ft挖礦白皮書

① 求翻譯 采礦專業不要用軟體翻譯的那種 加分題

proposed mathematical model and the developed
提出了數學模型和發展

program, a number of Chinese cases with varying
計劃,大量的中文例不同

coal seam inclinations are presented in this section.
介紹了煤層傾向這部分。

In these cases, the empirical values for the limit angles
在這些情況下,實證價值限制角度

(􀈖L and 􀈖H) in different coal districts are used.
(􀈖L和􀈖H)地區在不同煤used.

Case 1: The typical final surface movements and
例1:典型的最終表面運動和

deformation profiles along a major transverse
沿著主要的橫向變形型材

cross-section in Fengfeng mining district is presented
峰峰礦區截面模型

in Fig. 5.
圖5。

The inclination of the coal seam is a
煤層的愛好是a

moderate 11° and the overburden depth on the lower
11°和適度的層深度低

panel edge is 750 ft (229 m).
面板邊750英尺(229米)。

The mining height and
采礦高度和

panel width are 5.5 ft (1.7 m) and 600 ft (183 m),
面板寬度5.5英尺(1.7米)和600英尺(183米)

respectively.
分別。

The lower (left) and upper (right) panel
較低的(左)和上(右)面板

edges are also shown in the figure.
邊緣也中顯示的圖表。

All three profiles
所有三個側面

show that this is a subcritical subsidence event.
表明,這是一個亞臨界沉降的事件。

The
這

maximum subsidence is 2.57 ft (0.78 m) located
最大沉降是2.57英尺(0.78米)的所在地

about 270 ft (82 m) from the left panel edge.
大約270英尺(82米)從左側面板的邊緣。

The
這

maximum horizontal displacements (H.D.) on both
最大水平位移(H.D.)兩者兼具

sides of the panel edges are about 1.1 ft (0.335 m).
該小組的兩側邊緣大約1.1英尺(0.335米)。

The maximum tensile strains on the lower and upper
的最大拉伸處於上下

sides of the panel are 6.37x10–3 and 7.02x10–3 ft/ft
該小組的兩側分別為6.37和7.02英尺/ x10-3 x10-3呎

(m/m), respectively.
(m / m),分別為。

The maximum compressive
最大壓

strain is 1.18x10–2 ft/ft (m/m) which is nearly double
x10-2應變是1.18英尺/英尺(m / m)的兩倍

of the maximum tensile strains.
的最大拉伸應變。

Case 2: Fig. 6 shows the predicted final surface
例2:圖6顯示預測最後的表面

and deformation profiles for a typical subsidence
一個典型和變形型材下陷

case in Jixi mining district.
雞西礦區案例。

In this case, the coal
在這種情況下,煤

seam dips at an angle of 18°.
角焊縫會時不時地18°。

The depth on the
深度的

deeper side is 400 ft (122 m).
更深的側面400英尺(122米)。

The mining height is
采礦的身高是

4.5 ft (1.37 m).
十4.5英尺(1.37米)。

The panel is again 600 ft.
委員會又600英尺。

Due to the
由於

relatively small depth; the resulting subsidence basin
相對較小的深度、產生的沉降盆地

is a supercritical one.
是一種超臨界之一。

However, the flat bottom portion
然而,平底分

of a supercritical subsidence basin is not necessarily
超臨界沉陷盆地的也不是必然的

flat but the maximum subsidence there decreases
但最高有平沉降減少

as the depth increases.
隨著深度增加。

The subsidence profile
開采沉陷剖面

on the deeper side is much gentler than that on
在更深的一邊比多溫和

the shallow side.
淺的一面。

Another observation is that the
另一個觀察,

maximum horizontal displacement, tensile and compressive
最大水平位移、拉伸和壓縮

strains on the deeper side are smaller that
處於更深的側小

those on the shallower side as expected.
那些在較淺的側與預期相符。

Case 3: The typical surface movement and deformation
案例3:典型的地表移動和變形性

profiles for Fuxin mining district are shownin Fig. 7.
阜新礦區型材是shownin圖7。

The input parameters for this case are: 􀄮=
在這種場合下的輸入參數are:􀄮=

2􀀘°, h1 = 1050 ft (320 m), W = 600 ft (183 m) and m
2􀀘°,h1 = 1050英尺(320 m),W = 600英尺(183 m)和m

= 5.85 ft (1.78 m).
= 5.85英尺(1.78米)。

Due to much larger depth, the
由於更大的深度

degree of subcritical condition is even more than
亞臨界條件的程度甚至比

Case 1.
病例1。

Under the influences of larger depth and
影響下的深度和更大的

dipping angle, the center of the subsidence basin
浸漬角、沉降中心的盆地

shifted toward the deeper side from the center of the
轉向給球隊越深的中心

panel by a distance of about 103 ft (31 m).
板的長距約103英尺(31米)。

The peak
峰

tensile strain and horizontal displacement move beyond
拉應變水平位移和超越

the panel edge on the deeper side.
面板邊緣更深的一面。

It should
它應該

also be noted that two small steps (discontinuities)
也注意到的是,兩個小步驟(面)

were observed on the strain profile which is resulted
觀察應變簡介這是結果

from the discontinuity problem of the first derivative
從不連續問題的一階導數

of the adjusted influence function at its 「center』 in
調整功能的影響其「中心」

the current version.
當前的版本。

② 請問有授權碼用筆記本可以挖ft幣嗎

應該可以，筆記本挖礦的話，估計很快就廢了

③ 礦機交易所選哪家強

目前投資礦機比較賺錢呢，投資小，幾乎沒有風險。可以去NB雲礦，提現快。

④ 網球王子ft（不二冢）同人文

不二冢：天才的灰姑娘、空白格、對不起，我愛你
冢不二： 藍眸 、絕代
雙越：NEVER EVER FOREVER、水火相容、青桔、光陰、玄武劍、轉身、瑪格麗特
np文：網王覺情之旅、我是幸村精市、焰的誘惑、網王BL&NP-光染、絕對零度

希望有幫助！多多贊同

⑤ 很多項目在參與 FT 的創業板計劃，墨客moac應該關注一下

墨客moac參與不了，那個是 ERC20 代幣。交易所的話，墨客moac會上一家，類似 FT 模式的交易所。目前看 FT 的上幣模式，會引來另一輪的沖擊。這個上幣模式，會對現有模式造成很大沖擊。FT 的第一步，是交易挖礦和分紅模式，解決流量問題；三大交易所大概 75%流量喪失。現在第二步，是用容易上幣，讓項目方流量過來集中。第三步，是引入保險公司保護用戶。最後一步，就轉變為去中心化交易所。

⑥ FT是什麼幣

FT是不是幣。FT（FCoin Token）是FCoin交易平台發行的通證，是交易平台自身所有權益的代表。FT的發行是依據「交易即挖礦」的原則（查看挖礦原理）逐步釋放（查看關於流通量的說明），上限為100億，永不增加。

作為平台權益的代表，平台會將80%的收入分配給FT的持有者（查看收入分配詳情），同時，FT持有者還有參與重大決策及社區管理的權利。

(6)ft挖礦白皮書擴展閱讀：

趣幣全球通用積分(FT幣)的價值：

1、交易挖礦獎勵：自每日0點(UTC+9)開始，每小時都會將用戶所產生交易手續費，110%折算成FT進行累積，折算價格按該小時FT的均價計算(均價計算方式為總成交金額/總成交量)。

2、分紅獎勵：平台手續費收入的50%將作為分紅，發放給持有FT的會員。

3、回購計劃：平台手續費中的20%進入回購基金。當FT的價格出現大幅波動的時候;所有回購FT全部打入一個沒有私鑰的公開地址，此地址只進不出，所有用戶均可通過區塊瀏覽器有效監督。回購計劃持續進行，直至回購總量的50%(15億個)FT為止。

4、資產注入計劃：趣幣網Funcoin平台手續費的20%注入FT資產資金。該基金的用途包括但不限於，特定時間對FT用戶再次進行分紅，空投獎勵，設定特殊的用戶獎勵機制等。

⑦ 如何識別山寨幣、空氣幣和傳銷幣

如何識別山寨幣、空氣幣和傳銷幣？隨著數字貨幣火熱，一股投資數字貨幣的風潮受到了人們的追捧，熱浪中卻催生了很多山寨幣、分叉幣等，那麼作為一名幣圈普通玩家，該如何如何識別山寨幣、空氣幣和傳銷幣呢？

教你識別什麼是山寨幣、空氣幣和傳銷幣？

1.山寨幣

隨著比特幣被爆炒，帶火了中國國產虛擬貨幣，它們在業內被統一稱為「山寨幣」，高達30餘種，比如無限幣、誇克幣、澤塔幣、紅幣、隱形金條、等。一些幣種在面市後，交易價格波動幅度起伏，引來了不少投機客參與交易。尋找一款精品良心山寨幣實屬不易，國際市場口碑較好的山寨幣有萊特幣LTC、未來幣NXT、無限幣IFC、質數幣XPM、美卡幣MEC、分子幣MOL、蘋果幣APCCOIN、陽光幣ssc。這些幣種挖掘質量高、交易市場上抗跌性能較強。

相對於虛擬貨幣的火熱，其監管或處於空白狀態，這也讓業內對於行業的發展表示出擔憂。對於參與的人來說，最大的風險就是沒有人接盤。

從國產「山寨幣」來看，真正通過挖礦賺幣的人很少，大部分人都是進行交易投機：低價買入、高價賣出。

而如果沒有了接盤者，「山寨幣」就將很快崩盤。

2.空氣幣

進入2017年6月份，國內一批投機分子的空氣幣開始進入市場。這些公司的典型特徵是，團隊背景看著比較華麗，但是沒有任何過往歷史成績，更談不上在GitHub上查詢項目代碼進度，團隊都是2017年才接觸區塊鏈。

他們甚至沒有成立公司，主要靠包裝一個區塊鏈無所不能的好概念，來忽悠外行眾籌投資。投機色彩特別明顯。但是受益於市場紅利，這些幣都有5倍以上的升值。

不過僅僅幾個月過後，這些泡沫濃厚的空氣幣，就漏出了詐騙的馬腳，被媒體報道曝光，這些公司成為了監管治理的重災區。

曾經有一位幣圈朋友跟我說他們發幣後的心情：現在這錢都是大風刮來的，隨便花。

3.傳銷幣

傳銷幣無疑是空氣幣，但說起傳銷幣，我們還是先來做個對比，比特幣是開放源碼的，而且有限量，一共2100萬枚，每產生一個比特幣都是透明的，不受任何操縱。

而「傳銷幣」不開放源碼，產生幣的速度、數量都由企業或平台操縱，只要平台開發者願意，「傳銷幣」可以無限增發。

你可以把傳銷幣理解為類似Q幣的各種數字貨幣，壓根兒沒有用到任何區塊鏈技術。只要騰訊願意，它可以無限發放。因此其未來價值幾乎為零。

如何避免當韭菜

1、白皮書上沒有實質性的內容，高頻率使用沒有實質意義的關鍵字眼：透明化、去信任、去中心化！還有白皮書中對於資金的監管方式和項目進度安排都沒有明確，一定要當心！

2、把項目說得巨大，天花亂墜，沒有明顯的盈利模式和商業價值，繞道而行。

3、所有的精力都放到推廣上，代碼毫無創新，也看不到任何堅實的創新技術，基本上都是破發的。

4、團隊信息不透明，過度包裝團隊，標榜團隊都是國外資深程序員，然後找幾個幣圈大佬，或者明星網紅之類的站台，這樣的項目要謹慎。

5、看一個項目靠不靠譜，也可以從共識演算法的選擇中判斷，PoW，PoS，PDBFT，DPOS，DAG??，這里是空氣幣山寨幣到了這一步最痛苦最難編寫的,基本都是瞎編亂吹。

以上就是如何識別山寨幣、空氣幣和傳銷幣的方法了，對於數字貨幣投資在此還是提醒大家，購買有風險，投資需謹慎。

⑧ 小弟在做采礦畢業設計 急求一片3000字英文參考文獻翻譯

附錄 1
井筒及巷道的支護
井筒的支護
在國外，很少使用磚、料石和鑄鐵井壁， 從前，幾乎全用木支架，但現在混凝土和金屬井壁使用量日增。 井壁的選擇決定於圍岩和水的條件，井筒的形式和材料的費用。
(1)木支架——直到最近，大多數方形的井筒還在用框形木支架支護井幫和分成隔間。.所用木料的尺寸和框距取決於所遇到的岩層情況。. 木支架缺點是費用高，強度低、壽命短，易引起火災。在膨脹性岩層中，木支架損壞得慢，警告時間長。在大多數情況下，開始鑿井時澆灌一個混凝土鎖口以固定支架，為井筒木支架提供良好的基礎。木框架一般用掛鉤掛在上面的框架上，框架就位後插入支柱，拉緊掛鉤，在井筒周圍鋪上背板。
(2)金屬支護——有時用金屬支架代替木支架。 通常與木背板配合使用。木背板可快速而高效地插入金屬支架的翼緣中。金屬支架若設計恰當其安裝的速度和准確度均比木支架高，因為安裝時金屬支架可能螺栓連接，並且排列很整齊。
(3)混凝土井壁——現在，原形混凝土井壁使用日益廣泛。 例如，在南非幾乎100%的井筒採用圓形混凝土井壁。而且幾乎所有井筒毫無例外地達到最高的鑿井速度。 除了鑿井速度快外，，還有許多其它優勢。 圓形混凝土井壁做井筒指甲其強度系數最高，風流特性最好，與任何井壁形式相比其維護量最小。混凝土井壁容易拆除並改裝成另一種提升布置方式，或改為風井而不影響圍岩狀態。這類井筒對涌水的控制或封堵容易的多。與大多數其他類型相比，這種井筒的事故較少，萬一發生事故，修復也容易得多。在某些特殊的情況下，也採用方形或橢圓形混凝土做井壁的井筒。盡管方形井筒的成本與圓形或橢圓形相仿，但其強度不如圓形或橢圓形井筒。橢圓形井筒具有良好的強度系數，需要分開風流時採用這種形狀。但起鑿井費用比圓形的高。
(4 )噴漿或噴射混凝土井壁——有一些井壁採用噴漿或噴射混凝土井壁。這類井筒的罐道一般用錨桿固定。如果井筒完成後並能不需要罐道，那麼鑿井時可採用鋼絲繩罐道。
巷道支護
過去，框形或多節木支架是大家熟悉的唯一支護井下巷道的方法。隨著坑木的減少，寬翼緣型的出現，鋼材，作為一種結構支護材料，迅速的取代了坑木。最近錨噴支護也列入礦山實用支護方式。不論錨桿還是噴射混凝土（包括噴漿及噴混凝土在內）一英尺巷道的支護費用一般比金屬支架要低。有時兩者同時採用，其費用也比金屬支架省。
(1)金屬支架——金屬支架通常由兩節組成，每節包括一條棚腿和半截拱。同樣兩節相對立好之後，在拱頂用螺栓對接。金屬支架的尺寸取決於岩石的性質和地壓。一般地說，小斷面巷道採用4英寸或5英寸金屬支架，間距為1.5—4英尺；中斷面巷道採用5~6 英寸金屬支架，間距為1.5—4英尺；大斷面巷道採用6~8英寸金屬支架，間距2~5英尺。對於全部採用錨噴支架的工程，只是在斷層和嚴重破碎或軟岩地帶才需用金屬支架。根據需要，金屬棚子還必須鋪以木檔塊及木背板。一個標准掘進班組架設一架金屬棚子，需時20~40分鍾。
(2 )錨桿支架——現在通用的能張緊的錨桿有許多多種，其主要區別在於，擰緊螺帽使錨桿張緊之前，在孔內固定錨頭的脹圈結構的不同。最適合某種岩石的錨頭形式要經常做試驗來確定。軟鋼金屬錨桿的直徑至少應為1英寸，長度應為10英尺（巷道斷面要足以允許使用這樣長的錨桿）。安裝錨桿時應認真研究岩石節理的規律。錨桿的布置要大致均勻有規律，使錨桿張緊之後能與圍岩構成一個相似的拱形結構，以承受作用在巷道上的外部壓力。在起拱線以上整個巷道頂板錨桿的平均間距在最小約12平方英尺/根，最大25或25以上平方英尺/根之間變化。由普通掘進班組安裝錨桿時，一個標准掘進班組通常在30至40分鍾內可安裝錨桿，一個小時也許只能平均安裝兩根。
(3 )噴射混凝土——噴射混凝土或噴漿，這種把混凝土或砂漿直接噴到拱形巷道頂板岩石表面的方法正迅速地被公認是一種效率高而又經濟的巷道支護方式。只要噴上的混凝土能附著相當時間達到初凝強度而不陷落，此方法在各類軟、硬岩石或硬土上均可用。有許多促凝劑可到初凝。混凝土的噴射厚度為2~6英尺。干法噴射的效果通常比濕法好，因為可以噴、得厚一些，可以採用較大粒度的骨料（最大為0.75英寸），每台噴嘴的小時生產率較高（一個小時達5立方碼）。噴射混凝土在經濟上常具備的優點之一是可在裝岩的同時，向巷道頂板噴混凝土，從而縮短完成整個「循環」所需用的時間。
木支架
掘進中也許需要支護巷道頂板和兩幫的支架。傳統的方法通常是掘進時先架設臨時木支架，然後換成永久支架或襯砌。永久支架也可用坑木。
坑木作永久支架時應該很好地晾乾並用防腐蝕劑處理。木支架不用專用的工具或設備就能方便地就地加工很快地架好，通過局部不良地層掘進時，用木材作臨時支架，容易截割和加工，適應各種需要。
木棚是由幾根坑木構成、橫截巷道斷面的支架。小斷面巷道最常用的是三個構件組成的棚子，由一根頂梁（橫梁或棚梁）架在兩個棚腿上組成。棚腿傾斜度是每英尺1—1.5英寸，這樣的斜度除非側壓力太大及底板松軟，一般能防止棚腿底部向里推移。棚腿一般為硬木，圓形，小頭的最小直徑為5英寸。頂梁最小厚度一般為5英寸，寬度6—8英寸。背板一般厚2英寸，兩幫和頂板上可鋪也可不鋪背板。
在膨脹岩層中兩棚腿底部一般有「偏坡底撐」以防止棚腿移動，底板易隆起的地方，可採用反拱支架。巷道的懸頂（或頂板）如果做成拱形往往比較穩定，特別是在寬巷道中更是如此。只有頂板需要支護而兩幫堅硬的地方，可以省去棚腿，拱梁則固定在起拱線處的梁窩中。支架木料的尺寸和棚架間距取決於巷道的斷面和所需承受的壓力。在膨脹岩層中，背板不要鋪得太密，相鄰背板之間應留一定間距，以釋放低壓。
裝設木支架的常規工序和速度主要取決於支架在工作面後面應保持多近的距離。如果每進一個循環需要立即支護，那麼架設支架就成為掘進循環的一部分。爆破後的第一道工序是撬落頂板上的浮石；在松軟的地層中，利用前探梁、滑梁或類似的裝置以支護最後一架棚子前面的頂板，以便裝岩時保護工人。一個循環的矸石裝完後，就架設新棚子，必要時用楔子固定並裝上背板，並為新的循環安裝好鑿岩機。這種工序顯然會減慢掘進速度，但是除非岩層條件太差需要才用前探板樁法或其他方法，一般坑木可標准化，並採用常規作業。作業開始之前，將所有材料和器材運到工作面，可加快速度；工人應攜帶整架棚子、角楔、木楔、背板和工具進入工作面。支護工作落後於工作面過遠的地方，一般需要專業支架隊。利用適當的工作台進行支架工作，可不影響掘進工作。如果採用移動式工作台，其檯面有幾架棚子長，其高度又能讓礦車從底下通過，則對掘進工作會有好處的。

附錄2
GROUND SUPPORT FOR SHAFTS AND TUNNELS
In the USA, brick, stone and cast iron shaft linings are rare; formerly, timbering was almost universal but concreting and steel framing are increasing in use. Choice of support depends on ground and water conditions, shape of shaft and cost of materials.
(1)Timber Sets——Until relatively recently, most rectangular shafts have used square-set timbering for ground support and compartment division .Size of the timber used and set spacing is dependent on ground conditions encountered .The disadvantages of timer sets are the cost, strength , short life and fire hazard involved. In swelling ground timbering fails slowly and with ample warning .in most cases , a concrete collar is poured at the start of a shaft to tie the sets in and provide a good bearing for the shaft-timbering installation .Timber sets usually are hung from the preceding set with steel hanging rods .After the set is in place , the posts are inserted and the hanging rods are tightened up . The lagging is placed in around the sides of the shaft.
(2)Steel Sets-Steel sets sometimes ate used instead of timber. Wood lagging generally is employed in conjunetion. The laggling can be placed in the web of the steel sket very quickly and effectivelt. Properly designed steel sets go in faster and more accuratelt than wooden sets, as they can be bolted together and lined up perfectly when assembled.
(3)Concrete Lining-Circular concrete-lined shafts are more and more used today. For example, in South Africa, almost 100% of the shafts installed are circular concretelined .Also almost without exception, the best sinking time is achieved. Besides the good sinking rate, there are numerous other advantages. The circular concrete section provides the greatest strength factor for ground support ,the best air-flow characteristics, and by far the lowest maintenance of any shaft type. It can be stripped easily and changed to another hoisting configuration, or to a ventilation shaft, without disturbing ground conditions. Water can be controlled or sealed off much easier in this type of shaft. There are fewer wrecks in this shaft than in most other types, and rehabilitation can be accomplished much easier if they do occnr. In some special cases concrete-lined shafts of a square of elliptical shape are used. Although the cost is similar, the square shaft does not have the strength of either the circular of elliptical. The elliptical shaft has a good strength factor and is used where split ventilation is required. It is, however, more expensive to sink than a circular shaft.
(4)Gunite or Shotcrete Lining——There have been some shafts sunk using gunite or shotcrete for wall support. The guides in this type of shaft usually are not required in the completed shafe, the rope guides could be used in sinking.
GROUND SUPPORT FOR TUNNELS
In former years, the square or segmented timber set was the only known method for supporting underground excavations. As timber become more scarce and wideflange steel shapes made their appearance, steel rapidly displaced timber as a structure-support material. More recently, rock bolting and pneumatically applied concrete have been added to the list of practical ground-support media. Either rock bolting or pneumatically applied concrete concrete usually cost less per linear foot of tunnel than steel ribs . Sometime the two are used together and still show a saving over steel ribs.
(1)Steel Rib Support-Steel rib sets commonly are fabricated in two pieces with the side leg and half of the arch in each piece. The two identical pieces are stood up and bolted together at a butt joint in the crown . Size of steel required will depend upon the nature of the rock and the pressure being exerted by the ground . Generally speaking, a small tunnel section will require a 4-or 5-in .rib with spacing of 1(1/2)to 4ft; medium-sized , 5-to 6-in. rib with spacing of 1(1/2) to 4 ft; large, a 6-to 8-in.rib with spacing of 2 to 5 ft. On a project where full utilization is being made of rock bolting and pneumatically applied concrete, steel rib supports need be used only in fault zones and through stretches of badly broken rock or soft ground. Supplementing the steel rib, timber blocking and lagging must be installed as required. A standard tunnel crew usually erects a set of steel in 20 to 40 min.
(2)Rock Bolting –A number of types of tensionable rockbolts presently are available , differing mostly in the arrangement of the expandable device which anchors the end of the bolt to the rock prior to applying the tension by tightening the nut. Experimentation frepuently is necessary to determine the type of anchor most suitable to a particular formation of rock. Mildsteel bolts should be at least 1 in. in dia and 10 ft long, provided the tunnel is large enough to permit insertion of rods of this length. Rockbolts must be installed with careful consideration for the jointing pattern of the rock.. They must also be installed in a more or less uniform and regular pattern so that when tensioned they will, with the surrounding rock,proce a homogeneous arch structure against the external stresses acting upon the excavation opening. Average spacing of the rockbolts, throughout the roof of the tunnel above the spring line, will vary from a minimum of about 12sq ft of rock per bolt to a maximum of 25 or more. When rockbolts are installed by the regular tunnel crew, a standard tunnel crew usually will install the bolts required for one full round of advance of 8ft in 30 to 40 min. If a two-man crew alone is installing bolts, they probably will average two bolts per hour.
(3)Pneumatically Applied Concrete—Shotcret or gunite, applied directly to the rock surface of the arched tunnel roof, is rapidly becoming accepted as an effective and economical means of ground support. It can be used in all types of fair to poor rock or firm earth provided the material will stand up without caving for a sufficient time to permit the sprayed concrete to gain its initial strength. Accelerating additives are which, when added to the concrete at the spray nozzle, will cause initial set to occur within 3to 10 min. after the mortar has been applied. The concrete is applied in thickness of 2to 6 in. Dry-process application usually proces better results than the wet process because it permits the placing of thicker layers, uses larger aggregates (maximum, 3/4 in.) and usually achieves a higher proction rate per hour per nozzle (to 5.0 cu yd. per hr). One of the economies which frequently can be achieved with pneumatically applied concrete reflects the fact that it can be applied readily to the tunnel roof ring the mucking cycle, thereby shortening the total time required to complete the 「round」.
TIMBER SUPPORT
Supports for the tunnel roof and sides may be required while driving. Conventionally, temporary timbering is often used ring driving and replaced later by permanent supports or lining. Permanent supports may be of timber too.
For permanent support, timber should be well seasoned and treated with preservative. It is easily framed on the job and quickly erected without use of special tools or equipment. For temporary support, in local stretches of bad ground while advancing the heading timbers are readily cut and framed to suit requirements.
Timber sets comprises several timbers forming a framework across the tunnel section. The commonest form for narrow tunnels is the 3-piece set, consisting of a cap (crossbar or header) supported on two posts. The batter of the posts is 1 to 1.5in per ft, which is usually sufficient to prevent the bottoms of the posts. From pushing inward unless side pressure is excessive and the bottom soft. Posts are usually of hardwood, round, with small end 5-in minimum diameter. The minimum thickness of the cap is usually 5-in with width from 6 to 8 in. Lagging, usually 2 in thick, may or may not be set on the sides and top.
In swelling ground the timber set usually has :batter blocks」 to prevent the displacement of the posts; where the bottom tends to heave, an inverted arch set may be used. The back (or roof) of the tunnel often stands better if arched, especially in wide tunnels. Where only the back requires support and the walls are strong, posts may be omitted and the arched timbers set in hitches out at the break-line of the arch. Size of timbers and interval between sets depend upon size of tunnel and pressures to be withstood. Swelling ground should not be close-lagged, but spaces left between adjacent pieces of lagging, through which pressure can be relieved.
Routine and speed of timbering depend largely on how close the timbering must be kept behind the face. If each round of advance must be supported at once, timbering becomes a part of the driving cycle. The first step after blasting is to scale the back; and , in loose ground, to hold the back ahead of the last set by forepoling, sliding booms or similar means, to protect men while mucking. After the round is mucked, the new set is erected, blocked in place and lagged if necessary, and the drills are set up for the new round. timbers can be standardized and a regular routine followed. Speed is gained by baving all materials and supplies at the face before work begins; timber for a compete set, blocks, wedges, lagging and tools, should be brought in with the crew. Where the timbering lags a considerable distance behind the face, a special timber crew is usually employed. With suitable scaffolding, work can proceed without interfering with driving operations. A movable scaffold, with a working deck several sets long and high enough to allow the tunnel cars to pass under it, may be advantageous.
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