ft挖矿白皮书
① 求翻译 采矿专业不要用软件翻译的那种 加分题
proposed mathematical model and the developed
提出了数学模型和发展
program, a number of Chinese cases with varying
计划,大量的中文例不同
coal seam inclinations are presented in this section.
介绍了煤层倾向这部分。
In these cases, the empirical values for the limit angles
在这些情况下,实证价值限制角度
(L and H) in different coal districts are used.
(L和H)地区在不同煤used.
Case 1: The typical final surface movements and
例1:典型的最终表面运动和
deformation profiles along a major transverse
沿着主要的横向变形型材
cross-section in Fengfeng mining district is presented
峰峰矿区截面模型
in Fig. 5.
图5。
The inclination of the coal seam is a
煤层的爱好是a
moderate 11° and the overburden depth on the lower
11°和适度的层深度低
panel edge is 750 ft (229 m).
面板边750英尺(229米)。
The mining height and
采矿高度和
panel width are 5.5 ft (1.7 m) and 600 ft (183 m),
面板宽度5.5英尺(1.7米)和600英尺(183米)
respectively.
分别。
The lower (left) and upper (right) panel
较低的(左)和上(右)面板
edges are also shown in the figure.
边缘也中显示的图表。
All three profiles
所有三个侧面
show that this is a subcritical subsidence event.
表明,这是一个亚临界沉降的事件。
The
这
maximum subsidence is 2.57 ft (0.78 m) located
最大沉降是2.57英尺(0.78米)的所在地
about 270 ft (82 m) from the left panel edge.
大约270英尺(82米)从左侧面板的边缘。
The
这
maximum horizontal displacements (H.D.) on both
最大水平位移(H.D.)两者兼具
sides of the panel edges are about 1.1 ft (0.335 m).
该小组的两侧边缘大约1.1英尺(0.335米)。
The maximum tensile strains on the lower and upper
的最大拉伸处于上下
sides of the panel are 6.37x10–3 and 7.02x10–3 ft/ft
该小组的两侧分别为6.37和7.02英尺/ x10-3 x10-3呎
(m/m), respectively.
(m / m),分别为。
The maximum compressive
最大压
strain is 1.18x10–2 ft/ft (m/m) which is nearly double
x10-2应变是1.18英尺/英尺(m / m)的两倍
of the maximum tensile strains.
的最大拉伸应变。
Case 2: Fig. 6 shows the predicted final surface
例2:图6显示预测最后的表面
and deformation profiles for a typical subsidence
一个典型和变形型材下陷
case in Jixi mining district.
鸡西矿区案例。
In this case, the coal
在这种情况下,煤
seam dips at an angle of 18°.
角焊缝会时不时地18°。
The depth on the
深度的
deeper side is 400 ft (122 m).
更深的侧面400英尺(122米)。
The mining height is
采矿的身高是
4.5 ft (1.37 m).
十4.5英尺(1.37米)。
The panel is again 600 ft.
委员会又600英尺。
Due to the
由于
relatively small depth; the resulting subsidence basin
相对较小的深度、产生的沉降盆地
is a supercritical one.
是一种超临界之一。
However, the flat bottom portion
然而,平底分
of a supercritical subsidence basin is not necessarily
超临界沉陷盆地的也不是必然的
flat but the maximum subsidence there decreases
但最高有平沉降减少
as the depth increases.
随着深度增加。
The subsidence profile
开采沉陷剖面
on the deeper side is much gentler than that on
在更深的一边比多温和
the shallow side.
浅的一面。
Another observation is that the
另一个观察,
maximum horizontal displacement, tensile and compressive
最大水平位移、拉伸和压缩
strains on the deeper side are smaller that
处于更深的侧小
those on the shallower side as expected.
那些在较浅的侧与预期相符。
Case 3: The typical surface movement and deformation
案例3:典型的地表移动和变形性
profiles for Fuxin mining district are shownin Fig. 7.
阜新矿区型材是shownin图7。
The input parameters for this case are: =
在这种场合下的输入参数are:=
2°, h1 = 1050 ft (320 m), W = 600 ft (183 m) and m
2°,h1 = 1050英尺(320 m),W = 600英尺(183 m)和m
= 5.85 ft (1.78 m).
= 5.85英尺(1.78米)。
Due to much larger depth, the
由于更大的深度
degree of subcritical condition is even more than
亚临界条件的程度甚至比
Case 1.
病例1。
Under the influences of larger depth and
影响下的深度和更大的
dipping angle, the center of the subsidence basin
浸渍角、沉降中心的盆地
shifted toward the deeper side from the center of the
转向给球队越深的中心
panel by a distance of about 103 ft (31 m).
板的长距约103英尺(31米)。
The peak
峰
tensile strain and horizontal displacement move beyond
拉应变水平位移和超越
the panel edge on the deeper side.
面板边缘更深的一面。
It should
它应该
also be noted that two small steps (discontinuities)
也注意到的是,两个小步骤(面)
were observed on the strain profile which is resulted
观察应变简介这是结果
from the discontinuity problem of the first derivative
从不连续问题的一阶导数
of the adjusted influence function at its “center’ in
调整功能的影响其“中心”
the current version.
当前的版本。
② 请问有授权码用笔记本可以挖ft币吗
应该可以，笔记本挖矿的话，估计很快就废了
③ 矿机交易所选哪家强
目前投资矿机比较赚钱呢，投资小，几乎没有风险。可以去NB云矿，提现快。
④ 网球王子ft（不二冢）同人文
不二冢：天才的灰姑娘、空白格、对不起，我爱你
冢不二： 蓝眸 、绝代
双越：NEVER EVER FOREVER、水火相容、青桔、光阴、玄武剑、转身、玛格丽特
np文：网王觉情之旅、我是幸村精市、焰的诱惑、网王BL&NP-光染、绝对零度
希望有帮助！多多赞同
⑤ 很多项目在参与 FT 的创业板计划，墨客moac应该关注一下
墨客moac参与不了，那个是 ERC20 代币。交易所的话，墨客moac会上一家，类似 FT 模式的交易所。目前看 FT 的上币模式，会引来另一轮的冲击。这个上币模式，会对现有模式造成很大冲击。FT 的第一步，是交易挖矿和分红模式，解决流量问题；三大交易所大概 75%流量丧失。现在第二步，是用容易上币，让项目方流量过来集中。第三步，是引入保险公司保护用户。最后一步，就转变为去中心化交易所。
⑥ FT是什么币
FT是不是币。FT（FCoin Token）是FCoin交易平台发行的通证，是交易平台自身所有权益的代表。FT的发行是依据“交易即挖矿”的原则（查看挖矿原理）逐步释放（查看关于流通量的说明），上限为100亿，永不增加。
作为平台权益的代表，平台会将80%的收入分配给FT的持有者（查看收入分配详情），同时，FT持有者还有参与重大决策及社区管理的权利。
(6)ft挖矿白皮书扩展阅读：
趣币全球通用积分(FT币)的价值：
1、交易挖矿奖励：自每日0点(UTC+9)开始，每小时都会将用户所产生交易手续费，110%折算成FT进行累积，折算价格按该小时FT的均价计算(均价计算方式为总成交金额/总成交量)。
2、分红奖励：平台手续费收入的50%将作为分红，发放给持有FT的会员。
3、回购计划：平台手续费中的20%进入回购基金。当FT的价格出现大幅波动的时候;所有回购FT全部打入一个没有私钥的公开地址，此地址只进不出，所有用户均可通过区块浏览器有效监督。回购计划持续进行，直至回购总量的50%(15亿个)FT为止。
4、资产注入计划：趣币网Funcoin平台手续费的20%注入FT资产资金。该基金的用途包括但不限于，特定时间对FT用户再次进行分红，空投奖励，设定特殊的用户奖励机制等。
⑦ 如何识别山寨币、空气币和传销币
如何识别山寨币、空气币和传销币？随着数字货币火热，一股投资数字货币的风潮受到了人们的追捧，热浪中却催生了很多山寨币、分叉币等，那么作为一名币圈普通玩家，该如何如何识别山寨币、空气币和传销币呢？
教你识别什么是山寨币、空气币和传销币？
1.山寨币
随着比特币被爆炒，带火了中国国产虚拟货币，它们在业内被统一称为“山寨币”，高达30余种，比如无限币、夸克币、泽塔币、红币、隐形金条、等。一些币种在面市后，交易价格波动幅度起伏，引来了不少投机客参与交易。寻找一款精品良心山寨币实属不易，国际市场口碑较好的山寨币有莱特币LTC、未来币NXT、无限币IFC、质数币XPM、美卡币MEC、分子币MOL、苹果币APCCOIN、阳光币ssc。这些币种挖掘质量高、交易市场上抗跌性能较强。
相对于虚拟货币的火热，其监管或处于空白状态，这也让业内对于行业的发展表示出担忧。对于参与的人来说，最大的风险就是没有人接盘。
从国产“山寨币”来看，真正通过挖矿赚币的人很少，大部分人都是进行交易投机：低价买入、高价卖出。
而如果没有了接盘者，“山寨币”就将很快崩盘。
2.空气币
进入2017年6月份，国内一批投机分子的空气币开始进入市场。这些公司的典型特征是，团队背景看着比较华丽，但是没有任何过往历史成绩，更谈不上在GitHub上查询项目代码进度，团队都是2017年才接触区块链。
他们甚至没有成立公司，主要靠包装一个区块链无所不能的好概念，来忽悠外行众筹投资。投机色彩特别明显。但是受益于市场红利，这些币都有5倍以上的升值。
不过仅仅几个月过后，这些泡沫浓厚的空气币，就漏出了诈骗的马脚，被媒体报道曝光，这些公司成为了监管治理的重灾区。
曾经有一位币圈朋友跟我说他们发币后的心情：现在这钱都是大风刮来的，随便花。
3.传销币
传销币无疑是空气币，但说起传销币，我们还是先来做个对比，比特币是开放源码的，而且有限量，一共2100万枚，每产生一个比特币都是透明的，不受任何操纵。
而“传销币”不开放源码，产生币的速度、数量都由企业或平台操纵，只要平台开发者愿意，“传销币”可以无限增发。
你可以把传销币理解为类似Q币的各种数字货币，压根儿没有用到任何区块链技术。只要腾讯愿意，它可以无限发放。因此其未来价值几乎为零。
如何避免当韭菜
1、白皮书上没有实质性的内容，高频率使用没有实质意义的关键字眼：透明化、去信任、去中心化！还有白皮书中对于资金的监管方式和项目进度安排都没有明确，一定要当心！
2、把项目说得巨大，天花乱坠，没有明显的盈利模式和商业价值，绕道而行。
3、所有的精力都放到推广上，代码毫无创新，也看不到任何坚实的创新技术，基本上都是破发的。
4、团队信息不透明，过度包装团队，标榜团队都是国外资深程序员，然后找几个币圈大佬，或者明星网红之类的站台，这样的项目要谨慎。
5、看一个项目靠不靠谱，也可以从共识算法的选择中判断，PoW，PoS，PDBFT，DPOS，DAG??，这里是空气币山寨币到了这一步最痛苦最难编写的,基本都是瞎编乱吹。
以上就是如何识别山寨币、空气币和传销币的方法了，对于数字货币投资在此还是提醒大家，购买有风险，投资需谨慎。
⑧ 小弟在做采矿毕业设计 急求一片3000字英文参考文献翻译
附录 1
井筒及巷道的支护
井筒的支护
在国外，很少使用砖、料石和铸铁井壁， 从前，几乎全用木支架，但现在混凝土和金属井壁使用量日增。 井壁的选择决定于围岩和水的条件，井筒的形式和材料的费用。
(1)木支架——直到最近，大多数方形的井筒还在用框形木支架支护井帮和分成隔间。.所用木料的尺寸和框距取决于所遇到的岩层情况。. 木支架缺点是费用高，强度低、寿命短，易引起火灾。在膨胀性岩层中，木支架损坏得慢，警告时间长。在大多数情况下，开始凿井时浇灌一个混凝土锁口以固定支架，为井筒木支架提供良好的基础。木框架一般用挂钩挂在上面的框架上，框架就位后插入支柱，拉紧挂钩，在井筒周围铺上背板。
(2)金属支护——有时用金属支架代替木支架。 通常与木背板配合使用。木背板可快速而高效地插入金属支架的翼缘中。金属支架若设计恰当其安装的速度和准确度均比木支架高，因为安装时金属支架可能螺栓连接，并且排列很整齐。
(3)混凝土井壁——现在，原形混凝土井壁使用日益广泛。 例如，在南非几乎100%的井筒采用圆形混凝土井壁。而且几乎所有井筒毫无例外地达到最高的凿井速度。 除了凿井速度快外，，还有许多其它优势。 圆形混凝土井壁做井筒指甲其强度系数最高，风流特性最好，与任何井壁形式相比其维护量最小。混凝土井壁容易拆除并改装成另一种提升布置方式，或改为风井而不影响围岩状态。这类井筒对涌水的控制或封堵容易的多。与大多数其他类型相比，这种井筒的事故较少，万一发生事故，修复也容易得多。在某些特殊的情况下，也采用方形或椭圆形混凝土做井壁的井筒。尽管方形井筒的成本与圆形或椭圆形相仿，但其强度不如圆形或椭圆形井筒。椭圆形井筒具有良好的强度系数，需要分开风流时采用这种形状。但起凿井费用比圆形的高。
(4 )喷浆或喷射混凝土井壁——有一些井壁采用喷浆或喷射混凝土井壁。这类井筒的罐道一般用锚杆固定。如果井筒完成后并能不需要罐道，那么凿井时可采用钢丝绳罐道。
巷道支护
过去，框形或多节木支架是大家熟悉的唯一支护井下巷道的方法。随着坑木的减少，宽翼缘型的出现，钢材，作为一种结构支护材料，迅速的取代了坑木。最近锚喷支护也列入矿山实用支护方式。不论锚杆还是喷射混凝土（包括喷浆及喷混凝土在内）一英尺巷道的支护费用一般比金属支架要低。有时两者同时采用，其费用也比金属支架省。
(1)金属支架——金属支架通常由两节组成，每节包括一条棚腿和半截拱。同样两节相对立好之后，在拱顶用螺栓对接。金属支架的尺寸取决于岩石的性质和地压。一般地说，小断面巷道采用4英寸或5英寸金属支架，间距为1.5—4英尺；中断面巷道采用5~6 英寸金属支架，间距为1.5—4英尺；大断面巷道采用6~8英寸金属支架，间距2~5英尺。对于全部采用锚喷支架的工程，只是在断层和严重破碎或软岩地带才需用金属支架。根据需要，金属棚子还必须铺以木档块及木背板。一个标准掘进班组架设一架金属棚子，需时20~40分钟。
(2 )锚杆支架——现在通用的能张紧的锚杆有许多多种，其主要区别在于，拧紧螺帽使锚杆张紧之前，在孔内固定锚头的胀圈结构的不同。最适合某种岩石的锚头形式要经常做试验来确定。软钢金属锚杆的直径至少应为1英寸，长度应为10英尺（巷道断面要足以允许使用这样长的锚杆）。安装锚杆时应认真研究岩石节理的规律。锚杆的布置要大致均匀有规律，使锚杆张紧之后能与围岩构成一个相似的拱形结构，以承受作用在巷道上的外部压力。在起拱线以上整个巷道顶板锚杆的平均间距在最小约12平方英尺/根，最大25或25以上平方英尺/根之间变化。由普通掘进班组安装锚杆时，一个标准掘进班组通常在30至40分钟内可安装锚杆，一个小时也许只能平均安装两根。
(3 )喷射混凝土——喷射混凝土或喷浆，这种把混凝土或砂浆直接喷到拱形巷道顶板岩石表面的方法正迅速地被公认是一种效率高而又经济的巷道支护方式。只要喷上的混凝土能附着相当时间达到初凝强度而不陷落，此方法在各类软、硬岩石或硬土上均可用。有许多促凝剂可到初凝。混凝土的喷射厚度为2~6英尺。干法喷射的效果通常比湿法好，因为可以喷、得厚一些，可以采用较大粒度的骨料（最大为0.75英寸），每台喷嘴的小时生产率较高（一个小时达5立方码）。喷射混凝土在经济上常具备的优点之一是可在装岩的同时，向巷道顶板喷混凝土，从而缩短完成整个“循环”所需用的时间。
木支架
掘进中也许需要支护巷道顶板和两帮的支架。传统的方法通常是掘进时先架设临时木支架，然后换成永久支架或衬砌。永久支架也可用坑木。
坑木作永久支架时应该很好地晾干并用防腐蚀剂处理。木支架不用专用的工具或设备就能方便地就地加工很快地架好，通过局部不良地层掘进时，用木材作临时支架，容易截割和加工，适应各种需要。
木棚是由几根坑木构成、横截巷道断面的支架。小断面巷道最常用的是三个构件组成的棚子，由一根顶梁（横梁或棚梁）架在两个棚腿上组成。棚腿倾斜度是每英尺1—1.5英寸，这样的斜度除非侧压力太大及底板松软，一般能防止棚腿底部向里推移。棚腿一般为硬木，圆形，小头的最小直径为5英寸。顶梁最小厚度一般为5英寸，宽度6—8英寸。背板一般厚2英寸，两帮和顶板上可铺也可不铺背板。
在膨胀岩层中两棚腿底部一般有“偏坡底撑”以防止棚腿移动，底板易隆起的地方，可采用反拱支架。巷道的悬顶（或顶板）如果做成拱形往往比较稳定，特别是在宽巷道中更是如此。只有顶板需要支护而两帮坚硬的地方，可以省去棚腿，拱梁则固定在起拱线处的梁窝中。支架木料的尺寸和棚架间距取决于巷道的断面和所需承受的压力。在膨胀岩层中，背板不要铺得太密，相邻背板之间应留一定间距，以释放低压。
装设木支架的常规工序和速度主要取决于支架在工作面后面应保持多近的距离。如果每进一个循环需要立即支护，那么架设支架就成为掘进循环的一部分。爆破后的第一道工序是撬落顶板上的浮石；在松软的地层中，利用前探梁、滑梁或类似的装置以支护最后一架棚子前面的顶板，以便装岩时保护工人。一个循环的矸石装完后，就架设新棚子，必要时用楔子固定并装上背板，并为新的循环安装好凿岩机。这种工序显然会减慢掘进速度，但是除非岩层条件太差需要才用前探板桩法或其他方法，一般坑木可标准化，并采用常规作业。作业开始之前，将所有材料和器材运到工作面，可加快速度；工人应携带整架棚子、角楔、木楔、背板和工具进入工作面。支护工作落后于工作面过远的地方，一般需要专业支架队。利用适当的工作台进行支架工作，可不影响掘进工作。如果采用移动式工作台，其台面有几架棚子长，其高度又能让矿车从底下通过，则对掘进工作会有好处的。
附录2
GROUND SUPPORT FOR SHAFTS AND TUNNELS
In the USA, brick, stone and cast iron shaft linings are rare; formerly, timbering was almost universal but concreting and steel framing are increasing in use. Choice of support depends on ground and water conditions, shape of shaft and cost of materials.
(1)Timber Sets——Until relatively recently, most rectangular shafts have used square-set timbering for ground support and compartment division .Size of the timber used and set spacing is dependent on ground conditions encountered .The disadvantages of timer sets are the cost, strength , short life and fire hazard involved. In swelling ground timbering fails slowly and with ample warning .in most cases , a concrete collar is poured at the start of a shaft to tie the sets in and provide a good bearing for the shaft-timbering installation .Timber sets usually are hung from the preceding set with steel hanging rods .After the set is in place , the posts are inserted and the hanging rods are tightened up . The lagging is placed in around the sides of the shaft.
(2)Steel Sets-Steel sets sometimes ate used instead of timber. Wood lagging generally is employed in conjunetion. The laggling can be placed in the web of the steel sket very quickly and effectivelt. Properly designed steel sets go in faster and more accuratelt than wooden sets, as they can be bolted together and lined up perfectly when assembled.
(3)Concrete Lining-Circular concrete-lined shafts are more and more used today. For example, in South Africa, almost 100% of the shafts installed are circular concretelined .Also almost without exception, the best sinking time is achieved. Besides the good sinking rate, there are numerous other advantages. The circular concrete section provides the greatest strength factor for ground support ,the best air-flow characteristics, and by far the lowest maintenance of any shaft type. It can be stripped easily and changed to another hoisting configuration, or to a ventilation shaft, without disturbing ground conditions. Water can be controlled or sealed off much easier in this type of shaft. There are fewer wrecks in this shaft than in most other types, and rehabilitation can be accomplished much easier if they do occnr. In some special cases concrete-lined shafts of a square of elliptical shape are used. Although the cost is similar, the square shaft does not have the strength of either the circular of elliptical. The elliptical shaft has a good strength factor and is used where split ventilation is required. It is, however, more expensive to sink than a circular shaft.
(4)Gunite or Shotcrete Lining——There have been some shafts sunk using gunite or shotcrete for wall support. The guides in this type of shaft usually are not required in the completed shafe, the rope guides could be used in sinking.
GROUND SUPPORT FOR TUNNELS
In former years, the square or segmented timber set was the only known method for supporting underground excavations. As timber become more scarce and wideflange steel shapes made their appearance, steel rapidly displaced timber as a structure-support material. More recently, rock bolting and pneumatically applied concrete have been added to the list of practical ground-support media. Either rock bolting or pneumatically applied concrete concrete usually cost less per linear foot of tunnel than steel ribs . Sometime the two are used together and still show a saving over steel ribs.
(1)Steel Rib Support-Steel rib sets commonly are fabricated in two pieces with the side leg and half of the arch in each piece. The two identical pieces are stood up and bolted together at a butt joint in the crown . Size of steel required will depend upon the nature of the rock and the pressure being exerted by the ground . Generally speaking, a small tunnel section will require a 4-or 5-in .rib with spacing of 1(1/2)to 4ft; medium-sized , 5-to 6-in. rib with spacing of 1(1/2) to 4 ft; large, a 6-to 8-in.rib with spacing of 2 to 5 ft. On a project where full utilization is being made of rock bolting and pneumatically applied concrete, steel rib supports need be used only in fault zones and through stretches of badly broken rock or soft ground. Supplementing the steel rib, timber blocking and lagging must be installed as required. A standard tunnel crew usually erects a set of steel in 20 to 40 min.
(2)Rock Bolting –A number of types of tensionable rockbolts presently are available , differing mostly in the arrangement of the expandable device which anchors the end of the bolt to the rock prior to applying the tension by tightening the nut. Experimentation frepuently is necessary to determine the type of anchor most suitable to a particular formation of rock. Mildsteel bolts should be at least 1 in. in dia and 10 ft long, provided the tunnel is large enough to permit insertion of rods of this length. Rockbolts must be installed with careful consideration for the jointing pattern of the rock.. They must also be installed in a more or less uniform and regular pattern so that when tensioned they will, with the surrounding rock,proce a homogeneous arch structure against the external stresses acting upon the excavation opening. Average spacing of the rockbolts, throughout the roof of the tunnel above the spring line, will vary from a minimum of about 12sq ft of rock per bolt to a maximum of 25 or more. When rockbolts are installed by the regular tunnel crew, a standard tunnel crew usually will install the bolts required for one full round of advance of 8ft in 30 to 40 min. If a two-man crew alone is installing bolts, they probably will average two bolts per hour.
(3)Pneumatically Applied Concrete—Shotcret or gunite, applied directly to the rock surface of the arched tunnel roof, is rapidly becoming accepted as an effective and economical means of ground support. It can be used in all types of fair to poor rock or firm earth provided the material will stand up without caving for a sufficient time to permit the sprayed concrete to gain its initial strength. Accelerating additives are which, when added to the concrete at the spray nozzle, will cause initial set to occur within 3to 10 min. after the mortar has been applied. The concrete is applied in thickness of 2to 6 in. Dry-process application usually proces better results than the wet process because it permits the placing of thicker layers, uses larger aggregates (maximum, 3/4 in.) and usually achieves a higher proction rate per hour per nozzle (to 5.0 cu yd. per hr). One of the economies which frequently can be achieved with pneumatically applied concrete reflects the fact that it can be applied readily to the tunnel roof ring the mucking cycle, thereby shortening the total time required to complete the “round”.
TIMBER SUPPORT
Supports for the tunnel roof and sides may be required while driving. Conventionally, temporary timbering is often used ring driving and replaced later by permanent supports or lining. Permanent supports may be of timber too.
For permanent support, timber should be well seasoned and treated with preservative. It is easily framed on the job and quickly erected without use of special tools or equipment. For temporary support, in local stretches of bad ground while advancing the heading timbers are readily cut and framed to suit requirements.
Timber sets comprises several timbers forming a framework across the tunnel section. The commonest form for narrow tunnels is the 3-piece set, consisting of a cap (crossbar or header) supported on two posts. The batter of the posts is 1 to 1.5in per ft, which is usually sufficient to prevent the bottoms of the posts. From pushing inward unless side pressure is excessive and the bottom soft. Posts are usually of hardwood, round, with small end 5-in minimum diameter. The minimum thickness of the cap is usually 5-in with width from 6 to 8 in. Lagging, usually 2 in thick, may or may not be set on the sides and top.
In swelling ground the timber set usually has :batter blocks” to prevent the displacement of the posts; where the bottom tends to heave, an inverted arch set may be used. The back (or roof) of the tunnel often stands better if arched, especially in wide tunnels. Where only the back requires support and the walls are strong, posts may be omitted and the arched timbers set in hitches out at the break-line of the arch. Size of timbers and interval between sets depend upon size of tunnel and pressures to be withstood. Swelling ground should not be close-lagged, but spaces left between adjacent pieces of lagging, through which pressure can be relieved.
Routine and speed of timbering depend largely on how close the timbering must be kept behind the face. If each round of advance must be supported at once, timbering becomes a part of the driving cycle. The first step after blasting is to scale the back; and , in loose ground, to hold the back ahead of the last set by forepoling, sliding booms or similar means, to protect men while mucking. After the round is mucked, the new set is erected, blocked in place and lagged if necessary, and the drills are set up for the new round. timbers can be standardized and a regular routine followed. Speed is gained by baving all materials and supplies at the face before work begins; timber for a compete set, blocks, wedges, lagging and tools, should be brought in with the crew. Where the timbering lags a considerable distance behind the face, a special timber crew is usually employed. With suitable scaffolding, work can proceed without interfering with driving operations. A movable scaffold, with a working deck several sets long and high enough to allow the tunnel cars to pass under it, may be advantageous.
抱歉 我也没找到！！你乱编一个吧