虚拟货币参考英文文献

㈠ 求一篇关于人民币升值的影响的英文文献原文，要有出处与作者

The predicament of appreciation of the RMB
Recently, China has been under heavy international pressure to abandon its currency's de facto peg to the U.S. dollar. The US Treasury Department is highly likely to label China a currency manipulator in a report e out in mid-April.

United States claimed that the undervalued Chinese currency has widened the U.S. trade deficit with China and has cost U.S. manufacturing jobs. Congress has urged China to revalue its currency. However, the Chinese government insists that the competitiveness of Chinese goods comes from low labor costs rather than from the lower exchange rate.

Meanwhile, most U.S. and Chinese economists agree that at this moment a sudden rise in the yuan's value would do more harm than good for China, the United States, and the world economy. This is not to say that China does not need to review the yuan's valuation and its exchange rate regime.

It is difficult to determine, however, whether a currency is undervalued or overvalued in a nonmarket economy. In the Western world, undervaluation of the yuan’s d is considered as universal rule.

It differ a lot using different calculation methods. Professor Huang Yiping recently pointed that, Menzie China’s calculations which bases on purchasing power parity (PPP) show that 40% of the RMB exchange rate is undervalued. But if we consider the World Bank’s usage of purchasing power parity which is adjusted by China's GDP, 40% disappeared; Nicholas Lardy and Morris Goldstein concluded that the yuan is undervalued by 12% to 16% (at the end of 2008); Yao Yang and his colleagues calculated that underestimation the level of less than Lardy’s estimates.

It is seems that IMF does not represent any one country and may be perhaps convincing. IMF in 2006 to strengthen the bilateral exchange rates of member evaluation mechanism using its own set of assessment methods, specifically including macroeconomic balance (MB), equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) and external sustainability (ES).

In 2006, IMF politely praised the Chinese government’s investment in the crisis, but also diplomatically cautioned that "some directors considered that the RMB is undervalued." In the future, IMF will launch China's of a new round of negotiation. The U.S. Treasury will make some measures earlier than the IMF's actions. April 15, the United States could have labeled China as a "currency manipulator". According U.S. law, the U.S. Treasury must decide before April 15, submitting the semi-annual report to Congress about the exchange rate policies of major trading partners, especially on whether consider China as a currency manipulator.

Washington has declined to name the Chinese case in the past, but because of high unemployment, the U.S. Congress has become tougher. Some senators proposed legislations that if Beijing does not change its policy, the tariffs on Chinese goods. If that were the case, it will be the first time in 16 years. By declaring China a currency manipulator, the US could slap additional tariffs on imports from the country.

Some economists said that RMB’s revaluation is the most effective measures to rece the unemployment rate. He said that the yuan is undervalued against the dollar by 40%, and the U.S. current account deficit will be reced from 100 to 150 billion U.S. dollars without this gap, creating 600,000 to 1,200,000 new jobs.

At the same time, Chinese experts strongly doubt the US will do so as it will provoke Beijing and jeopardize its most important trade relationship, while others believe that even if China were declared a currency manipulator, Washington will not follow up with punitive measures.

The most hard-line organization against the United States Congress is the Trading Associations from major exporters. For example, electrical and mechanical instry of China's exports of China's total exports accounted for nearly 60%. All exporters emphasize that the appreciation of the RMB will cause more terrible than in 2005.

Over the past few years, China's trade surplus continued to make China as a target of public criticism, its exchange rate policy has been criticized. The U.S. officials believe that China's huge trade surplus continued to show that the exchange rate which has been pegged to the dollar is undervalued since mid-2008 as a "unfair" competitive advantage. Chinese officials contend that China's trade surplus over the past year has been substantially narrowed. Now, Beijing's position may be supporting data.

In March, trade deficit will record more than 80 billion U.S. dollars. If true, it means the maintenance of nearly six years of China's trade surplus pattern will change. China's last monthly trade deficit appeared in April 2004. If the actual trade deficit happens in March, it is indicated that other countries promote their own economic growth by the sale of goods to China. Moreover, the trade deficit will rece the monetary and trade policies of China's international political pressure. The future of offshore money market appreciation of the RMB is expected to slightly decline.

However, even there is one month’s trade deficit, it won’t continue. The World Bank estimates that China's current account surplus will increase to 304 billion U.S. dollars this year. As long as China has a surplus, the yuan’s exchange rate will still be economic problems scapegoat by some trading partners from time to time.

On the other hand, the US’ easy monetary policy would negatively affect China’s economic and financial and macroeconomic policies. The loose monetary policy weakens the dollar and undermines dollar-denominated assets to attract short-term international capital, which drove enormous volumes of ‘hot money’ into China. The dollar devaluation, compounded by excess liquidity, heightens pressure to appreciate the yuan. A sharp rise of the yuan would wreak devastating blows on export-oriented enterprises and cause massive layoffs, and subsequently cause incalculable damage to the overall operation of China’s economy. So it is very hard to find an equilibrium exchange rate point and to define an appropriate level concerning the appreciation margin.

The capital account is under strict control in China, and the real foreign exchange market is yet to be established. The yuan's exchange rate, which is actually dictated by the government, cannot be regarded as the market equilibrium rate, nor can it serve as a true mirror of the country's real supply and demand for foreign exchange. It is sensible to change the foreign exchange regime itself rather than to change its value.
留美学生 马戈 （责任编辑：郝孟佳）

㈡ 请大家帮忙提供关于人民币国际化或者货币国际化的英文文献，只要和货币有关的就可以，很急呀！谢谢了

我有一些英文相关资料[email protected]

㈢ 找2篇以上人民币国际化的英文参考文献，要作者名，文献名，期刊名。

http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=zh-CN&biw=1020&bih=569&q=rmb%20internationalization&gs_sm=c&gs_upl=-2.1.1&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=ws

里面有好多 你自己选吧

㈣ 谁能帮我找两篇有关虚拟货币法律问题的外文文献

[1] Dan Hunter and F. Gregory Lastowka：Virtual Property； California Law Review 92th，2004.

只找到一个，不过可以告诉你一个方法，去知网下载一篇优秀硕士论文，看他的参考文献，肯定会有外文文献！

㈤ 求一篇1000字英文的虚拟货币辩论 为反方 观点不应该使用虚拟货币 不要查百度，自己写谢谢

是因为虚拟货币的话，1000个人英文的话这个输入法也不好打啊，到时候我给你写一篇拍个照片给你看。

㈥ 谁给我一篇有关虚拟货币的英文文献呀写毕业论文用的~~，谢谢各位大哥哥大姐姐了~

阿瓦达试试事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上

㈦ 货币资金管理外文文献

我处禁止上传文件，相关PDF外文文献有，翻译得靠你自己，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，如果需要请直接网络 私信 或者 Hi 中留言贴出你在 网络知道的问题链接地址 及 邮箱地址

㈧ 急需！！！！有关货币资金的国外参考文献两个！！最好是直接说 不要让我去什么网站查！ 谢谢！

Foreign direct investment and the multinational enterprise
S Brakman - 2008

Principles of international investment law
R Dolzer, C Schreuer - 2008

International investment positions and exchange rate dynamics: a dynamic panel analysis
M Binder, CJ Offermanns - 2007

Investment Science: International Edition
D Luenberger - OUP Catalogue, 2009

Principles of international investment law
R Dolzer, C Schreuer - 2008

The global economic and financial crisis: regional impacts, responses and solutions
United Nations - 2009

You Can Profit from a Monetary Crisis
Harry Browne - 2010

The international law on foreign investment
M Sornarajah - 2010

㈨ 求20金币一篇英文文献【有效期至2009/05/01

只有摘要了，购买文章要31 美元阿， 我买不了啊。Attachment of drugs to polyethylene glycols European Polymer Journal, Volume 19, Issue 12, 1983, Pages 1177-1183S. Zalipsky, C. Gilon and A. Zilkha View Abstract If you have a User Name & Password, you may already have access to this article. Please login below. User Name: Password: Remember me on this computerCancelAthens/Institution Login Forgotten your User Name or Password? If you do not have a User Name and Password, click the "Register to Purchase" button below to purchase this article. Price: US $ 31.50Register to Purchase 查看原帖>>

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