systems as the earth. Because there is no lateral movement, the Megathermal zone under the crust is still relative to the ground. Combined with the slight gravity of the ground, tharis bulge and huge volcano are formed. However, no evidence of recent volcanic activity has been found. Although Mars may have experienced a lot of volcanic activity, it seems that it has never experienced any plate movement
there have been floods on Mars, and there are some small rivers on the ground (right picture), which clearly proves that many places have been eroded. In the past, there has been clean water on the surface of Mars, and there may even have been great lakes and oceans. But these things seem to exist only for a short time, and they are estimated to be about four billion years ago Valles marneris was not formed by running water. It is caused by the extension and impact of the shell, accompanied by the Tharsis bulge)
in the early days of Mars, it was very similar to the earth. Like earth, almost all of the carbon dioxide on Mars is converted into Carbonaceous Rocks. However, e to the lack of plate movement of the earth, Mars can't recycle carbon dioxide into its atmosphere again, so it can't proce significant greenhouse effect. Therefore, even if it is pulled to the same distance from the sun as the earth, the surface temperature of Mars is still much colder than that on earth
the thin atmosphere of Mars is mainly composed of resial carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%), argon (1.6%), trace oxygen (0.15%) and water vapor (0.03%). The average atmospheric pressure on the surface of Mars is only about 7 mbar (less than 1% of that on earth), but it varies with altitude, reaching as high as 9 mbar at the deepest part of the basin and only 1 mbar at the top of Olympus Mons. But it's also enough to support the occasional hurricanes and storms that sweep the planet all month. Although Mars's thin atmosphere can also create a greenhouse effect, those that can only increase the surface temperature by 5K are much less than those of Venus and the earth as we know it
the poles of Mars are permanently covered with solid carbon dioxide (dry ice). The structure of this ice cover is laminated. It is made up of ice layer and changing carbon dioxide layer in turn. In the summer of the north, carbon dioxide sublimates completely, leaving the remaining ice layer. Since the carbon dioxide in the South has never completely disappeared, we can't know whether there is an ice layer under the ice in the South (left). The reason for this phenomenon is unknown, but it may be e to climate change caused by the long-term change of the angle between Mars equatorial plane and its orbit. Perhaps there is water deep below the surface of Mars. This seasonal change in the polar cover changes the pressure of Mars by about 25% (measured by Viking)
however, recent observations through the Hubble Telescope show that the environment of the Viking at that time was not typical. Mars's atmosphere now seems to be colder and drier than the Viking survey showed (see STScI for details)
Viking has tried to make experiments to determine whether there is life on Mars, but the results are negative. But optimists point out that only two small samples are qualified and not from the best places. Future Mars explorers will continue more experiments
a small meteorite (SNC meteorite) is believed to be from Mars< On August 6, 1996, David McKay and others claimed that organic matter was found in Martian meteorites for the first time. The author even said that this composition, together with some other minerals from meteorites, could be evidence of Martian paleontology Left?)
such an amazing conclusion, but it does not make the conclusion that there are aliens hold water. Since the publication of David zhukai's opinion, the research of some opponents has also been published. But any conclusion should be "reasonable and justified". There is still a lot to be done before the conclusion is quite certain
there is a large area of weak gravity in the tropics of Mars. This is an unexpected discovery made by Mars Global Surveyor when it entered Mars orbit. They may have been left when the early shell disappeared. This may be very useful for studying the internal structure of Mars, the past pressure, and even the possibility of ancient life
in the night sky, Mars can be easily seen with the naked eye. Because it is very close to the earth, it looks very bright. Mike Harvey's planet search chart shows the position of Mars and other planets in the sky. More and more details, better and better charts will be discovered and completed by astronomical programs such as brilliant stars
mercury
English Name: Mercury
water
7. You must go when it's cold and make sure it's too cold to go into the water. I was cheated once. When I bought the ticket, I spent several hundred yuan. The staff said that the water was not cold at constant temperature. As a result, I didn't dare to go into the water because it was too cold
8. It's OK to go this month. In recent days, the daytime weather is good. The sun is not very cold. The temperature difference will be bigger next month. I just went to play on December 1.
9. Yes, the ocean park is indoor constant temperature. You can go to it all the year round. You don't have to worry about the season. Many local people go there every holiday. It's also a must clock place for tourists from other places. You can eat, drink and have fun.
10. It's not 'no'
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