angcc礦池

1. 如何查看程序被哪個版本編譯器編譯的linux-gcc

那是不可能的，除非你加入了調試信息，也就是編譯的時候加入了-g參數，然後用gdb調試就可以顯示。最大程度上查看一個elf文件信息。

｛

readelf -Wa a.out | head
readelf -wi a.out
readelf -p .comment a.out
objmp -s --section .comment audioplayer

｝

如下：

[root@localhost rootfs]# readelf -Wa bin/gzip

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ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: ARM
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0xa080
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 1975444 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x5000002, has entry point, Version5 EABI
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 6
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 25
Section header string table index: 24

Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 000080f4 0000f4 000020 00 A 0 0 4
[ 2] .init PROGBITS 00008114 000114 00000c 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 3] .text PROGBITS 00008120 000120 17fcfc 00 AX 0 0 16
[ 4] __libc_freeres_fn PROGBITS 00187e1c 17fe1c 000f20 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 5] __libc_thread_fre PROGBITS 00188d3c 180d3c 0000e4 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 6] .fini PROGBITS 00188e20 180e20 000008 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 7] .rodata PROGBITS 00188e28 180e28 058147 00 A 0 0 8
[ 8] __libc_subfreeres PROGBITS 001e0f70 1d8f70 00005c 00 A 0 0 4
[ 9] __libc_atexit PROGBITS 001e0fcc 1d8fcc 000004 00 A 0 0 4
[10] __libc_thread_sub PROGBITS 001e0fd0 1d8fd0 000008 00 A 0 0 4
[11] .ARM.extab PROGBITS 001e0fd8 1d8fd8 001b04 00 A 0 0 4
[12] .ARM.exidx ARM_EXIDX 001e2adc 1daadc 006ea8 00 AL 3 0 4
[13] .tdata PROGBITS 001f1984 1e1984 000018 00 WAT 0 0 4
[14] .tbss NOBITS 001f199c 1e199c 000034 00 WAT 0 0 4
[15] .init_array INIT_ARRAY 001f199c 1e199c 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[16] .fini_array FINI_ARRAY 001f19a0 1e19a0 000008 00 WA 0 0 4
[17] .jcr PROGBITS 001f19a8 1e19a8 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[18] .data.rel.ro PROGBITS 001f19ac 1e19ac 00002c 00 WA 0 0 4
[19] .got PROGBITS 001f19d8 1e19d8 00007c 04 WA 0 0 4
[20] .data PROGBITS 001f1a58 1e1a58 0008f7 00 WA 0 0 8
[21] .bss NOBITS 001f2350 1e234f 004828 00 WA 0 0 8
[22] __libc_freeres_pt NOBITS 001f6b78 1e234f 00003c 00 WA 0 0 4
[23] .ARM.attributes ARM_ATTRIBUTES 00000000 1e234f 00002b 00 0 0 1
[24] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 1e237a 000118 00 0 0 1

Section to Segment mapping:
Segment Sections...
00 .ARM.exidx
01 .note.ABI-tag .init .text __libc_freeres_fn __libc_thread_freeres_fn .fini .rodata __libc_subfreeres __libc_atexit __libc_thread_subfreeres .ARM.extab .ARM.exidx
02 .tdata .init_array .fini_array .jcr .data.rel.ro .got .data .bss __libc_freeres_ptrs
03 .note.ABI-tag
04 .tdata .tbss

Attribute Section: aeabi
File Attributes
Tag_CPU_name: "5TE"
Tag_CPU_arch: v5TE
Tag_ARM_ISA_use: Yes
Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-1
Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t: 4
Tag_ABI_FP_denormal: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_number_model: IEEE 754
Tag_ABI_align8_needed: Yes
Tag_ABI_align8_preserved: Yes, except leaf SP
Tag_ABI_enum_size: int
Tag_unknown_44: 1 (0x1)
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How to retrieve the GCC version used to compile a given ELF executable? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2387040/how-to-retrieve-the-gcc-version-used-to-compile-a-given-elf-executable

QUES: I'd like to retrieve the GCC version used to compile a given executable. I tried readelf but didn't get the information. Any thoughts?

ANS: To complete what others have said: it's not stored in the object (or exe) file, unless you compile with debugging information! (option -g). If you compile with debug info, you can get it back with readelf:

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[root@localhost test]# gcc a.c
[root@localhost test]# readelf -wi a.out
[root@localhost test]# gcc a.c -g
[root@localhost test]# readelf -wi a.out
The section .debug_info contains:

Compilation Unit @ offset 0x0:
Length: 135
Version: 2
Abbrev Offset: 0
Pointer Size: 8
<0><b>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit)
DW_AT_stmt_list : 0
DW_AT_high_pc : 0x400453
DW_AT_low_pc : 0x400448
DW_AT_procer : GNU C 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-55)
DW_AT_language : 1 (ANSI C)
DW_AT_name : a.c
DW_AT_comp_dir : /work/farsight/test
<1><61>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_subprogram)
DW_AT_external : 1
DW_AT_name : main
DW_AT_decl_file : 1
DW_AT_decl_line : 4
DW_AT_prototyped : 1
DW_AT_type : <83>
DW_AT_low_pc : 0x400448
DW_AT_high_pc : 0x400453
DW_AT_frame_base : 0 (location list)
<1><83>: Abbrev Number: 3 (DW_TAG_base_type)
DW_AT_name : int
DW_AT_byte_size : 4
DW_AT_encoding : 5 (signed)
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ANS2：

2. 交叉編譯libnpg庫 ./configure CC=mipsisa32-elf-gcc --host=mipsisa32-linux 求大神給予幫助

編譯安裝。關鍵要看configure後，屏幕上出現的那一堆內容的最末尾有沒有error:
沒有就可以進行下一步。至於其他的，例如warning，可以忽略。
make和make install也是一樣

3. gcc的O2優化為什麼會有這樣奇怪的問題

感覺可能是是程序的bug,而不是編譯的bug
前面v.n已經提到了這是strict-aliasing優化的問題,但是,
編譯器是可以這么假定的,如果代碼嚴格符合c99

An object shall have its stored value accessed only by an lvalue expression
that has one of the following types:
* a type compatible with the effective type of the object,
* a qualified version of a type compatible with the effective type of
the object,
* a type that is the signed or unsigned type corresponding to the
effective type of the object,
* a type that is the signed or unsigned type corresponding to a qualified
version of the effective type of the object,
* an aggregate or union type that includes one of the aforementioned types
among its members (including, recursively, a member of a subaggregate or
contained union), or
* a character type.

A clear explanation about strict-aliasing rule could be found at:
http://www.cellperformance.com/mike_acton/2006/06/understanding_strict_aliasing.html

4. gcc 的編譯選項 -MD 是什麼意思

gcc -M 參數你應該了解吧，比如我有一個t.c,內容是

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int test()
{
return 0;
}

gcc -c -M t.c 不會編譯t.c，而是輸出t.o (t.c對應的目標文件）的依賴關系（用於makefile)，比如在我的系統上輸出：

t.o: t.c /usr/include/stdio.h /usr/include/features.h \
/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h /usr/include/bits/wordsize.h \
/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h /usr/include/gnu/stubs-32.h \
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include/stddef.h \
/usr/include/bits/types.h /usr/include/bits/typesizes.h \
/usr/include/libio.h /usr/include/_G_config.h /usr/include/wchar.h \
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include/stdarg.h \
/usr/include/bits/stdio_lim.h /usr/include/bits/sys_errlist.h \
/usr/include/string.h /usr/include/xlocale.h

如果你想讓依賴關系列印到文件，而不是標准輸出，那麼可以用
gcc -M -MF file t.c
上面的內容就會保存到 file 里。

默認的， -M參數意味著-E參數同時也生效， -E參數的用處是只進行預編譯，而不會編譯出真正的目標文件 （t.o)

有了上面的概念，就可以理解 -MD了，
比如
gcc -c -MD t.c
就會生成 t.d (保存前面說國的依賴關系), t.o (t.c編譯後的目標文件，之所以會產生是因為 -E參數在-MD的時候默認是關閉的）

gcc -c -o p.o -MD t.c
就會聲稱 p.o 和 p.d (保存依賴關系），這是因為你用了-o參數指定了名字

5. gcc交叉編譯怎麼找頭文件及lib庫的

是在specs裡面讀取的路徑信息。
命令行中鍵入 gcc -v
Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-cygwin/3.4.4/specs
Configured with: /usr/build/package/orig/test.respin/gcc-3.4.4-3/configure --ver
bose --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc --libdir=/usr/lib --libe
xecdir=/usr/lib --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info --enable-langu
ages=c,ada,c++,d,f77,pascal,java,objc --enable-nls --without-included-gettext --
enable-version-specific-runtime-libs --without-x --enable-libgcj --disable-java-
awt --with-system-zlib --enable-interpreter --disable-libgcj-debug --enable-thre
ads=posix --enable-java-gc=boehm --disable-win32-registry --enable-sjlj-exceptio
ns --enable-hash-synchronization --enable-libstdcxx-debug
Thread model: posix
gcc version 3.4.4 (cygming special, gdc 0.12, using dmd 0.125)

注意「--prefix=/usr」 以及「--libdir=/usr/lib 」
表示gcc ld as 等可執行文件安裝在/usr/bin,而libc.a 等文件是在/usr/lib中。
解壓縮交叉編譯器時，也是要解壓縮在在--prefix 指定的目錄下。
比如 下載了arm-linux 的交叉編譯器cross-3.3.2.tar.bz2,解壓縮之後，運行 arm-linux-gcc -v
得到 --prefix=/usr/local/arm。那麼就要把 bin lib 等所有的文件和文件夾到/usr/local/arm目錄下。
否則到時候運行arm-linux-gcc hello.c會提示找不到stdio.h 或者 lib.so.6 等

HOWTO Use the GCC specs file

About Specs file
The "gcc" program invoked by users is a convenient front-end driver executable which will invoke other programs in the background such as cc1, as or ld to do its work according to the command line parameter given. A specs file is plain text used to control the default behavior for the "gcc" front-end. The specs file is usually built-in but for flexibility purposes, it can be overridden with an external version.
Basic Specs file modifications
CC will proce a specs file via the following command.
gcc -mpspecs > specs
You may use a text editor of your choice to inspect it. It may be confusing at first, but there are many places of interest. To use the specs file, invoke gcc with -specs= or place it at "/mingw/lib/gcc/mingw32//specs" to make GCC use it by default, where refers to the GCC version installed.
Adding include directories to the search path
& #160;he *cpp: section should be modified. It contains the following by default:
*cpp:
%{posix:-D_POSIX_SOURCE} %{mthreads:-D_MT}
If "z:\libx\include" needs to be added to the GCC includes search path, it should be changed to the following
*cpp:
%{posix:-D_POSIX_SOURCE} %{mthreads:-D_MT} -I/z/libx/include
Adding lib directories to the search path
& #160;he *link_libgcc: section should be modified. It contains the following by default:
*link_libgcc:
%D
& #160;f "z:\libx\lib" needs to be added to the GCC library search path, it should be changed to the following
*link_libgcc:
%D -L/z/libx/lib

6. 有一個女生唱的英文歌高潮是I Know you know angCC什麼什麼的

歌名：American Cowboy
Artist：Jada

I know
You know
I'm sexy
找了很久的

7. gcc 編譯優化做了哪些事求解答

用過gcc的都應該知道編譯時候的-O選項吧。它就是負責編譯優化。下面列出它的說明： -O -O1 Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a lot more memory for a large function. With -O, the compiler tries to rece code size and execution time, without performing any optimizations that take a great deal of compilation time. -O turns on the following optimization flags: -fdefer-pop -fdelayed-branch -fguess-branch-probability -fcprop-registers -floop-optimize -fif-conversion -fif-conver- sion2 -ftree-ccp -ftree-dce -ftree-dominator-opts -ftree-dse -ftree-ter -ftree-lrs -ftree-sra -ftree-rename -ftree-fre -ftree-ch -funit-at-a-time -fmerge-constants -O also turns on -fomit-frame-pointer on machines where doing so does not interfere with debugging. -O doesn』t turn on -ftree-sra for the Ada compiler. This option must be explicitly speci- fied on the command line to be enabled for the Ada compiler. -O2 Optimize even more. GCC performs nearly all supported optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. The compiler does not perform loop unrolling or function inlining when you specify -O2. As compared to -O, this option increases both compilation time and the performance of the generated code. -O2 turns on all optimization flags specified by -O. It also turns on the following opti- mization flags: -fthread-jumps -fcrossjumping -foptimize-sibling-calls -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks -fgcse -fgcse-lm -fexpensive-optimizations -fstrength-rece -fre- run-cse-after-loop -frerun-loop-opt -fcaller-saves -fpeephole2 -fschele-insns -fsched- ule-insns2 -fsched-interblock -fsched-spec -fregmove -fstrict-aliasing -fdelete-null-pointer-checks -freorder-blocks -freorder-functions -falign-functions -falign-jumps -falign-loops -falign-labels -ftree-vrp -ftree-pre Please note the warning under -fgcse about invoking -O2 on programs that use computed gotos. -O3 Optimize yet more. -O3 turns on all optimizations specified by -O2 and also turns on the -finline-functions, -funswitch-loops and -fgcse-after-reload options. -O0 Do not optimize. This is the default. -Os Optimize for size. -Os enables all -O2 optimizations that do not typically increase code size. It also performs further optimizations designed to rece code size. -Os disables the following optimization flags: -falign-functions -falign-jumps -falign-loops -falign-labels -freorder-blocks -freorder-blocks-and-partition -fprefetch-loop-arrays -ftree-vect-loop-version If you use multiple -O options, with or without level numbers, the last such option is the one that is effective. Options of the form -fflag specify machine-independent flags. Most flags have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo would be -fno-foo. In the table below, only one of the forms is listed---the one you typically will use. You can figure out the other form by either removing no- or adding it. The following options control specific optimizations. They are either activated by -O options or are related to ones that are. You can use the following flags in the rare cases when "fine-tuning" of optimizations to be performed is desired. -fno-default-inline Do not make member functions inline by default merely because they are defined inside the class scope (C++ only). Otherwise, when you specify -O, member functions defined inside class scope are compiled inline by default; i.e., you don』t need to add inline in front of the member function name. -fno-defer-pop Always pop the arguments to each function call as soon as that function returns. For machines which must pop arguments after a function call, the compiler normally lets argu- ments accumulate on the stack for several function calls and pops them all at once. Disabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os. -fforce-mem Force memory operands to be copied into registers before doing arithmetic on them. This proces better code by making all memory references potential common subexpressions. When they are not common subexpressions, instruction combination should eliminate the separate register-load. This option is now a nop and will be removed in 4.2. -fforce-addr Force memory address constants to be copied into registers before doing arithmetic on them. -fomit-frame-pointer Don』t keep the frame pointer in a register for functions that don』t need one. This avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore frame pointers; it also makes an extra regis- ter available in many functions. It also makes debugging impossible on some machines. On some machines, such as the VAX, this flag has no effect, because the standard calling sequence automatically handles the frame pointer and nothing is saved by pretending it doesn』t exist. The machine-description macro "FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED" controls whether a target machine supports this flag. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os. -foptimize-sibling-calls Optimize sibling and tail recursive calls. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fno-inline Don』t pay attention to the "inline" keyword. Normally this option is used to keep the com- piler from expanding any functions inline. Note that if you are not optimizing, no func- tions can be expanded inline. -finline-functions Integrate all simple functions into their callers. The compiler heuristically decides which functions are simple enough to be worth integrating in this way. If all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function is declared "static", then the function is normally not output as assembler code in its own right. Enabled at level -O3. -finline-functions-called-once Consider all "static" functions called once for inlining into their caller even if they are not marked "inline". If a call to a given function is integrated, then the function is not output as assembler code in its own right. Enabled if -funit-at-a-time is enabled. -fearly-inlining Inline functions marked by "always_inline" and functions whose body seems smaller than the function call overhead early before doing -fprofile-generate instrumentation and real inlining pass. Doing so makes profiling significantly cheaper and usually inlining faster on programs having large chains of nested wrapper functions. Enabled by default. -finline-limit=n By default, GCC limits the size of functions that can be inlined. This flag allows the control of this limit for functions that are explicitly marked as inline (i.e., marked with the inline keyword or defined within the class definition in c++). n is the size of func- tions that can be inlined in number of pseudo instructions (not counting parameter han- dling). The default value of n is 600. Increasing this value can result in more inlined code at the cost of compilation time and memory consumption. Decreasing usually makes the compilation faster and less code will be inlined (which presumably means slower programs). This option is particularly useful for programs that use inlining heavily such as those based on recursive templates with C++. Inlining is actually controlled by a number of parameters, which may be specified indivi- ally by using --param name=value. The -finline-limit=n option sets some of these parame- ters as follows: max-inline-insns-single is set to I<n>/2. max-inline-insns-auto is set to I<n>/2. min-inline-insns is set to 130 or I<n>/4, whichever is smaller. max-inline-insns-rtl is set to I<n>. See below for a documentation of the indivial parameters controlling inlining. Note: pseudo instruction represents, in this particular context, an abstract measurement of function』s size. In no way does it represent a count of assembly instructions and as such its exact meaning might change from one release to an another. -fkeep-inline-functions In C, emit "static" functions that are declared "inline" into the object file, even if the function has been inlined into all of its callers. This switch does not affect functions using the "extern inline" extension in GNU C. In C++, emit any and all inline functions into the object file. -fkeep-static-consts Emit variables declared "static const" when optimization isn』t turned on, even if the vari- ables aren』t referenced. GCC enables this option by default. If you want to force the compiler to check if the variable was referenced, regardless of whether or not optimization is turned on, use the -fno-keep-static-consts option. -fmerge-constants Attempt to merge identical constants (string constants and floating point constants) across compilation units. This option is the default for optimized compilation if the assembler and linker support it. Use -fno-merge-constants to inhibit this behavior. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os. -fmerge-all-constants Attempt to merge identical constants and identical variables. This option implies -fmerge-constants. In addition to -fmerge-constants this considers e.g. even constant initialized arrays or initialized constant variables with integral or floating point types. Languages like C or C++ require each non-automatic variable to have distinct location, so using this option will result in non-conforming behavior. -fmolo-sched Perform swing molo scheling immediately before the first scheling pass. This pass looks at innermost loops and reorders their instructions by overlapping different itera- tions. -fno-branch-count-reg Do not use "decrement and branch" instructions on a count register, but instead generate a sequence of instructions that decrement a register, compare it against zero, then branch based upon the result. This option is only meaningful on architectures that support such instructions, which include x86, PowerPC, IA-64 and S/390. The default is -fbranch-count-reg, enabled when -fstrength-rece is enabled. -fno-function-cse Do not put function addresses in registers; make each instruction that calls a constant function contain the function』s address explicitly. This option results in less efficient code, but some strange hacks that alter the assembler output may be confused by the optimizations performed when this option is not used. The default is -ffunction-cse -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss If the target supports a BSS section, GCC by default puts variables that are initialized to zero into BSS. This can save space in the resulting code. This option turns off this behavior because some programs explicitly rely on variables going to the data section. E.g., so that the resulting executable can find the beginning of that section and/or make assumptions based on that. The default is -fzero-initialized-in-bss. -fmudflap -fmudflapth -fmudflapir For front-ends that support it (C and C++), instrument all risky pointer/array dereferenc- ing operations, some standard library string/heap functions, and some other associated con- structs with range/validity tests. Moles so instrumented should be immune to buffer overflows, invalid heap use, and some other classes of C/C++ programming errors. The instrumentation relies on a separate runtime library (libmudflap), which will be linked into a program if -fmudflap is given at link time. Run-time behavior of the instrumented program is controlled by the MUDFLAP_OPTIONS environment variable. See "env MUD- FLAP_OPTIONS=-help a.out" for its options. Use -fmudflapth instead of -fmudflap to compile and to link if your program is multi-threaded. Use -fmudflapir, in addition to -fmudflap or -fmudflapth, if instrumenta- tion should ignore pointer reads. This proces less instrumentation (and therefore faster execution) and still provides some protection against outright memory corrupting writes, but allows erroneously read data to propagate within a program. -fstrength-rece Perform the optimizations of loop strength rection and elimination of iteration vari- ables. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fthread-jumps Perform optimizations where we check to see if a jump branches to a location where another comparison subsumed by the first is found. If so, the first branch is redirected to either the destination of the second branch or a point immediately following it, depending on whether the condition is known to be true or false. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fcse-follow-jumps In common subexpression elimination, scan through jump instructions when the target of the jump is not reached by any other path. For example, when CSE encounters an "if" statement with an "else" clause, CSE will follow the jump when the condition tested is false. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fcse-skip-blocks This is similar to -fcse-follow-jumps, but causes CSE to follow jumps which conditionally skip over blocks. When CSE encounters a simple "if" statement with no else clause, -fcse-skip-blocks causes CSE to follow the jump around the body of the "if". Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -frerun-cse-after-loop Re-run common subexpression elimination after loop optimizations has been performed. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -frerun-loop-opt Run the loop optimizer twice. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fgcse Perform a global common subexpression elimination pass. This pass also performs global constant and propagation. Note: When compiling a program using computed gotos, a GCC extension, you may get better runtime performance if you disable the global common subexpression elimination pass by adding -fno-gcse to the command line. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fgcse-lm When -fgcse-lm is enabled, global common subexpression elimination will attempt to move loads which are only killed by stores into themselves. This allows a loop containing a load/store sequence to be changed to a load outside the loop, and a /store within the loop. Enabled by default when gcse is enabled. -fgcse-sm When -fgcse-sm is enabled, a store motion pass is run after global common subexpression elimination. This pass will attempt to move stores out of loops. When used in conjunction with -fgcse-lm, loops containing a load/store sequence can be changed to a load before the loop and a store after the loop. Not enabled at any optimization level. -fgcse-las When -fgcse-las is enabled, the global common subexpression elimination pass eliminates rendant loads that come after stores to the same memory location (both partial and full rendancies). Not enabled at any optimization level. -fgcse-after-reload When -fgcse-after-reload is enabled, a rendant load elimination pass is performed after reload. The purpose of this pass is to cleanup rendant spilling. -floop-optimize Perform loop optimizations: move constant expressions out of loops, simplify exit test con- ditions and optionally do strength-rection as well. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os. -floop-optimize2 Perform loop optimizations using the new loop optimizer. The optimizations (loop unrolling, peeling and unswitching, loop invariant motion) are enabled by separate flags. -funsafe-loop-optimizations If given, the loop optimizer will assume that loop indices do not overflow, and that the loops with nontrivial exit condition are not infinite. This enables a wider range of loop optimizations even if the loop optimizer itself cannot prove that these assumptions are valid. Using -Wunsafe-loop-optimizations, the compiler will warn you if it finds this kind of loop. -fcrossjumping Perform cross-jumping transformation. This transformation unifies equivalent code and save code size. The resulting code may or may not perform better than without cross-jumping. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fif-conversion Attempt to transform conditional jumps into branch-less equivalents. This include use of conditional moves, min, max, set flags and abs instructions, and some tricks doable by standard arithmetics. The use of conditional execution on chips where it is available is controlled by "if-conversion2". Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os. -fif-conversion2 Use conditional execution (where available) to transform conditional jumps into branch-less equivalents. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os. -fdelete-null-pointer-checks Use global dataflow analysis to identify and eliminate useless checks for null pointers. The compiler assumes that dereferencing a null pointer would have halted the program. If a pointer is checked after it has already been dereferenced, it cannot be null. In some environments, this assumption is not true, and programs can safely dereference null pointers. Use -fno-delete-null-pointer-checks to disable this optimization for programs which depend on that behavior. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fexpensive-optimizations Perform a number of minor optimizations that are relatively expensive. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -foptimize-register-move -fregmove Attempt to reassign register numbers in move instructions and as operands of other simple instructions in order to maximize the amount of register tying. This is especially helpful on machines with two-operand instructions. Note -fregmove and -foptimize-register-move are the same optimization. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fdelayed-branch If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed branch instructions. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os. -fschele-insns If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instructions to eliminate execution stalls e to required data being unavailable. This helps machines that have slow floating point or memory load instructions by allowing other instructions to be issued until the result of the load or floating point instruction is required. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fschele-insns2 Similar to -fschele-insns, but requests an additional pass of instruction scheling after register allocation has been done. This is especially useful on machines with a rel- atively small number of registers and where memory load instructions take more than one cycle. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. -fno-sched-interblock Don』t schele instructions across basic blocks. This is normally enabled by default when scheling before register allocation, i.e. with -fschele-insns or at -O2 or higher. -fno-sched-spec Don』t allow speculative motion of non-load instructions. This is normally enabled by default when scheling before register allocation, i.e. with -fschele-insns or at -O2 or higher. -fsched-spec-load Allow speculative motion of some load instructions. This only makes sense when scheling before register allocation, i.e. with -fschele-insns or at -O2 or higher. -fsched-spec-load-dangerous Allow speculative motion of more load instructions. This only makes sense when scheling before register allocation, i.e. with -fschele-insns or at -O2 or higher. -fsched-stalled-insns -fsched-stalled-insns=n Define how many insns (if any) can be moved prematurely from the queue of stalled insns into the ready list, ring the second scheling pass. -fno-fsched-stalled-insns and -fsched-stalled-insns=0 are equivalent and mean that no insns will be moved prematurely. If n is unspecified then there is no limit on how many queued insns can be moved prema- turely. -fsched-stalled-insns-dep -fsched-stalled-insns-dep=n Define how many insn groups (cycles) will be examined for a dependency on a stalled insn that is candidate for premature removal from the queue of stalled insns. This has an effect only ring the second scheling pass, and only if -fsched-stalled-insns is used and its value is not zero. +-fno-sched-stalled-insns-dep is equivalent to +-fsched-stalled-insns-dep=0. +-fsched-stalled-insns-dep without a value is equivalent to +-fsched-stalled-insns-dep=1. -fsched2-use-superblocks When scheling after register allocation, do use superblock scheling algorithm. Superblock scheling allows motion across basic block boundaries resulting on faster scheles. This option is experimental, as not all machine descriptions used by GCC model the CPU closely enough to avoid unreliable results from the algorithm. This only makes sense when scheling after register

8. gcc 中-lfoo表示什麼意思。 這個中gcc foo.c -L /home/lib -lfoo -o hello

下面是man gcc裡面的介紹。
比較靠後，我的結果大概是8113到8140行.
簡單的講就是foo這個庫的鏈接查找方法。詳細內容，，請看下面的英文。。。。。或者自己man gcc 查看8113到8140行的內容。

-llibrary
-l library
Search the library named library when linking. (The second
alternative with the library as a separate argument is only for
POSIX compliance and is not recommended.)

It makes a difference where in the command you write this option;
the linker searches and processes libraries and object files in the
order they are specified. Thus, foo.o -lz bar.o searches library z
after file foo.o but before bar.o. If bar.o refers to functions in
z, those functions may not be loaded.

The linker searches a standard list of directories for the library,
which is actually a file named liblibrary.a. The linker then uses
this file as if it had been specified precisely by name.

The directories searched include several standard system
directories plus any that you specify with -L.

Normally the files found this way are library files---archive files
whose members are object files. The linker handles an archive file
by scanning through it for members which define symbols that have
so far been referenced but not defined. But if the file that is
found is an ordinary object file, it is linked in the usual
fashion. The only difference between using an -l option and
specifying a file name is that -l surrounds library with lib and .a
and searches several directories.

9. ubuntu14.04an裝過驅動之後怎麼安裝cuda

查看你的linux發行版本（主要是看是64位還是32位的）：
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$ uname -m && cat /etc/*release

看一下gcc的版本：
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$ gcc --version
首先下載nvidia
cuda的倉庫安裝包（我的是ubuntu
14.0464位，所以下載的是ubuntu14.04的安裝包，如果你是32位的可以參看具體的地址，具體的地址是https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads）
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wget http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/cuda-repo-ubuntu1404_6.5-14_amd64.deb

下載完成之後可以使用如下命令安裝它，注意文件名修改為cuda-repo-ubuntu1404_6.5-14_amd64.deb

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sudo dpkg -i cuda-repo-<distro>_<version>_<architecture>.deb

安裝好倉庫之後，就可以更新你的本地倉庫。
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sudo apt-get update

最後開始安裝cuda以及顯卡驅動（安裝cuda的同時就會把顯卡驅動也全部安裝好，這個真的很方便。但是下載的時間有點長。）
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sudo apt-get install cuda

需要注意的是，我這里提供的安裝方法跟網路上各種安裝方法都不一樣，他們的方法往往很復雜
主要是因為：（1）有些教程是手工安裝顯卡的驅動程序，手工屏蔽系統的默認開源的驅動

（2）安裝cuda也是手工進行

使用這個方法的時候千萬要注意幾個問題：

（1）cuda6.5已經不支持老舊的顯卡了所以sm11 等等都必須刪除。可以參考我的另一個文章，關於編譯opencv3.0的

（2）ubuntu14.04是64位的，並且不要一開始就更新系統補丁什麼的，因為系統更新過之後，再安裝顯卡驅動就會無法進入圖形界面，我查看了相關的日誌發現是卡在了dbus那邊。所以，我建議一安裝好ubuntu 14.04就不要更新系統補丁。

安裝完之後你需要設置環境變數：

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$ export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-6.5/bin:$PATH
$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-6.5/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

設置完畢之後，你還可以選擇是否安裝cuda附帶的示例代碼（<dir>表示你要安裝的位置，你可以將<dir>替換成~）：
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$ cuda-install-samples-6.5.sh <dir>
接下來做一些驗證工作：
查看顯卡的驅動版本

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cat /proc/driver/nvidia/version
查看nvcc編譯器的版本
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nvcc -V i

編譯cuda的示例代碼:
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cd ~/NVIDIA_CUDA-6.5_Samples
然後make一下編譯代碼。
進入bin路徑運行devicequery

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cd ~/NVIDIA_CUDA-6.5_Samples/bin
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./ deviceQuery

10. arm-linux-gcc 和 arm-elf-gcc 的區別

在基於ARM的嵌入式系統開發中，常常用到交叉編譯的GCC工具鏈有兩種：
arm-linux-*和 arm-elf-*，兩者區別主要在於使用不同的C庫文件。arm-linux-*使用
GNU的Glibc，而arm-elf-*一般使用 uClibc/uC-libc或者使用REDHAT專門為嵌入式系統
的開發的C庫newlib.Glibc。uClibc/uC-libc以及 newlib都是C語言庫文件，只是所應
用的領域不同而已，Glibc是針對PC開發的，uClibc/uC-libc是與Glibc API兼容的小型
化C語言庫，實現了Glibc部分功能。

關於uClibc/uC-libc的說明，詳見如下：

There are two libc libraries commonly used with uClinux. uC-libc and
uClibc. They are quite different despite their similar names. Here is a
quick overview of how they are different.

uC-libc is the original library for uClinux. It was based on sources
from the Linux-8086 C library which was part of the ELKs project with m68000
support added by Jeff Dionne and Kenneth Albanowski. It is a fairly complete
libc implementation, however, some of the API's are a little non-standard
and quite a few common libc routines are not present. Currently it has
stable support for m68000, ColdFire and ARM (Non-MMU) architectures. It was
primary design goal is to be small and light weight. It does try to conform
to any standards, although its API tries to be compatible with most libcs,
it is not always exactly the same.

The uClinux distribution provides an environment that can compile using
either uC-libc or uClibc depending on your needs. For m68000 and Coldfire
platforms it is generally better to chose uC-libc as it supports shared
libraries and is the most commonly used libc for these CPUs. uClibc also
works quite well with almost all platforms supported by the distribution.
Which libc you choose to use will be decided by your requirements

uClinux有兩個經常使用的libc庫：uC-libc和uClibc。雖然兩者名字很相似，其實有差
別，下面就簡單的介紹一下二者的不同之處。uC -libc是最早為uClinux開發的庫，是
Jeff Dionne和Kenneth Albanowski為在EKLs項目中支持m68000在Linux-8086 C庫源碼
上移植的。uC-libc是一個完全的libc實現，但其中有一些api是非標準的，有些libc的
標准也沒有實現。uC-libc穩定地支持 m68000，ColdFire和沒有MMU的ARM。其主要設計
目標是「小」、"輕"，並盡量與標准一致，雖然它的API和很多libc兼容，但是似乎並
不像它期望的那樣和所有標准一致。

uClibc就是為了解決這個問題從uC-libc中發展出來的。它的所有API都是標準的(正確
的返回類型，參數等等)，它彌補了uC-libc中沒有實現的libc標准，現在已經被移植到
多種架構中。一般來講，它盡量兼容glibc以便使應用程序用uClibc改寫變的容易。
uClibc能夠在標準的 VM linux和uClinux上面使用。為了應用程序的簡潔，它甚至可以
在許多支持MMU的平台上被編譯成共享庫。Erik Anderson在uClibc背後做了很多的工
作。uClibc支持許多系列的處理器：m68000，Coldfire，ARM，MIPS，v850， x86，
i960，Sparc，SuperH，Alpha，PowerPC和Hitachi 8。不斷增加的平台支持顯示uClibc
能夠很容易的適應新的架構。uClinux發行版提供了環境能夠讓你選擇使用uC-libc或是
uClibc編譯。對於m68000和Coldfire平台來說，選擇uC-libc還是稍微好一點，因為它
支持共享庫，而共享庫是這些cpu經常使用的 libc.uClibc也幾乎和所有的平台都能很
好的工作。選擇哪種libc取決於你的需求。

newlib 是一個用於嵌入式系統的開放源代碼的C語言程序庫，由libc和libm兩個庫組
成，特點是輕量級，速度快，可移植到很多CPU結構上。newlib實現了許多復雜的功
能，包括字元串支持，浮點運算，內存分配(如malloc)和I/O流函數(printf，fprinf()
等等)。其中libc提供了c 語言庫的實現，而libm提供了浮點運算支持。

在為ARM交叉編譯gcc編譯器時，對gcc指定不同的配置選項時，使用的C語言庫就不同，
gcc編譯器默認使用Glibc，也可以使用 uClibc/uC-libc(基本兼容Glibc API)，當使用
--with-newlib時，gcc編譯器不使用Glibc。當沒有交叉編譯Glibc時，可以使用
--with-newlib禁止連接Glibc而編譯bootstrap gcc編譯器。從gcc源目錄下的
config/arm中的t-linux和t-arm-elf中可以看出，不同的--target也影響gcc連接C語言
庫，t-linux(--target=arm-linux)默認使用Glibc，-arm-elf(--target=arm-elf)使用
- Dinhibit_libc禁止連接Glibc，這時我們就可以使用newlib等其他C語言庫編譯GCC工
具鏈。

雖然GCC工具鏈配置了不同的的C語言庫，但由於這些C語言庫都可以用來支持GCC，它們
對核心數據的處理上不存在較大出入。因而arm-linux-* 和 arm-elf-*區別主要表現在
C語言庫的實現上，例如不同系統調用，不同的函數集實現，不同的ABI\啟動代碼以及
不同系統特性等微小的差別。

arm-linux-*和 arm-elf-*的使用沒有一個絕對的標准，排除不同庫實現的差異，gcc可
以編譯任何系統。arm-linux-*和 arm-elf-*都可以用來編譯裸機程序和操作系統，只
是在遵循下面的描述時系統程序顯得更加協調：

arm-linux-*針對運行linux的ARM機器，其依賴於指定的C語言庫Glibc，因為同樣使用
Glibc的linux而使得arm-linux-*在運行linux的ARM機器上編譯顯得更加和諧。

arm-elf-*則是一個獨立的編譯體系，不依賴於指定的C語言庫Glibc，可以使用newlib
等其他C語言庫，不要求操作系統支持，當其使用為嵌入式系統而設計的一些輕巧的C語
言庫時編譯裸機程序(沒有linux等大型操作系統的程序)，如監控程序，bootloader等
能使得系統程序更加小巧快捷。