区块链humaniq
㈠ 智商会不会像跑步锻炼身体一样能提高呢
智商主要由基因决定,但后天因素的影响也是被证实的。
首先反对认为智商不可锻炼,即智商由基因决定的说法。如果后天没有影响,那么同卵双胞胎的智商应该一模一样啦?Minnesota大学的教授Mathew McGue在他的课程中提到,同卵双胞胎的智商有82%的相关性。对这个数字没有概念?它看起来是这样的:
怎么看这些点也不在一条线上啦。(DZ为异卵双胞胎,即有约50%的基因相同。)事实上几乎人类所有的表现型都不完全由基因型决定,0.92的相关性而已。
至于先天(基因)和后天因素各占多少比例,强烈反对各占50%的说法啊!!看起来就很不可信的好像心灵鸡汤里舀出来的鸡骨头一样好吗……“Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study ofTwins Reared Apart”[1]这篇论文说,分开抚养的同卵双胞胎(即后天因素不同。由于寄养家庭相似性导致的相关性在这篇文章中也有分析,结论是基本可以忽略不计。)和同一个家庭长大的同卵双胞胎,WAIS IQ-full scale[2]的相关性分别为0.69和0.88,置信为0.90。也就是说就算后天完全不一样的话还是有69%的相关性哦~至于各占多少比例,是很难定义的,但先天因素所占比例,从智商这个表现型来看,是绝对不止50%的。
㈡ 题目是 iq and eq的英语作文的翻译
doctors.They are always busy working for patients' health and have no time to look after me.They saved many people's lives ring their work.The doctor is called "Angles in White".Because doctor may let these experience personally the human which the indisposition suffers to get rid of the pain. May let the human change the health. At the same time, I believed that, will help others, own also to be able to obtain joyfully. Therefore
㈢ 谁能帮我写一篇关于"IQ与EQ"的英语演讲搞 谢谢!
IQ, EQ and other Q In layman's terms, IQ refers to the degree of a person's smart, EQ refers to the people control emotions, the ability to adapt to the environment. Of course, after following the EQ, MQ (Moral Quotient), SQ (Success Quotient) also have appeared, but also stimulated the curiosity of the public on these Q. Enthusiasm of young people just beginning to cause a variety of popular magazines on the lace quiz to know if my Q are sufficient to guarantee success; many parents want their children to a comprehensive check to see whether the son of Jackie Chan, the daughter can become Phoenix; children to school, some schools require parents to show children's IQ as a basis for admission; some teachers did not forget the children to learn to keep up to test an IQ, Fortunately, when the teaching evaluation good show ... ... to a certain extent, IQ, EQ and other Q seems to have become a description, explanation, prediction of success and failure of the magic weapon. However, IQ, EQ and other Q who really can determine success or failure of it? From IQ after the birth of the 20th century, this problem has been in debate among diverse. Number of longitudinal study that lasted for decades that, IQ does not determine and predict the success or failure of people, as long as above average intelligence, the indivial may have in learning, career and life success; and, in the achievement of indivial factors, to the language and mathematical logic at the core of the traditional intellectual factors accounted for only part of the motivation, ambition, willpower, flexibility, social skills, leadership and other large non-intelligence factors are extremely important value. To do this, people try to create a EQ, MQ, SQ, IQ to make up for lack of trying, trying to meet the aspirations of the people predict the development of life. So people talked about a wide range of Q, an important reason for hope is the easiest way to find the certainty of life. With the technology, economic development and rapid social change, people feel pressure in their daily lives and increasing the life course more and more variables, these factors have led to a widespread hope to take the help of simple figures the psychological needs of life track. Indeed, within a certain range, by means of scientific tools and proceres for the evaluation of mental ability that can help people to groups as a reference, relative to an objective understanding of their own. However, human development is very complex, always been from the indivials themselves, family, school, workplace and social macro-environment, and many other factors, in constant dynamic change, therefore, rely solely on static, simple figures live in real life is difficult to grasp the development of indivial tracks. Moreover, the evaluation of each mental ability, in theory, have some bias and limitations exist in a variety of evaluation are often technically inadequate, it is often difficult for a specific indivial, and its explanatory power is limited. Therefore, not only have invented the IQ, EQ, MQ, SQ, and so can not be predicted and decisions in life, even if the re-invention of dozens of people, hundreds of Q, is still unable to determine human development. After all, people can not revert to a bunch of numbers. IQ, EQ is just recognition of indivials who have been supporting development tool. Q addiction should be resting on the.
㈣ 智力与智商的关系
在普通人的心目中,“智力”(Intelligence)一词可能是使用最广泛的一个心理学概念。多少世纪以来,人们对所谓聪明人和不太聪明的人所做的划分,也往往和智力挂起钩来。许多人想当然地认为,一个人在学习、事业和社会活动等方面的成功与失败,是其智力高低所使然。尤其是本世纪初法国心理学家A·比奈创立了世界上最早的智力测验量表以来,为了使智力的概念更客观,心理学家们进行了大量的智力测验研究,提出了智商(IQ)和一般能力与特殊能力等概念。近一个世纪以来,智商的高低似乎成了能力的代名词,人们对智力测验也表现出一种既敬重又畏惧的心理。近几年来,心理学家们对智商与能力的关系问题展开了一场激烈的争论,提出了一些新的理论观点。
一、智力就是人的一般能力吗
本世纪初,英国心理学家斯皮尔曼曾提出,智力由两个因素组成,一个是一般因素(generalfactor简称g),另一个是一系列特殊因素(specificfactors简称s)。在斯皮尔曼看来,一般能力是形成一系列特殊能力(如言语能力、数学能力、音乐能力等)的驱动力,是智力的基础。此外他还相信人的一般能力主要是遗传的。从20年代到40年代,美国心理学家瑟斯顿用大量的实验研究批驳了斯皮尔曼的这种二因素论。他认为智力是多种特殊因素的合成物,由七种独立的心理能力组成。它们是:言语能力、数字能力、空间能力、知觉能力、记忆能力、推论能力、字词流畅能力,史称“群因素论”。他由此开创的多因素分析方法,获得了国际心理学界的承认。
近几年来,关于智力、智商和一般能力关系问题的争论又重新激烈起来。其中较有代表性的观点认为:
1.智力就是人的一般能力。美国西瑞瑟夫大学的心理学家戴特曼博士最近指出:“一般能力代表着一个人从事复杂心理工作的能力,例如,抽象推理和运用类比的能力。”(注:“Monitor”AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,1995.Jan.p.1.p.25.)在他看来,许多研究智力的人都把一般能力视为智力的基石。那么,人们何以如此看重一般能力呢?其主要科学依据来自智力测验。象测量智商的这类智力测验基本上反映的都是人的一般能力,而不是某一特殊领域的能力。一些新的研究还发现,测验的分数和教育成绩、工作成就及社会成功等与智力有关的因素有着密切的联系。最近,美国明尼苏达大学的心理学家T·布查德博士指出,赞成一般能力理论的人并不否认人类还有智商测验所无法测量的特殊心理能力,但他们仍然感到一般能力是人类智力中“最重要的和最有预言性的因素”。戴特曼也认为,“谁也不认为一般能力是推动我们一生发展的唯一因素,但它的确能说明大多数的变异”。这些心理学家坚持认为,我们虽然不能根据大脑中的神经生理变化确切地知道有哪些一般能力在起作用,但每个人的大脑都是在某种一般水平上发挥作用的,因此,智力测验完全能够说明人的一般心理活动情况。1978年,美国哈佛大学的M·斯奈德曼和史密斯学院的S·罗斯曼博士用智力测验和专家评价方法对1000多位心理学家和教育专家作了问卷调查。他们得出结论认为:“总的说来,专家们对智力与能力倾向测验的效度和用途持积极态度。”“这些测验被认为是精确地测量了智力的那些最重要的成分”(注:“Monitor”AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,1995.Jan.p.1.p.25.)。
2.智力定义的新扩展。持这种观点的人反对把智力视为一般能力,他们相信智力是一种可以变化的过程,而不是一种静态的结构。美国耶鲁大学心理学家R·斯腾伯格用信息加工的观点来看待智力。他认为智力应该由三种主要成分构成:(1)总的成分(metacomponets);(2)操作成分(performancecomponents)和知识获得成分(knowledgeacquisitioncomponents)。他说:“总的成分是用于计划监控和决策的高级执行过程。操作成分是用于执行某项任务的过程。知识获得成分是用于学习新信息的过程。”(注:R.J.Sternberg:(1985),BeyondIQ:ATriarchictheoryofhumanintelligence.N.Y.CambridgeUni.Press,p.99.)斯腾伯格把智力的这三种主要成分又进一步划分为一些子成分。例如,知识获得成分又包括三个子成分,即选择性编码、选择性结合和选择性比较。斯腾伯格的理论被称为智力三分理论,他认为智力应包括三种能力:(1)分析能力,主要指记忆和分析问题的能力;(2)实践能力,它能使人在一定环境中进行交往和联想;(3)创造性能力倾向,指能以新的方式来看待观念、完成任务和综合信息。值得注意的是,斯腾伯格把他的三个主要成分之一的总成分用来解释斯皮尔曼的一般能力。在他看来,智力测验所测量的只是人的三种基本能力中的一种,即分析问题的能力,而实践能力和创造能力却被忽略了。实际上,决定智力的不是某一方面或这三个方面的强弱,而主要是这三个方面的有机结合。
最近,哈佛大学的H·加德纳博士对目前的智力测验提出了异议。他认为智力应包括七种成分:(1)语言学的;(2)逻辑数学的;(3)空间的;(4)音乐的;(5)身体运动的;(6)人际关系的(知道如何与人交往);(7)个人内部的(了解自我)。而传统的智力测验所测量的只是前两种能力。因此,他强烈反对使用这种传统的智力测验。他虽然承认“智力测验能够比较精确地预测人在学校、工作等方面的成就,但它同时也经常产生破坏性的后果”(注:N.A.Sprinthall&R.C.Sprithall:(1987),Ecationalpsychology:Adeveolpmentalapproach.AwardRecordsInc.p.386.)。
之所以有这么多心理学家对智力测验提出异议,主要是由于智力概念的定义尚不明确所致。时至今日,心理学家们还没有给智力下一个一致的定义。在西方心理学,有人从理性哲学的观点出发,把智力定义为人的抽象思维能力;有人则从教育学的观点出发,把智力定义为人的学习能力,还有人从生物学的观点出发,把智力定义为适应新环境的能力。而我国大多数心理学家都把智力定义为人的认识方面的能力的综合,即观察力、记忆力、思维能力和想象能力的综合,其核心成分是抽象思维能力。实际上,这个定义也是比较狭窄的,因为它没有把人类行为的其它方面包括在智力的结构之内。正是由于智力概念的定义不明,引发了人们对智力、智商与能力关系的新争论。
二、“天才”不仅仅是高智商
在现代心理学研究和教育实践中,人们往往把天才和高智商相联系,而且在教育中把学习成绩的特殊表现作为决定哪些儿童是天才的主要衡量标准。在现实生活中,我们经常发现,当“天才”儿童的同伴还没有掌握复杂的句子结构或演算技巧时,他们却早已出口成章或者加速了学习进度,甚至提前进入大学。那么,究竟是什么使他们成为“天才”的呢?怎样才能最恰当地确认“天才”儿童,并且用最恰当的学校教育来加以管理呢?
从目前情况来看,有多少位研究天才儿童的心理学家,对这个问题几乎就有多少种回答。“天才”是什么?在这很大程度上依赖于心理学家怎样给它下定义。从传统上讲,西方心理学家把“天才”视为“用智力测量或智商分数测得的较高于普通智力的同义词”(注:“Monitor”AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,1995.Jan.p.1.p.25.)。但自80年代后期以来,“天才”的定义也开始发生变化。许多心理学家已经认识到,“天才”不仅仅是高智商,还应包括以下几个方面:
1.具有特殊认知能力的儿童。加利福尼亚大学教育学院的L·H·斯万森博士是这种观点的主要代表者。他认为,一个儿童在某一领域(例如在语言方面)可能超过别人,但在其它领域(如数学或认知推理方面)可能并没有多少天赋。他还把这种观点同专家做了比较,指出专家可以在各自的专门知识领域内形成高级的认知策略,解决难度相当大的某一专门领域内的问题,但在他们不熟悉的知识领域,他们的天才却往往施展不出来。从这个意义上说,“天才”儿童并非从根本上不同于其它儿童,只不过他们在某一个或几个领域中有突出的表现。因此,斯万森指出:“当你有了一个天才儿童的样本时,你就比有一个普通的样本时拥有了更高水平的元认知。这包括能更多地认识到他们怎样看待问题……以及他们在解决问题时是怎样做的。”(注:“Monitor”AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,1995.Jan.p.1.p.25.)这样,心理学家们就可以运用他们所掌握的天才儿童的大量信息来评价这些儿童在许多不同领域中的能力。虽然,这比人们通常根据儿童的学习成绩来确定其能力倾向更有意义。
2.两种不同的发展方向。有些心理学家认为,不应把智力仅限于学术领域,还应扩展到其它领域。美国塔夫茨大学的D·H·费尔德曼博士最近指出,人们既可以在一般的学术领域有突出成就,也可以在某些专门的领域表现出才能。因为他假设,每一个儿童都是在某些方面不同寻常的。他研究了一些传统上被认为是“天才”的人,以及在某些技能上被视为神童的人。结果发现,人类在长期进化过程中发展了两种不同的策略:一种是适应策略,它以人的一般知识为基础。另一种是人的专长,它以高度专门化的、超群的技能为基础。大多数人都在一定程度上发展了这两种策略。也有些人(例如,高于一般智力的人)在适应策略方面较发达,能高度适应变化的情境,但却几乎没有什么特别的技能,而另一些人则发展了其专长。他们有相当独特的技能,但在一般的适应性方面却较差。历史上某些著名的科学家常有这类表现。费尔德曼的研究认为,应该从理论上对智力加以区分,因为只根据一个人在学习方面的才能来确定“天才”儿童是“忽略了沿另一个方向发展的另外一个完整的进化方面”(注:“Monitor”AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,1995.Jan.p.1.p.25.)。
3.“天才”儿童的筛选。传统的心理学观点把高智商(IQ)分数在140分以上作为确定天才儿童的唯一标准。这种观点目前已受到许多人的批评。人们根据各自的研究提出了选拔“天才”儿童的不同方式。R·斯腾伯格发现,在传统的智商测验中分数最高的人在信息加工系列的各个阶段不一定都是反应最快的人。例如,在问题解决中,高智商的人在对某一问题的有关线索进行编码时费时较多,而对问题进行有策略的加工时则费时较少。他根据其智力三分理论做了“天才”儿童选拔的新尝试。在他看来,要想确定一个儿童是否具有天才的资格,就必须测量他在分析能力、创造能力和实践能力这三个方面的某一方面是否有突出的表现。然后按照他们最强的能力表现把他们划分成“高分析能力的儿童”,“高创造性的儿童”和“高实践能力的儿童”。斯腾伯格用这种方法进行能力测量之后,根据这三种能力的分数选择了62名“天才”学生。此外他还于1992~1993年进行了教学与儿童能力相匹配的实验研究。他教给学生掌握这三种能力,当课程结束后,对学生的记忆、分析能力、创造性和实践知识进行了评价。结果发现,所有的学生都喜欢与其能力模式相匹配的课程,尤其是创造型和实践型的人对课程匹配是否得当反应最强烈。他认为,在传统的教学班级中,这些学生可能并不怎么出色,因为传统教学主要是培养分析型的人才,而这类学生的创造才能和实践才能受到了压抑。
三、由争论所引发的启示
以上关于能力与智商、智力关系的争论仍在继续进行,但这些争论至少有一点是共同的,即承认每个人都是有差异的。学校教育不能按照一个统一的分数尺度去衡量每一个学生。时代即将进入21世纪,在这世纪之交的时代,我们的教育应该培养具有多种能力的不同人才。笔者认为,现代的素质教育既不是让学生随意发展,也不是培养死读书的背诵型人才。而应改革现行的教育体制和方法,努力根据学生的能力和特长,培养出符合时代要求的新型人才。最近,国家教委副主任柳斌同志在“面向21世纪中学教育改革“学术研讨会上的讲话中指出:“面向21世纪,在能力培养上要加强适应能力、应变的能力、创造的能力、计算机的能力、获取信息的能力等。”(注:柳斌:“面向21世纪中学教育改革”学术研讨会讲话稿,1995年,第9页。)我们的教育应注重能力的培养,这在中小学教育中已势在必行。因为中小学教育是基础教育。基础打不好,必将影响大学教育和就业人员的素质。从以上的学术争论中不也可以给我们带来深刻的启示吗?笔者认为,面向21世纪,我们的教育应该做到:
1.培养良好的国民道德素质。一个国家能否持续发展,关键在于民族素质,而民族素质中的核心是道德素质。“不抓德育就会出危险的”,应该成为教育的警钟。然而,由于目前实际存在的应试教育使我们的德育并未真正落到实处。虽然道德教育的重点是学校但仅仅依靠学校已是独木难支。许多教师和校长感慨地说,我们在课堂上苦口婆心地说教,却难以抵挡社会不良风气的影响。更何况学校也不是世外桃源,不良的社会风气已开始污染这方净土。因此,应把道德教育作为一项全民工程,从领导抓起,从社会抓起,从小抓起,加强立法,使学校、家庭与社会有机结合,才能抓根治本。
2.减轻学生课业负担,提高教师教学水平。人们一直在呼吁减轻学生的课业负担。然而,时至今日仍然雷声大、雨点小。我们认为,这里除了有高考升学的压力之外,很重要的一个因素是教师的教学水平不高造成的。因为无论教师在课堂上的讲述是否得法,只要课后给学生布置大量的作业,同样可以达到掌握知识的目的。但这样一来,那些做作业慢的学生和缺少家长帮助的学生可就惨了,整天埋在书山题海中,连作业都做不完,哪有时间和精力发展自己的其它能力呢?有鉴于此,教育部门和学校应采取具体有效的措施,提高教师的教学水平,把学生从繁重的作业负担中解放出来,否则,素质教育只能是一句空话。
3.加强社会宣传力度,广开就业渠道,使千军万马从“升学”这条独木桥前分流。“望子成龙”,“学而优则仕”的传统观念在我国民众思想中根深蒂固。为了挤上“升大学”这座独木桥,许多家长不惜绞尽脑汁,督促孩子按照家长的意愿学这个班,上那个学。到了晚上,劳累了一天的家长还要和同样劳累的孩子一起挑灯夜战。在如此巨大的压力下,学生又怎能发展自己的特长呢?我们认为,要改变这种状况,必须加强社会宣传力度,使全社会都认识到,升学并非人生唯一的成才之路。同时,应改革现行教育体制和招生考试中的不合理之处;改善社会就业渠道,使具有不同能力和特长的人都能找到适合自己的人生位置。
4.学生能力的培养应“顺其自然、因势利导”。心理学研究已经发现,每个人都有发展自己独特能力的潜在可能性。在中小学教育中,善于发现、引导和培养学生的独特能力,应成为学校教育和教师的基本职责。光荣榜、领奖台上不应该只是那些学习成绩好的“三好学生”和学科尖子。具有专门特长的体育人才、文艺小明星、劳动积极分子、活动积极分子等,也应该获得同样的掌声与喝彩,让昔日在分数面前垂头丧气的学生同样感受到自我的价值。对于有创造才能儿童的某些不正当行为,教师应深入细致地了解情况,决不要象爱因斯坦在慕尼黑一所中学读书时,他的一位教师那样训斥他,“你最好离开这所学校,只要你在这个班,就会扰得全班对我不尊敬。”实际上在目前中小学教育中,类似的现象是相当普遍的。我们急切地呼吁尽快地消除这种扼杀人才的教育,重视学生非智力因素的培养,使21世纪的人才具有健康向上的情感、坚定顽强的意志品质、优良的人格特征,已成为时代向教育提出的迫切要求。
㈤ 英语: 阿甘是一个为人善良,勇敢,专一的的人,虽然智商较低(75)但在一些
Agam is a kind-hearted people, brave, single-minded man, although low IQ (75) but in some other place is very outstanding, such as rugby Agam runs very fast so he joined the football team, he was in the army did not even learn how to play table tennis and good will. He participated in the Vietnam war his platoon was attacked a person he once rescued many teammates into battle. The army after he started with shrimp and broken legs, Captain Taylor.
Jeanne was affected by domestic violence was distorted, grew up vanity in the movie 3 times in front of Agam was when Agam was little known, although she participated in the politics of the anti Vietnam War demonstrations but not political consciousness. She took Agam as a tool for her feelings by Agam.
㈥ 关于人的智慧为内容的文章
The study of human intelligence is perhaps the most controversial area in psychology. At the same time, psychometric assessment of intelligence is a flourishing enterprise and a prominent aspect of applied psychology.
Alfred Binet launched the field of psychological testing. He was asked by the French minister of public ecation to develop a test that could be used to identify children who would have difficulty in school so that they could be given special instruction. The Stanford-Binet intelligence scale which is still in use today was developed in 1916 when Lewis Terman, a psychologist from Stanford university, translated into English and revised the tasks created by Binet and his collaborator Theodore Simon in 1904.
The most commonly used IQ tests for alts and children were developed by David Wechsler (1896-1981). Building on Binet?s pioneering work the Wechsler scales came to embody the psychometric assessment of intelligence. The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Series tests are standardized tests, which have to be indivially administered and interpreted by a trained psychologist. A slew of group tests which purport to measure intelligence were also created for mass, easy administration in a variety of ecational, occupational and military contexts. Furthermore, tests similar to IQ tests, such as the SAT and GRE, are widely used for selection and evaluation within the ecation system.
In 1904 the British psychologist Charles Spearman proposed the existence of a general intelligence factor, g. He based this theory on a statistical technique which he invented, called factor analysis. Since its introction, the factor g has been the cornerstone of psychometric models of intelligence. Furthermore, Spearman?s g has often been used by researchers and theoreticians to make the case for the genetic basis of intelligence and to downplay the importance of environmental influences.
The nature versus nurture debate in the context of the study of human intelligence is by far the most viciously contested aspect of this field. This is the case because psychometric IQ tests have been misused to label certain ethnic and racial groups as superior or inferior based on the belief that these tests measure genetically based, non-modifiable aspects of human performance. This strong genetic determinism view is also used for the promotion of the neoconservative political agenda calling for the abolition of affirmative action, as well as early intervention programs such as Head Start, which attempt to compensate for detrimental environmental factors experienced by certain groups within society. Even worse, genetic determinism of intelligence serves the eugenics movement, which argues for genetic selection to proce superior human beings.
An additional important controversy surrounds the issue of the validity of IQ tests. That is, do such tests measure what they were intended to measure, namely, human intelligence. Prominent current researchers of human intelligence, such as Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner, argue that IQ tests measure only a very narrow aspect of human intellectual performance. Such researchers also highlight the crucial importance of considering the cultural context for a proper evaluation of performance. Recently, Mayer & Salovey and Goleman argued for a further extension of the concept of intelligence to include emotional intelligence. What all these views have in common is the argument that human intelligence is not unitary, rather, it involves multiple, dissociable facets.
The links below are grouped into four sections. The first section provides links to background and introctory papers. The second section deals with the "intelligence: one versus many debate". The third section deals with the "intelligence: nature versus nurture debate". As explained earlier these two debates are not totally independent, and therefore you should attempt to integrate the material across these two sections. Finally, the last section allows you to visit sites concerning high IQ societies and people, and online IQ and ecational tests.
㈦ 求英文短文,标题《IQ究竟由基因决定还是由环境决定》
Though IQ has a genetic component, at present, it is mainly e to environmental influences and personal experience. Currently, the IQ tests consist of a series of definition, comparison and knowledge-based questions, thus it is obviously highly advantageous for those with a higher-level ecational background or with past experience dealing with similar questions. Furthermore, judgment, which is the basis of IQ, is determined by a combination of knowledge and experience, a 'better' genetic makeup may optimize the combination, but the smartest babies wouldn't know how to use a computer because it has no knowledge and no experience. Take a simple example, if Einstein grew up in a forest with the wolves, would he still be such a great scientist? No, of course not, he wouldn't know the first thing about quantum mechanics because he never would have been exposed to the subject.
All in all, though DNA is a partial determinant of IQ, the main factor influence human intelligence is environment and experience.