虚拟货币论文英语

A. 虚拟货币怎样翻译

Ideal money

B. 谁给我一篇有关虚拟货币的英文文献呀写毕业论文用的~~，谢谢各位大哥哥大姐姐了~

阿瓦达试试事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上事实上

C. 网络虚拟货币相关论文有哪些

也是一片空白。

D. 虚拟货币英文缩写

虚拟货币[词典]ideal money;[例句]腾讯从虚拟商品和虚拟货币上赚了钱，硅谷正加以效仿。Tencent has made money from virtual goods and currencies; Silicon Valley is following.

E. 虚拟货币或数字货币用英文怎么说

digital currency
网络 数字货币; 数位货币; 数码货币; 数据货币;
[例句]COM and NBA team the Sacramento Kings would accept the digital currency as payment.
而最近随着主流电商Overstock.com和美职篮（NBA）的萨克拉门托国王队（Sacramento Kings）公开宣布将接受数字货币作为支付方式，比特币热潮更是达到了顶点。
Virtual currency
[词典] 虚拟货币;
[例句]A virtual currency with no central bank backing and no yield is worse than a casino chip.
没有央行支持、也不产生任何收益的虚拟货币，还不如一个赌场筹码。

F. 求一篇1000字英文的虚拟货币辩论 为反方 观点不应该使用虚拟货币 不要查百度，自己写谢谢

是因为虚拟货币的话，1000个人英文的话这个输入法也不好打啊，到时候我给你写一篇拍个照片给你看。

G. 高手请进！急求一篇关于电子货币的英文文章和中文翻译

The 21st century has introced the world to a new way of doing Business.
21世纪将，世界引入经商新法则。

It's now a foregone conclusion that global commerce will be as revolutionized by it as Henry Ford's mass-proction techniques were a defining characteristic of the 1900s.
现在，当亨利·福特的批量生产技术成为20世纪确定的特征时，一个预料中的结局就是全球商业将会被彻底改革，

The Business is e-currency, which allows Internet-based purchase and sales transactions involving almost anything to be safely concted at lightning speed.
这业务就是电子货币，它使得在因特网的购买和销售任何东西都能够安全交易并在一瞬间操作完毕。

Safeguards are in place to make identity fraud, chargeback prevention and funds verification much more of a surety than anything the conventional means of payment in the non-cyber world can provide.
安全措施十分到位，使得身份欺诈、扣款预防和资金的核查比非电脑化的传统支付手段更加保险。

E-currency may only exist in the cyber world, but that is nothing new.
电子货币也许仅仅存在于网络世界，但它却不是始作俑者。

The euro began in the same manner.
欧元也是像他那样开始的。

It was officially accepted by the countries of the European Union in 1999 to simplify Business by eliminating exchange rates, but it began life 20 years before that by private financial institutions who saw it as an idea that had to happen.
欧元正式被欧盟各国接受是在1999年，它使得欧盟各国业务来往变得简单，消除了货币兑换汇率。但是早在20年前，欧元的概念就被私人金融机构提出来了。

By 2002, the euro evolved from cyber-tender to hard cash and is now arguably the second-most influential currency in the world.
到2002年，欧元从电子化的软通货演变为硬通货，再到现如今成为世界上第二种具有影响力的货币。

The Internet's globalization of commerce on an instantaneous basis means that, where the euro has already gone, today's e-currencies will follow.
因特网的即时交易商业全球化，意味着，如果欧元消逝了，电子货币也会跟着不复存在。

H. 虚拟货币有哪些 用英文怎么说

虚拟货币有哪些 ?
What are some of the virtual currencies now exist/available?

I. 求一篇关于人民币升值的影响的英文文献原文，要有出处与作者

The predicament of appreciation of the RMB
Recently, China has been under heavy international pressure to abandon its currency's de facto peg to the U.S. dollar. The US Treasury Department is highly likely to label China a currency manipulator in a report e out in mid-April.

United States claimed that the undervalued Chinese currency has widened the U.S. trade deficit with China and has cost U.S. manufacturing jobs. Congress has urged China to revalue its currency. However, the Chinese government insists that the competitiveness of Chinese goods comes from low labor costs rather than from the lower exchange rate.

Meanwhile, most U.S. and Chinese economists agree that at this moment a sudden rise in the yuan's value would do more harm than good for China, the United States, and the world economy. This is not to say that China does not need to review the yuan's valuation and its exchange rate regime.

It is difficult to determine, however, whether a currency is undervalued or overvalued in a nonmarket economy. In the Western world, undervaluation of the yuan’s d is considered as universal rule.

It differ a lot using different calculation methods. Professor Huang Yiping recently pointed that, Menzie China’s calculations which bases on purchasing power parity (PPP) show that 40% of the RMB exchange rate is undervalued. But if we consider the World Bank’s usage of purchasing power parity which is adjusted by China's GDP, 40% disappeared; Nicholas Lardy and Morris Goldstein concluded that the yuan is undervalued by 12% to 16% (at the end of 2008); Yao Yang and his colleagues calculated that underestimation the level of less than Lardy’s estimates.

It is seems that IMF does not represent any one country and may be perhaps convincing. IMF in 2006 to strengthen the bilateral exchange rates of member evaluation mechanism using its own set of assessment methods, specifically including macroeconomic balance (MB), equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) and external sustainability (ES).

In 2006, IMF politely praised the Chinese government’s investment in the crisis, but also diplomatically cautioned that "some directors considered that the RMB is undervalued." In the future, IMF will launch China's of a new round of negotiation. The U.S. Treasury will make some measures earlier than the IMF's actions. April 15, the United States could have labeled China as a "currency manipulator". According U.S. law, the U.S. Treasury must decide before April 15, submitting the semi-annual report to Congress about the exchange rate policies of major trading partners, especially on whether consider China as a currency manipulator.

Washington has declined to name the Chinese case in the past, but because of high unemployment, the U.S. Congress has become tougher. Some senators proposed legislations that if Beijing does not change its policy, the tariffs on Chinese goods. If that were the case, it will be the first time in 16 years. By declaring China a currency manipulator, the US could slap additional tariffs on imports from the country.

Some economists said that RMB’s revaluation is the most effective measures to rece the unemployment rate. He said that the yuan is undervalued against the dollar by 40%, and the U.S. current account deficit will be reced from 100 to 150 billion U.S. dollars without this gap, creating 600,000 to 1,200,000 new jobs.

At the same time, Chinese experts strongly doubt the US will do so as it will provoke Beijing and jeopardize its most important trade relationship, while others believe that even if China were declared a currency manipulator, Washington will not follow up with punitive measures.

The most hard-line organization against the United States Congress is the Trading Associations from major exporters. For example, electrical and mechanical instry of China's exports of China's total exports accounted for nearly 60%. All exporters emphasize that the appreciation of the RMB will cause more terrible than in 2005.

Over the past few years, China's trade surplus continued to make China as a target of public criticism, its exchange rate policy has been criticized. The U.S. officials believe that China's huge trade surplus continued to show that the exchange rate which has been pegged to the dollar is undervalued since mid-2008 as a "unfair" competitive advantage. Chinese officials contend that China's trade surplus over the past year has been substantially narrowed. Now, Beijing's position may be supporting data.

In March, trade deficit will record more than 80 billion U.S. dollars. If true, it means the maintenance of nearly six years of China's trade surplus pattern will change. China's last monthly trade deficit appeared in April 2004. If the actual trade deficit happens in March, it is indicated that other countries promote their own economic growth by the sale of goods to China. Moreover, the trade deficit will rece the monetary and trade policies of China's international political pressure. The future of offshore money market appreciation of the RMB is expected to slightly decline.

However, even there is one month’s trade deficit, it won’t continue. The World Bank estimates that China's current account surplus will increase to 304 billion U.S. dollars this year. As long as China has a surplus, the yuan’s exchange rate will still be economic problems scapegoat by some trading partners from time to time.

On the other hand, the US’ easy monetary policy would negatively affect China’s economic and financial and macroeconomic policies. The loose monetary policy weakens the dollar and undermines dollar-denominated assets to attract short-term international capital, which drove enormous volumes of ‘hot money’ into China. The dollar devaluation, compounded by excess liquidity, heightens pressure to appreciate the yuan. A sharp rise of the yuan would wreak devastating blows on export-oriented enterprises and cause massive layoffs, and subsequently cause incalculable damage to the overall operation of China’s economy. So it is very hard to find an equilibrium exchange rate point and to define an appropriate level concerning the appreciation margin.

The capital account is under strict control in China, and the real foreign exchange market is yet to be established. The yuan's exchange rate, which is actually dictated by the government, cannot be regarded as the market equilibrium rate, nor can it serve as a true mirror of the country's real supply and demand for foreign exchange. It is sensible to change the foreign exchange regime itself rather than to change its value.
留美学生 马戈 （责任编辑：郝孟佳）

J. 谁能帮我找两篇有关虚拟货币法律问题的外文文献

[1] Dan Hunter and F. Gregory Lastowka：Virtual Property； California Law Review 92th，2004.

只找到一个，不过可以告诉你一个方法，去知网下载一篇优秀硕士论文，看他的参考文献，肯定会有外文文献！